Download An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800

An Age of Explorations and
Isolation
1400-1800
Chapter 19
Background
By 1400, Europeans were ready to
venture beyond their borders
• Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
• Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts
I. Causes of European Exploration
#1- New Trade Routes
• People want wealth; achieve that
through trade



Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper)
Introduced during Crusades; people still demanded
goods once wars ended
Demand greater than supply= high prices
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
•Trade routes controlled by Italians and
Muslims
 Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians
 Italian merchants resold items at increased prices to
merchants throughout Europe
 Other traders did NOT like this and wanted new routes
that bypassed Italian merchants
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
#2- Spread Christianity
•Crusades left hostility between Christians and Muslims
•Europeans believed they
had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims
and to convert non-Christians
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
•Bartolomeu Dias: early Portuguese explorer
“For God, Glory, and Gold”
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
#3- New Exploration Technologies
•Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails
(adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the
wind
•Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
•Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)
II. Portugal leads the way
A.
Portugal was 1st to establish
trading outposts along the
west coast of Africa
B.
Prince Henry: son of
Portugal’s king
•
•
Nation’s most enthusiastic
supporter of exploration
Conquered Muslim city in
North Africa where he
discovered exotic wealth
never found in Europe
(cinnamon, cloves, pepper,
silver, gold, jewels.
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
•Henry determined to find
the source of that wealth
•1419 he founded a
navigation school in
Portugal
(mapmakers, shipbuilders,
scientists, and sea
captains, gathered there to
perfect their trade)
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
•By Henry’s death,
Portugal held a series of
trading posts along
western African shores.
 Traded for gold and ivory
 Eventually, they traded for
African captives (slaves)
 Next, Portugal searched for
a trade route to Asia
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
C.
Portugal secures a Sea Route to Asia
1.
Bartolomeu Dias
•
•
•
•
1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
Huge storm arose, battered ships
Realized his ships were blown around the tip
Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they returned home
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
2. Vasco da Gama
•
•
•
•
1498 began exploring east African coast
Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems
Filled boats with goods and returned to Portugal where they sold
them for 60 times the cost of the voyage
•
Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route
to India
III. Spain also makes claim
A. Christopher
Columbus
•
1492 he convinced
Spain (although he
was Italian) to pay for
his plan to find a trade
route to Asia by
sailing west across the
Atlantic Ocean
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
• October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Indies
(AKA -Indonesia.)
Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased tension between Spain and Portugal.
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
B. Spain vs. Portugal
•
Portugal believed
Spain reached Asia and
that Columbus claimed
lands that the
Portuguese might have
reached first.
•
Pope Alexander VI
divided the land
between the 2 nations
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
• He drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave lands on
the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spain
• 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to honor
the line.
IV. Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean
With new trade routes came conflict.
European nations scrambled to establish
profitable trading posts as they battle
natives and each other
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
(cont’d)
A. Portugal
•
Built huge trading empire by capturing many
Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons
mounted on their ships)


(Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice Islands)
By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the Portuguese
broke the Italian-Muslim domination of trade and sold goods
at 1/5 the cost.
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
(cont’d)
B.
English and Dutch
•
•
•
1600 they began to challenge Portugal
Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels
Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout
Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
(cont’d)
•
•
Dutch East India Company eventually drove out the English and
established dominance over the region
By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia, the Spice Islands, and the Cape
of Good Hope
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
(cont’d)
C.
French
•
•
Established its own East India Company
It struggled at first, faced attacks from the Dutch, eventually est. output
in India
*Although Europeans took control of many port cities their influence rarely
spread beyond the ports.
V. China: Ming Dynasty
Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian coasts and were
now looking for more sources of wealth.
They found it in China, then Japan.
By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol rulers and had united
under new leadership: the Ming Dynasty
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
A.
Ming Dynasty: dominant power in Asia from 1368-1644
• Hongwu: commanded a rebel army that
drove out the Mongols in 1368 and
became the 1st Ming Emperor

Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of
Mongols, & promote China’s power and prosperity
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
• Hongwu eventually dies, his son (Yonglo) takes over. He was very
curious of the world so he launched 7 voyages of exploration.
• Zheng He led all 7 voyages
 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships
(400 ft long!)
 Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
• Zheng He showed superiority by leaving silver and silk as gifts
• More than 16 countries paid tribute to China
• Officials complained it was a waste and the voyages ceased after the
7th in 1433
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
B.
•
•
China’s trade policies reflected isolation
Only government officials were allowed to conduct foreign trade
through 3 coastal ports
However, smuggling went on up and down the ports
VI. China: Qing Dynasty
A.
Manchus: people of Manchuria (west of the Great Wall) invaded
China and took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs)
•
•
Qing Dynasty: name taken of the Manchus as they ruled for 260 yrs
Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese central Asia,
Mongolia, and Tibet
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
B. Rebellions
•
Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese Manchus and
rebellions flared up for decades
C. Improvements
•
•
•
Manchus made frontiers safe
Restored China’s prosperity
While keeping Confucian beliefs and social structures
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
D.
Rulers
•
Kangxi: Qing Emperor 1661-1722
 Reduced govt.
expenses
 Lowered taxes
 Patron of the arts
 Welcomed the Jesuits who told them of
science, medicine, mathematics, etc. in
Europe
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
• Qian-long:
 Kangxi grandson
 China reached its greatest size and prosperity
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
E.
Chinese continue isolation
•
•
China, center of universe
If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to follow the Chinese rules



Special ports & tribute
Dutch followed the rules
Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new
one…TEA.

By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
• British also wanted to trade, but didn’t like the rules
 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter from the king asking for better
arrangements
 Qian-long declined
 This leads to problems later
VII. Life in the Ming and Qing
Dynasties
A.
Role of Family
•
•
•
•
Most farmed
Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation and fertilizers
This caused increase in food production
Thus, an increase in population
Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
(cont’d)
• Favored sons over daughters
• Only son could perform religious rituals
• Sons raised families under parents roofs
(remember that they took care of aging parents!)
• Women worked the fields, took care of the children's education, and
managed the finances
Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
(cont’d)
B.
Cultural Developments
•
•
•
•
Traditional Chinese fiction
written at this time
Artists painted in traditional
style
Experimentation in ceramics
led to high-quality, including
porcelain
Drama very popular
VIII. Japan’s 3 Daimyo
Background
In the 1300s Japan had developed unity under the
Shoguns (military rulers). In 1467, civil war
shattered Japan’s feudal system and the country
slipped into chaos as violent disorder followed.
AKA-”Warring States” period. Eventually powerful
samurais gained control and offered protection to
peasants in return for loyalty. Their new system of
feudalism resembled that in Europe, with castles,
small armies, and now, muskets.
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
Daimyo: warrior chieftains who become lords in Japan
A.
Oda Nobunaga: brutal and ambitious daimyo who hoped
to gain enough power to take the whole country.
•
•
•
•
Seized the capital in 1568
“rule the empire by force”
1st to use muskets in Japanese battle
1582 committed seppuku (ritual of
suicide of a samurai) when one of his
own generals turned on him
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
B.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Nobunaga’s best general, continued his
mission of destroying the daimyo that remained hostile
•
•
•
By 1590 he controlled most of Japan
Wanted to conquer China, so sent troops to Korea (allies with Ming)
Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew from Korea
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
C. Tokugawa Ieyasu:
completed the unification
of Japan
•
•
•
•
1600, defeated rivals
Became sole ruler of Japan
Tamed the daimyo at the local level by requiring them
to spend every other year in the capital
Founded Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of shoguns
that ruled Japan until 1876
IX. Life in Japan
A. Society
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Very structured
Emperor (figure-head)
Shogun: military commander who actually held power
Daimyo: powerful landholding samurai
Samurai Warriors
Peasants and Artisans
Merchants; eventually became more important as
Japan’s economy expanded
Life in Japan (cont’d)
• Confucian values influenced ideas about society
•
•
•
•
Depended on agriculture
Peasants made ideal citizens, bore majority of tax burden
Many left farming and tried to make it as samurais, artisans, and merchants
By 1700s, Japan began to shift from rural to urban society
Life in Japan (cont’d)
B.
Culture
•
•
•
Samurai attended dramas
Read tales of courage
New literature, drama, and art emerge

Haiku: 5-7-5 syllable, 3-line verse poetry
•

Presents images rather than ideas
Kabuki: type of drama where music, dance, and mime are used to present stories
Life in Japan (cont’d)
C. Contact between Japan and Europe
•
Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th
century and were welcomed


Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their shores
Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, & other
unfamiliar items
 Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional weapon was
sword). They wanted every advantage over others
 Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost badly in battle
Life in Japan (cont’d)
•Christians in Japan
 1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan
 Japanese accepted them b/c they associated them with goods
from Europe
 Converted over 300,000 Japanese
 Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians scorned Japanese
beliefs & involved themselves in politics
 Didn’t do anything b/c he didn’t want to drive off the new merchants
Life in Japan (cont’d)
 Ieyasu died in 1616
 In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against the Shogunate.
 b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed them for the rebellion
 After that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians and forced Japanese to demonstrate
Buddhism
* This led to Japanese exclusion policy!
X. Japan’s Closed Country Policy
• At first, Japan welcomed new trade
• Over time, they realized they could safely exclude both missionaries
and merchants
• 1639 they sealed their borders and instituted their “Closed Country
Policy”
• Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open to Chinese and Dutch.
Japan’s Closed Country Policy (cont’d)
• For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans.
• AND Japanese were forbidden to leave!
• Japan went on to develop self-sufficiently, free of European attempts to
colonize
The Atlantic World
Chapter 20
The Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• Columbus sailed for Spain, heading west looking for an alternate
route to Asia
• October 1492, he lands on a Caribbean island (Bahamas?) and claims
it and other islands for Spain
• Columbus returned again in 1493, hoping to establish colonies (lands
that are controlled by another nation)
Other Explorers
• 1500 – Portuguese explorer Cabral reached Brazil
• 1501 - Amerigo Vespucci traveled along coast of S. America; realized
it wasn’t Asia
• 1513 – Spanish explorer, Balboa, crosses Panama to the Pacific; first
European to see Pacific
• 1519- Ferdinand Magellan sailed around tip of South America into
Pacific; his crew arrived back in Spain in 1522 – the first people to
circumnavigate the world
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
• Spanish conquistadores (conquerors) looking for gold and silver were
the first Europeans to settlers in the Americas
• 1519 – Hernando Cortés lands in Mexico; conquers the Aztecs with
superior weapons, horses, help from other native groups who hated
the Aztec (remember human sacrifices?), and disease
• Diseases eventually killed millions of native people of central Mexico
Spanish Conquests in Peru
• 1532 – Francisco Pizarro leads an army into Peru
• Meets the Incan leader, Atahualpa, who is kidnapped and then killed
• Pizarro’s army then conquers the Incan capital of Cuzco
• Spanish explorers also conquer the Maya
• By the mid-16th century, Spain had created an empire in the Americas
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers were called peninsulares
• Descendants of the peninsulares and native women were mestizos
(mixed Spanish and native American)
• Spanish settlers imposed their culture on the native population
• System of encomienda in which natives farmed or mined for
Spanish landlords
• Native workers often worked to death
The
Encomienda
System
Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
Colonists began growing sugar which was in great
demand in Europe
Opposition to Spanish Rule
• Priests accompanied most conquistadors, hoping to convert the
native population
• Many priests spoke against the cruel treatment of natives
• The Spanish government abolished the encomienda system in
1542; the colonies then looked to African slaves for labor
• There were some scattered resistance attempts throughout the
Americas against the Spanish
The Atlantic Slave
Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
• Slavery had existed in Africa (and elsewhere) for centuries; increased
in Africa with spread of Islam in 7th c.
• As native Americans began dying by the millions, Europeans turned to
Africa. Why?
•
•
•
•
Some immunity to European diseases
Many Africans had experience in farming
Less likely to escape (didn’t know the new land)
Color made them easy to identify
• The African slave trade (buying and selling of slaves for work in the
Americas) lasted
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• The Atlantic slave trade (buying and selling of Africans for work in
the Americas) resulted in the import of 9.5 million Africans by the
time it ended in 1870
• Spain and Portugal led the way; later the English dominated the
slave trade
The Triangular Trade
• Triangular Trade – a transatlantic trading network
• Leg 1 – European transported manufactured goods to the west coast of
Africa; traded goods for captured Africans
• Leg 2 – Africans were transported across the Atlantic (The Middle Passage)
and sold
• Leg 3 - Sugar, coffee, rum, and tobacco are shipped to Europe
The Middle Passage
Consequences of the Slave Trade
• Impact on Africa
• Numerous cultures lost their fittest members
• Families torn apart
• Many African societies devastated by the introduction on guns
• Impact on Americas
• Growth of the colonies
• Economic AND cultural
The
Columbian
Exchange
and Global
Trade
The Columbian Exchange
• Columbian Exchange – the global transfer of foods, plants, and animals
during the colonization of the Americas
• Ships from the Americas (the New World) brought many items that
people in Europe, Africa, and Asia (the Old World) had never seen
• Ships to the Americas brought livestock and foods, but also diseases
such as smallpox and measles which led to the deaths of millions of
Native Americans
Corn and Potatoes
• Most important items to travel from the New World to the Old
• Inexpensive to grow and nutritious
• Both became an important and steady part of diets around the world
• Boosted the world’s population
Global Trade
• Establishment of colonies in the Americas led to new wealth in
Europe
• Dramatic growth of overseas trade
• Both contributed to new business and trade practices during the
16th and 17th centuries
The Rise of Capitalism
• Capitalism – an economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of resources, such as money, for profit
• Governments no longer the sole owner of great wealth
• Businesses grew and flourished as merchants became wealthy
and invested their money in trade and overseas exploration
• The more money they made, the more they reinvested in other enterprises
The Growth of Mercantilism
• A new economic policy was mercantilism
• A theory that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth, so the goal
of every country became the attainment of as much wealth (gold) as
possible
Balance of Trade
• According to the theory of mercantilism, a country could increase
its wealth in two ways
• Obtain as much gold as possible
• Establish a favorable balance of trade in which it sold more goods than it
bought
• Colonies were vital to mercantilism
• Source of silver and gold
• Provided raw materials not found in home country
• Provided a market for for home country’s goods
RAW MATERIALS
COLONY
MANUFACTURED GOODS
HOME
COUNTRY
Changes in European Society
• The economic revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise
of wealthy merchant class
• However, the majority of Europeans remained poor and lived in
rural areas
• The wealth of European nations increased
• Contributed to the creation of national identities
• Expanded the power of European monarchs