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Physics Final Exam Study Guide
Standard
SCSh1. Students will evaluate the importance of curiosity,
honesty, openness, and skepticism in science.
SCSh1c. Explain that further understanding of scientific
problems relies on the design and execution of new
experiments which may reinforce or weaken opposing
explanations.
SCSh3a. Suggest reasonable hypotheses for identified
problems.
SCSh3b. Develop procedures for solving scientific problems.
SCSh3c. Collect, organize and record appropriate data.
SCSh3d. Graphically compare and analyze data points and/or
summary statistics.
SCSh4a. Develop and use systematic procedures for recording
and organizing information.
SCSh5b. Consider possible effects of measurement errors on
calculations.
SCSh5d. Express appropriate numbers of significant figures
for calculated data, using scientific notation where
appropriate.
SCSh5e. Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative
values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple algebraic
formulas as appropriate.
SCSh6a. Write clear, coherent laboratory reports related to
scientific investigations.
SCSh6b. Write clear, coherent accounts of current scientific
issues, including possible alternative interpretations of the
data.
SCSh6d. Participate in group discussions of scientific
investigation and current scientific issues.
SCSh7c. From time to time, major shifts occur in the scientific
view of how the world works. More often, however, the
changes that take place in the body of scientific knowledge are
small modifications of prior knowledge. Major shifts in
scientific views typically occur after the observation of a new
phenomenon or an insightful interpretation of existing data by
an individual or research group.
SCSh7d. Hypotheses often cause scientists to develop new
experiments that produce additional data.
Name: _____________________________
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Notes/ Types of Questions
Throughout class, an emphasis has been placed on individual integrity as opposed to “getting the grade.”
Theories that have been tested and revised based on new developments in technology and procedures include:
Newtonian mechanics was found to not be applicable under all conditions, like extremely small particles –
protons, electrons, photons. Work by DeBroglie, Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Compton contributed to quantum
mechanics.
For each lab, you have been given time to suggest a hypothesis, or predict what will happen.
Many of your labs have been “inquiry” based. In other words, you have not been given explicit instructions. You
have had to figure out how to test variables and overcome obstacles.
In labs and in written work, you have organized your data and given information into tables or noted in some
fashion.
You have constructed graphs – noting the dependent variable, independent variable, slope, best-fit line, direct or
indirect variations.
In labs and in written work, you have organized your data and given information into tables or noted in some
fashion.
In labs, you have looked at systemic and random errors.
You have done this on every exam, and most times in class.
You have done this on every exam, and most times in class.
You have written lab reports at least once per week.
You have summarized several articles.
From time to time, we have discussed current scientific issues, like the use of nuclear energy and fossil fuels.
Theories that have been tested and revised based on new developments in technology and procedures include:
Newtonian mechanics was found to not be applicable under all conditions, like extremely small particles –
protons, electrons, photons. Work by DeBroglie, Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Compton contributed to quantum
mechanics.
Theories that have been tested and revised based on new developments in technology and procedures include:
Newtonian mechanics was found to not be applicable under all conditions, like extremely small particles –
protons, electrons, photons. Work by DeBroglie, Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Compton contributed to quantum
mechanics.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
SCSh7e. Testing, revising, and occasionally rejecting new and
old theories never ends.
SCSh9. Students will enhance reading in all
curriculum areas by:
SP1. Students will analyze the relationships between force,
mass, gravity, and the motion of objects.
SP1a. Calculate average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and
acceleration in a given frame of reference.
SP1b. Compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities.
SP1c. Compare graphically and algebraically the relationships
among position, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Name: _____________________________
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Theories that have been tested and revised based on new developments in technology and procedures include:
Newtonian mechanics was found to not be applicable under all conditions, like extremely small particles –
protons, electrons, photons. Work by DeBroglie, Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Compton contributed to quantum
mechanics.
We have read:
Hiroshima, Stiff, and several articles
A car is moving with a uniform speed of 15.0 m/s along a straight path. What is the distance covered by the car in
12.0 minutes?
If a drag racer wins the final round of her race by going an average speed of 198.37 miles per hour in 4.537
seconds, what distance did he cover?
A racehorse is running with a uniform speed of 69 km/hr along a straightaway. What is the time it takes for the
horse to cover 400 meters?
What is the distance traveled by a vehicle in 12 minutes, if its speed is 35 km/h?
A student drops a ball from a window 3.5m above the sidewalk. How fast is it moving when it hits the sidewalk?
An automobile starts at rest and speeds up at 3.5 m/s2 after the traffic light turns green. How far will it have gone
when it is traveling at 25 m/s?
“Free fall” is the condition in which
A gazelle is running in a straight line with a constant velocity of 1340 m/min. A cheetah can accelerate from 0
m/min to 1820 m/min in 3 seconds.
What is the average acceleration of the gazelle?
T or F: Average speed is a scalar quantity.
Which of the following is a pair of vector quantities?
The magnitude of a vector represents its _____.
The acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is:
A woman tosses a ball straight upward at 25 m/s. How long is the ball in the air?
Compare scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each.
T or F: The slope of a position-time graph of an object gives the speed of the object.
T or F: The y-intercept of a position-time graph of an object gives the average velocity of the object.
Duplain St. is 300 m long and runs from west to east between Baron and Burkey. If Keith is strolling east from
Baron at an average velocity of 3 km/hr, and Sue is power-walking west from Burkey at an average velocity of 6
km/hr, how long will it take them to meet?
Assuming constant velocities, if a fastball pitch is thrown and travels at 40 m/s toward home plate, 18 m away,
and the head of the bat is simultaneously traveling toward the ball at 18.0 m/s, how much time elapses before the
bat hits the ball?
Given below is the position-time graph representing the motion of two friends, A and B, jogging in a park. Use
this graph to find their displacements after 4 s.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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10
9
8
A
Position (m)
7
6
B
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time (s)
The position-time graph of two objects is found to be a straight line that passes through the origin with a slope of
0.8, and another straight line starting at point (1, 5) and crossing the x-axis at (21, 0).
At which point do the two object collide?
What is the average velocity of the first object? Of the second object?
Fluffy, a greyhound, travels 15 m in 2 seconds while another greyhound, Tiberius, travels 20 m in 3 seconds.
Construct a position-time graph comparing the two dogs.
A man starts his car from rest and accelerates at a m/s2 for a_t seconds. He then continues at a constant velocity
for c_t seconds until he sees a tree blocking the road and applies brakes. The car, decelerating at r m/s2, finally
comes to rest. Which of the following graphs represents the motion correctly?
(You can view the graphs on physics wk 5 assess f08)
The velocity-time graph of the motion of a particle is shown below. Calculate the total displacement of the
particle from 0 to t4 seconds.
v (m/s)
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
t (s)
A car starts from rest with an acceleration of acceleration m/s2 at the instant when a second car moving with a
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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velocity of velocity m/s passes it in a parallel line. How far does the first car move before it overtakes the second
car?
Use the graph to find:
a) The acceleration of the car between t = 0 s and t = t1 s.
b) The acceleration of the car between t = t1 s and t = t2 s.
c) The acceleration of the car between t = t2 s and t = t3 s.
d) The acceleration of the car between t = t3 s and t = t4 s.
v (m/s)
15
10
5
5
SP1d. Measure and calculate the magnitude of frictional
forces and Newton’s three Laws of Motion
10
15
20
25
30
t (s)
A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows ____
A horizontal line on a distance/time graph shows ___
What does the area under the curve on a velocity/time graph show?
In the velocity time graph provided, calculate the average acceleration of object 2 between 0 and 7 seconds.
In the velocity time graph provided, calculate the displacement of object 2 between 0 and 25 seconds.
(See physics unit exam (week 6 assess f08) for graph)
T or F: A force cannot exist without an agent and a system.
T or F: The net force on an object is the resultant of the force vectors.
The relationship among mass, force, and acceleration is explained by ____.
When a force is exerted on a box, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the box. These forces are called ____
forces.
A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
In a free body diagram, the force arrows always point _____.
Two men pull a mass-kg box with forces f1 N and f2 N in the directions shown below. Find the resultant
acceleration of the box and the direction in which the box moves.
Draw a motion diagram (force diagram) for a bucket on a rope being lowered into a well.
T or F: A Newton is the amount of force applied to a 1 g object that will cause it to have an acceleration of 1
km/s2.
