Download Topic 7: Weather

Topic 7: Weather
Atmospheric Temperatures
Scale:
Instrument:
Isotherms:
Heating of the Atmosphere
Source:
Relationship between insolation and temp:
Ways in Which the Atmosphere is Heated
Conduction:
Direct absorption:
Greenhouse effect:
Condensation and sublimation:
Coriolis effect:
Convectional Transfer of Heat in the Atmosphere
Convection:
Convection Currents:
Heating and Cooling of Air by Expansion and Compression
Expansion:
When does air expand?
Compression:
When does air become compressed?
Atmospheric Pressure and Density
Atmospheric Pressure (air pressure):
Measurement of and Changes in Air Pressure
Barometer:
Mercury Barometer:
Aneroid Barometer:
Units:
Isobar:
Standard pressure at sea level:
Conversion (pg. 13 ESRT): 1020.0mb=
28.70in=
Effect of Temperature on Pressure
If air temperature rises, what happens to
1) density of air?
2) pressure?
Effect of Water Vapor on Air Pressure
High water content:
Low water content:
H2O =
N2=
O2=
Water replaces the N2 and O2 causing density to go down
Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric Pressure
As altitude increases what happens to density?
Pressure?
Wind:
Wind Speed
What causes wind?
Air pressure gradient:
High wind speed:
Low wind speed:
Instrument:
Units:
Conversion to mph:
Local Wind
Land Breeze:
Sea Breeze:
Wind Direction
What direction does wind move?
What roll does the Coriolis Effect have?
N. Hemisphere:
S. Hemisphere:
How do you name winds?
Formation of Waves on Surface Waters
What causes waves?
Factors of wave height:
1) Duration:
2) Wind strength:
General Circulation of Air in the Troposphere
Convection Cells
What causes global wind patterns?
Planetary wind belts (pg. 14 ESRT):
Jet Streams:
Uses:
Effects:
Seasonal Shifting of Wind and Pressure Belts
What causes global winds?
What could cause global winds to shift?
Effects of shift:
Monsoons:
Weather Movement in the United States
Direction:
Name:
Formation of Surface Ocean Currents
What causes ocean currents?
Coriolis Effect:
Do they shift?
Pg. 4 ESRT
Atmospheric Moisture
States of matter in the atmosphere:
How does water vapor enter the atmosphere?
1)
2)
These two processes combined:
Energy of Evaporation and Transpiration
Heat of vaporization:
Where does the energy come from?
What happens to the temp of liquid when molecules evap?
Process of Evaporation
1)
2)
3)
Factors Affecting Evaporation
1) Energy Available:
2) Surface Area:
3) Degree of Saturation:
4) Wind Speed:
Humidity Temperature and Dew Point
Humidity:
Absolute Humidity:
Moisture Capacity:
Relative Humidity:
1)A.H.=
2)A.H.=
3)A.H.=
M.C.=
M.C.=
M.C.=
R.H.=
R.H.=
R.H.=
Relative Humidity and Temperature
Warm air:
Cold air:
What happens to R.H. if temp. increases?
Decreases?
What happens to the absolute humidity?
What happens to R.H. and A.H. if water is added?
Dew Point:
How is dew point reached?
What is the relative humidity at the dew point?
What happens to dew point if absolute humidity increases?
Measuring Relative Humidity
Instrument:
Dry-bulb:
Wet-bulb:
Procedure
1)
2)
3)
4)
Determining Dew Point Temp.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Precipitation:
Instrument:
Cloud Formation
How does it happen?
Where does it happen?
What determines ice or water?
Cloud cover:
Fog:
Condensation Nuclei:
Calculating Cloud Base Altitude
Practice
Suppose the surface temp. is 20oC and the dew point temp. is
12oC at a location. Follow these steps to find cloud base.
1) Find 20oC and the 12oC on bottom edge
2) From the 20oC follow the Solid line
3) From the 12oC follow the dashed line
4) Where they meet is the cloud base
Atmospheric Transparency:
Haze:
Smog:
Visibility:
Air Masses and Fronts
Air masses:
Continental:
Maritime:
Arctic:
Polar:
Tropical:
Lows and Highs
Cyclones (lows):
Weather associated:
Winds:
L
Anticyclones (highs):
Weather associated:
Winds:
H
Fronts
Front:
Cold Front:
Weather:
Warm Front:
Weather:
Occluded Front:
Weather:
Stationary Front:
Weather:
Storms and Severe Weather
Storm:
Hurricanes
Where does the energy come from?
Wind speed:
What causes hurricanes to weaken?
Where are they most dangerous?
Effects:
Thunderstorms
Causes:
Weather associated:
Hazzards:
Tornadoes
Wind speed:
Diameter:
Tornado alley:
Hazzards:
Wind direction:
Blizzards
Criteria:
Hazards:
Nor’easter:
How can you prepare?
Weather Maps and Station Models
Synoptic Weather Map:
Station Model: