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Boxed Inserts on Comparative Criminology and Gender Invisible Woman, 3rd Ed. Joanne Belknap 2005 Chapter 11 Women’s Advocacy Changing the Justice and Power through International Criminal Courts The Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice in the International Criminal Court (ICC): In 1997 women advocates and activists from across the globe formed this group to work together to design, create, and mainstream gender into the Coalition for an International Criminal Court. This group helped ensure this court’s independence from the United Nations Security Council so that it would not end up as led or unfairly influenced by this organization. The 1998 Rome Statute: The treaty that formed the basis of the future ICC. The Rome Statute “explicitly codifies for the first time many crimes of sexual and gender violence as war crimes and crimes against humanity” (2003, 1234). The jurisdiction for the ICC is cases when a country is “unwilling or unable to genuinely investigate and/or prosecute” a violation (2003, 1235). The ICC: The International Criminal Court (ICC), which began operating in 2003, is a major step in an international human rights law. The ICC “is the world’s first permanent international criminal tribunal set up to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and, eventually, aggression” (2003, 1234). The Specification of Human Rights Violations typically or always Unique to Women and Girls: Due to the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice in the ICC, the Rome Statute emphasizes the prosecution of sexual and gender violence (2003, 1238). Specifically, the following war crimes against humanity: o Rape o Sexual Slavery o Enforced Prostitution o Forced Pregnancy o Enforced Sterilization o Sexual Violence Women and Gender Experts on the Court: The Rome Statute requires that the court have an adequate representation of women serving as judges, but also that experts on gender and violence against women also serve on the court. Conclusion: The ICC will be a critical component of an international framework of accountability aimed at closing the political, practical, and jurisdictional gaps that have long fostered a culture of impunity. It is to be hoped that the Rome Statue will have the more positive effect of ensuring adherence to international law among civilian and military officials and encouraging the pursuit of justice, rather than war, as a response to future acts of genocide, war crimes and the crimes against humanity” (2003, 1248). Source: Pam Spees. 2003. Women’s Advocacy in the Creation of the International Criminal Court: Changing the Landscapes of Justice and Power. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28:1233-1254.