T or F: Inertia is a force.
“ FA on B = -FB on A” is an expression of
Tension refers to
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
SP1e. Measure and calculate the magnitude of gravitational
forces.
Name: _____________________________
5
The normal force (FN) refers to
A car of mass 1330 kg is traveling at 28 m/s. The driver applies the brakes to bring the car to rest over a distance
of 79 m. Calculate the retarding force acting on the car.
Draw a force diagram of a coin sliding on a desk accelerating from left to right.
The coefficient of kinetic friction is NOT
The static friction force is
A 50.0 kg wooden box is pushed across a floor with a constant speed of 2.5 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.20. If the force being applied to the box is halved, what is the resulting acceleration on the box?
The normal force on an object always acts
A child exerts a _____________ N horizontal force as he pulls a ________________ N toy across his playroom
floor at a constant speed. What is the coefficient of friction between the floor and the toy? Ignore Air resistance.
T or F: The greater an object's mass, the weaker the gravitational force on it.
The example of a book falling off of a table shows a(n) _____.
Two objects that have the same mass are dropped from a tall building. One object is larger and flatter than the
other. Explain why the larger, flatter object hits the ground last.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. An asteroid passing by Earth at a determined distance
might not be pulled into our atmosphere, but if the same asteroid were passing by Jupiter at the same
distance, it might be pulled into Jupiter’s atmosphere. What is the BEST explanation for this?
SP1f. Measure and calculate two-dimensional motion
(projectile and circular) by using component vectors
Why is your weight less on the Moon than on Earth, but your mass is the same?
A wolf spider runs 75 cm west, then turns and runs 50 cm south. Which choice gives the correct solution for the
resultant?
The resultant between 2 vectors can be found by placing the vectors
An antelope trots 40 m east, then turns at a 45o angle and trots 70 m southeast. Which choice gives the correct
solution for the resultant?
A human cannonball is launched from a cannon at 20.0 m/s at 37.0 degrees above the horizontal. What
is the maximum height of the human cannonball?
A car is driven ____3.2m_________ due west, then ______1.9 m_______ due south. What is the magnitude of its
displacement?
SP1g. Measure and calculate centripetal force.
A sprinter runs at a speed of 3.00 m/s on a circular track that has a radius of 40.00 m. Find the
centripetal acceleration of the sprinter.
The movement of an object or a point mass at a constant speed around a circle that has a fixed radius is
called uniform:
SP1h. Determine the conditions required to maintain a body in
a state of static equilibrium.
When an object is in equilibrium, the net force is _____.
Equilibrium can occur only when …..
Juanita pulls on a crate with a rope. The tension in her rope is 25N. Jose pulls on the crate with another
rope. The tension on Jose’s rope is 35N. The angle between the two ropes is 37 degrees. What is the
resultant force and its direction? What is the equilibrant force and its direction?
SP2 Students will evaluate the significance of energy in
understanding the structure of matter and the universe.
SP2a. Relate the energy produced through fission and fusion
by stars as a driving force in the universe.
T or F: Nuclear fusion can release large amounts of energy
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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Which process generates energy in the Sun?
What happens during gamma decay of an atom?
The electromagnetic force that acts on the protons in the nucleus of an atom is _____ the strong nuclear force that
acts on the same nucleus.
What causes the particles within the nucleus of an atom to bond together?
The nucleus of an atom consists of what particle(s)?
The neutrons within the nucleus of an atom have what charge?
The atomic number of an atom is determined by its
The mass number of an atom is found by
In nuclear fission the nucleus is divided into two or more fragments, releasing
SP2b. Explain how the instability of radioactive isotopes
results in spontaneous nuclear reactions.
Find the mass defect of
. Given, the mass of flourine isotope
is 17.002095 u, the mass of one hydrogen
atom is 1.007825 u, and the mass of one neutron is 1.008665 u.
What is mass defect?
Define binding energy of the nucleus.
Explain why there is a difference between the mass of a carbon-12 atom and its component parts?
Explain in words and a concept map how the energy from the sun is produced, how it is the ultimate source of
energy in the universe, the transformations it goes through to be energy in:
A person peddling a bicycle up a hill
A person viewing a television program
Explain why only 10% of energy transfers up the energy pyramid.
Explain why we cannot perform nuclear reactions in class.
What is the difference between nuclear fusion and fission.
T or F: An atom of carbon-14 isotope has more protons than an atom of carbon-12 isotope.
T or F: Nuclei decay from a more stable form to a less stable form.
T or F: Radioactivity is a natural process.
Alpha radiation requires _____ to be stopped.
Beta radiation requires _____ to be stopped.
Gamma rays require _____ to be stopped.
What causes the particles within the nucleus of an atom to bond together?
When particles are emitted from a radioactive substance it is said to
The decay of radioactive material which leads to a more stable nucleus is called
The time required for half of the atoms in a quantity of radioactive material to decay is called the
How many neutrons are present in an atom of neon isotope,
?
The decay of neutrons into protons and electrons cannot be explained by the strong force. What is the other
interaction indicated by beta decay?
Determine the amount of time for polonium-210 to decay to one fourth its original quantity. The half-life of
polonium-210 is 138 days.
SP3. Students will evaluate the forms and transformations
of energy.
SP3a. Analyze, evaluate, and apply the principle of
conservation of energy and measure the components of workenergy theorem by
T or F: When there is an angle between the force and the displacement, W = F d cos .
T or F: Energy cannot be changed from one variety to another.
T or F: In a closed system, no objects enter or leave the system.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
Name: _____________________________
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T or F: We have a limited supply of energy. We can run out.
• describing total energy in a closed system.
• identifying different types of potential energy.
• calculating kinetic energy given mass and
velocity.
• relating transformations between potential and
kinetic energy.
What is the proper unit for gravitational potential energy?
Which type of energy is associated with a body’s height above the ground?
A rock climber wears a ____7.5kg______ backpack while scaling a cliff. After 30.0 minutes, the climber is
____8.2m______ above the starting point. How much work does the climber do on the backpack?
Juanita drags a crate across the floor by pulling on it with a rope. The rope makes a ___25____ angle
with the horizontal. She drags the crate __25_______ m with a force of __327______N. How much
work did Juanita do on the crate?
A statue with a mass of ___100 kg____ sits on top of a hill that is __25____ m. What is the gravitational
potential energy of the statue?
A rock is rolling at a velocity of _____25 m/s___ as it approaches a hill. The mass of the rock is _______18
kg___. At what height will the rock come to rest, assuming there is no friction.
A skier starts from rest at the top of a _______12m___ hill. Assuming no friction, what is the velocity when she
reaches the bottom of the hill?
Which gives the correct relationship for kinetic energy?
Which material is likely to experience a nearly elastic collision?
A gymnast falls from a height onto a trampoline. For a moment, both the gymnast’s kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy are zero. How is the gymnast’s mechanical energy stored for that moment?
At which point is PE highest, lowest
At which points is KE high, low
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
SP3b. Explain the relationship between matter and energy.
SP3c. Measure and calculate the vector nature of momentum.
SP3d. Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions
SP3e. Demonstrate the factors required to produce a change in
momentum
SP3f. Analyze the relationship between temperature, internal
energy, and work done in a physical system
SP3g. Analyze and measure power.
SP4. Students will analyze the properties and applications
Name: _____________________________
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At which point is v = 0
At which point is KE highest
At which point is KE lowest
At which point is PE highest
At which point is PE lowest
At which points is PE equal
When you bounce a ball, it does not bounce back to the same height. Why?
Explain the energy transformations involved in the process of a football player tackling an opponent.
See all the mass defect and binding energy problems in SP2
We only studied the meaning and simple applications of momentum
T or F: A stretched bow and a compressed rubber ball both possess elastic potential energy.
In terms of momentum and direction of motion, why would it be detrimental for an economy car to collide into an
18 wheeler?
We only studied the meaning and simple applications of collisions.
An elastic collision is one in which
An inelastic collision is one in which
Which material is likely to experience a highly inelastic collision?
Change mass or velocity
T or F: Absolute zero is defined as the zero point on the Celsius scale.
T or F: Refrigerators work because the heat flows spontaneously from warmer food to the colder air inside the
refrigerator.
T or F: An insulated cooler has held a mixture of ice and water all day. The temperature of the water and the
temperature of the ice are therefore the same.
T or F: When you touch a metal tool, it feels cool because the cold transfers from the metal to your hand.
T or F: Power equals work multiplied by time.
T or F: Power can also be written as force times velocity.
A shopping cart is pushed a distance of _____60 m____ at a constant speed for ___25 s______ by exerting a
__145N_______ force horizontally. How much power was exerted?
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
of waves
SP4a. Explain the processes that results in the production and
energy transfer of electromagnetic waves
Name: _____________________________
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A wave will travel only as long as it has ____ to carry.
The unit used to measure frequency is the ____.
The speed of electromagnetic waves is ____.
Electromagnetic waves ____.
The energy a wave carries is measured by its ____.
What is the frequency of a light wave with a wavelength of 5 x 10 -9m?
Be able to solve for velocity, wavelength and frequency.
SP4b. Experimentally determine the behavior of waves in
various media in terms of reflection, refraction, and diffraction
of waves.
Be able to identify the type of wave, wavelength, amplitude, equilibrium position, compression, rarefaction, crest,
trough.
When light is reflected from a surface, as the angle of incidence increases, the angle of reflection ____.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
SP4c. Explain the relationship between the phenomena of
interference and the principle of superposition.
SP4d. Demonstrate the transfer of energy through different
mediums by mechanical waves.
Name: _____________________________
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What does this diagram illustrate?
When the crest of one wave passes through the trough of another wave, ____ takes place.
Sound travels in a ____ wave.
When you squeeze together the coils of a spring and then release them, you are creating a ____ wave.
Waves in which the particles of the medium move only in the same direction as the motion of the wave are ____
waves.
Water waves are ____.
Speed can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time. The water waves in a lake travel 4.4 m in
2.0 s. What is the speed of the waves
An ocean wave has a frequency of 2.0 Hz with a wavelength of 10 m. What is the velocity of the wave?
SP4e. Determine the location and nature of images formed by
the reflection or refraction of light.
Identify which is the correct representation for a convex lens, image position, focal point.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
Name: _____________________________
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Be able to draw the normal line, determine angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and where the reflection is.
Identify which is the correct representation for a convex lens, image position, focal point.
Be able to identify: convex mirror and lens, concave mirror and lens, plane mirror, focal point
Know the difference between a real and virtual image
SP5. Students will evaluate relationships between electrical
and magnetic forces.
SP5a. Describe the transformation of mechanical energy into
electrical energy and the transmission of electrical energy
SP5b. Determine the relationship among potential difference,
current, and resistance in a direct current circuit
Describe the energy transformations that occur when you drive a car.
Describe the energy transformations that occur when you watch television.
Solve: What work is done when 3.0 C is moved through an electric potential difference of 1.5 V?
In the circuit shown below, the ammeter shows that there is a current. However, the bulb does not light because:
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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A flashlight bulb is rated at 0.90 W. If the electric potential drop across the lightbulb is 3.0 V, how much current
goes through it?
Which statement about electric charge is true?
Electric field lines around two charges are shown in the diagram. Identify the type of charges on the objects X and
Y.
What happens to the field strength when you halve the distance between two charges?
The current through a light bulb connected across the terminals of a _________ V outlet is ______A. At what rate
does the bulb convert electric energy to light?
SP5c. Determine equivalent resistances in series and parallel circuits
Did not do this
A car battery causes a current of _________ A through a lamp and produces 12V across it. What is the power
used by the lamp?
If the potential difference is ____________ volts and the resistance is ____________ ohms, what is the current?
What voltage produces ______ A with a resistance of ______ ohms?
What is the resistance of a light bulf if a ______V potential difference produces a current of ______A?
SP5d. Determine the relationship between moving electric
The electric field around a positive charge is shown in the diagram. Describe the nature of these lines.
charges and magnetic fields.
We only did a reading guide on this. You may need to know definitions or examples from your reading guide.
SP6. The student will describe the corrections to
Newtonian physics given by quantum mechanics
and relativity when matter is very small, moving
fast compared to the speed of light, or very large.
SP6a. Explain matter as a particle and as a wave.
SP6b. Describe the Uncertainty Principle.
SP6c. Explain the differences in time, space, and mass
measurements by two observers when one is in a frame of
reference moving at constant velocity parallel to one of the
coordinate axes of the other observer’s frame of reference if
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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the constant velocity is greater than one tenth the speed of
light
SP6d. Describe the gravitational field surrounding a large
mass and its effect on a ray of light.
Unit 1: Energy
Things you should understand:
1. Energy exists in various forms and can be transformed from one form to another (Law of Conservation of Energy).
2. The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic and potential.
3. Kinetic and potential energy are descriptions of the forms that energy can have.
4. Work is the result of the displacement of an object under the action of a force.
5. There is a relationship between matter and energy in the equation E = mc2.
6. Vast amounts of energy are produced in fission and fusion reactions.
7. Nuclear fission and fusion are the processes that create the array of elements in the universe.
8. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy for the molecules/atoms in a substance.
9. Heat flow is the energy transfer between objects due to a temperature difference between them.
10. The energy that a substance has due to its temperature is its internal energy.
11. Power is the amount of energy used by a system in a given unit time.
12. Electrons are outside the nucleus and the protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus.
13. Radioactivity is the process of sequential steps by which unstable radioactive isotopes decay into stable isotopes.
Language you should know: (vocabulary)
Energy transformations, potential energy, kinetic energy, conservation of energy, electric potential energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy, work, force,
gravity, closed system, matter, conservation of momentum, elastic collision, inelastic collision, heat, temperature, internal energy, structure of matter, formation of matter, fission,
fusion, radioactivity, power, significant figures, calculate, experiment, precision measure, accuracy, SI units, describe, scientific notation, conclusion, hypothesis, data, contrast,
compare, variable, infer, analyze, predict, interpret.
Unit 2: Motion
Things you should know:
1. Vector quantities have magnitude (how large the vector quantity is) and direction, while scalar quantities have magnitude only.
2. All motion must be compared to a frame of reference.
3. Many quantities in physics are rates of change of other quantities.
4. Vectors are specified by magnitude and direction while scalars are magnitude only.
5. Velocity is a change of position.
6. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.
7. In the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration.
8. In elastic collisions objects bounce off each other. In inelastic collisions objects ‘stick together’. The total energy before an elastic collision is equal to the total energy after an
elastic collision.
9. Simultaneous measurement of the momentum and position of a sub atomic particle is not possible.
10. As an object approaches the speed of light, the observation made by an observer at rest will be different (length appears to contract and time appears to dilate) from the
observation made by another observer moving with the object.
11. The slope of a distance vs. time graph is velocity.
12. The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is acceleration.
13. Projectile motion has vertical and horizontal components and is motion under the influence of gravity.
14. Momentum is a measure of motion that depends of the mass of the object and its velocity.
Language:
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
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Final velocity, initial velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, coordinate axes, x-axis, y-axis, significant figures, calculate, experiment, precision measure, accuracy, SI
units, describe, scientific notation, conclusion, hypothesis, data, contrast, compare, variable, infer, analyze, predict, interpret, rate of change.
Unit 3: force
Things you should know:
1. Newton’s laws are the expression of the relationships of forces, mass and motion.
2. Acceleration has a direct relationship to force and an inverse relationship to mass.
3. Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. An equivalent statement is mass is the amount of matter of which an object is made.
4. Weight is defined as of the force of gravity on an object.
5. In order for work to be done on an object, movement must occur in the direction of a net force.
6. Friction can exist between objects that are not moving with respect to each other (static) as well as between objects that are moving (kinetic) unless it is a frictionless
environment.
7. Net force is the vector sum of the applied forces on an object.
8. Momentum is a vector quantity that is directly proportional to the product of the mass and the velocity of an object.
9. Centripetal force is a force that keeps an object traveling in a circular path.
10. Torque is an angular equivalent of force and is a vectorial quantity.
11. An object is in equilibrium when the sum of forces acting on it is zero.
12. An object is in static rotational equilibrium when the sum of torques acting on it is zero.
13. A gravitational force exists between any two masses. The magnitude of this force is directly proportional the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between the centers of the two masses.
14. Gravity is a force.
15. Light in space is affected by a gravitational field.
16. The velocity of an object in a circular trajectory is always changing. Therefore the object is accelerating.
17. The momentum of a particle changes if a force acts on it for some length of time. The product of this force times the time that the force acts on the object is called the impulse.
Language:
Resultants, equilibrants, clockwise torque, counterclockwise torque, lever arm, significant figures, calculate, experiment, precision measure, accuracy, SI units, describe, scientific
notation, conclusion, hypothesis, data, contrast, compare, variable, infer, analyze, predict, interpret, percent difference, static friction, kinetic friction, coefficient of friction, vector
quantity, scalar quantity.
Unit 4: Waves
Things you should know:
1. Electromagnetic waves are produced by changing the motion of charges or by changing magnetic fields.
2. The energy of electromagnetic waves is transferred to matter in quantized quantities.
3. The energy content of electromagnetic waves is directly proportional to the frequency of electromagnetic waves.
4. Light waves are transverse.
5. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter wavelength when it enters a medium with a higher index of refraction than the medium in which it was previously
traveling.
6. Blue light has more energy (a shorter wavelength and higher frequency) than red light.
7. The energy of a wave falls off as the wave moves away from its source.
8. Diffraction takes place when the wavelength of a wave and the size of an obstacle or opening are comparable.
9. Sound waves are longitudinal, mechanical waves.
10. The amplitude of mechanical waves determines the energy of mechanical waves.
11. Interference occurs when two waves simultaneously arrive to a particular point in space. If the phase difference of the two waves is 0º or a whole number of wavelengths, then
the waves produce constructive interference. If the phase difference of the two waves is 180º, then the two waves cancel each other. A phase difference between the two waves that
is not 0 or 180º will cause partially destructive interference.
Physics Final Exam Study Guide
Name: _____________________________
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12. At the interface of a medium, light can be reflected or refracted.
13. The Doppler Effect is caused by the relative motion between the wave source and the observer.
14. Transverse waves cause particles to vibrate back and forth, perpendicular to the wave direction.
15. Lenses and mirrors form images. Different combinations of lenses and mirrors may form real or virtual images.
16. A photon is a unit of light.
17. Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and thus cannot be observed behaving as a wave (DeBroglie Principle).
18. Increasing light intensity on a material increases the number of emitted electrons but not the kinetic energy of the electrons. (the photoelectric effect).
Language:
Energy, waves, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic spectrum, X-ray, Gamma ray, radio waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, reflection, refraction, diffraction, constructive
interference, destructive interference, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, image, focus, object, image distance, object distance, magnification, inverted image, real image, virtual
image, Doppler effect, pitch, intensity, amplitude, frequency, sound waves, prism, color, superposition principle, crest, trough, significant figures, calculate, experiment, precision,
measure, accuracy, SI units, describe, scientific notation, conclusion, hypothesis, data, contrast, compare, variable, infer, analyze, predict, interpret, percent difference.
Unit 5: Electricity
Things you need to know
1. The electric force exerted by a charged particle on another is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. The higher the potential difference between two points in a circuit the greater the amount of current passing through it as long as the resistance is kept constant.
3. Electric potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two different locations within an electric field.
4. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across the parallel elements is the same and the current passing through each one is inversely proportional to the ratio of their resistances.
5. In a series circuit, the current passing through all the elements of the circuit is the same.
6. In a series circuit, the total resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the resistances of the individual elements of the circuit.
7. The sum of voltage dropped on a closed loop of a circuit is zero.
8. Magnetic fields are created by electric currents and can be macroscopic like the current through a wire or microscopic like the one created by the moving of electrons in their
atomic orbits.
9. A magnetic field affects the trajectory of a charged particle moving through it.
10. A variable magnetic field will induce an electric current and a variable current will induce a magnetic field.
11. Transformers are used to change the voltage in a circuit by stepping it up or down.
Language:
Current, electricity, magnetism, resistance, voltage, potential difference, charge, electron, ion, transformer, resistor, circuit, parallel circuit, series circuit, electric force, magnetic
force, battery, energy, conductor, insulator, proton, Ohm’s law, power plant, static electricity, magnetic field, voltmeter, ammeter, multimeter, Pythagorean theorem, significant
figures, calculate, experiment, precision measure, accuracy, SI units, describe, scientific notation, conclusion, hypothesis, data, contrast, compare, variable, infer, analyze, predict,
interpret.