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Name: __________________________________ Period: _____ Date: _____________________ Fish and amphibian RG Phylum Chordata (pg. 768) notochord__, a stiff, but flexible rod that runs the length of Have a _ the body on the dorsal surface. In most vertebrates, it is present in embryos, but is _ greatly reduced_ when the backbone develops. Subphylum Vertebrata (Ch 39) Vertebrates have three characteristics that distinguish them from other living things: vertebrae_, bones or cartilage that surrounds the dorsal nerve _ cord skull_ that protects the brain a_ an _ endoskeleton__ composed of bone or cartilage Fish Adaptations How are fish well adapted to living in water (there are several examples, so you should have more than 1)? Streamlined shape Muscular tail Paired fins for maneuvering Mucus to decrease friction Do fish have a sense of smell? Explain. Yes. They have 1 or 2 nostrils for chemoreception What is a lateral line? Small canals in their skin that sense vibrations in water Jawless Fishes Formerly known as Class _ Includes these members: Agnatha_ Hagfish, lampreys Describe their bodies. Eel-like, unpaired fins, cartilaginous skeleton How does a lamprey feed? (we have them in Lake Erie, by the way) Ectoparasites, feed on blood/body fluids Attach, scrape a hole with their tongue, secrete a non-clotting chemical Cartilaginous Fishes Chondrichtheyes_ Also known as Class _ Includes these members: Sharks, rays and skates Their skeleton has no bone, but is made entirely of cartilage. What is that? Flexible, light-weight material…cell surrounded by protein fibers placoid Their skin is covered with small, tooth-like spines called _ scales_. In cartilaginous fishes, gas exchange (respiration) occurs in the _ Describe how cartilaginous fish reproduce. gills_. Internal fertilization: male fins called claspers transfer sperm females either lay eggs or the young develop inside her body Bony Fishes Osteichtheyes_ Also known as Class _ Characterized by three key features: o Skeletons made of _ bone_ swim bladder_ for buoyancy (a few have _lungs_ for gas o A_ exchange, although most use gills) scales_ for a body covering o _ Describe/give examples of Lobe-Finned Fishes Primitive fish Have thick parts to their fins e.g. lungfishes, coelocanth Describe/give examples of Ray-Finned Fishes Most fish we are familiar with Fins are thin, just have spines and skin The circulatory system pumps blood from the heart through _ small vessels called _ arteries_ to capillaries_ to the body tissues and returns to the heart in _ veins_. How many chambers does the heart have and what are they named? 2...atrium, ventricle Dissolved waste in the blood is removed by the _ kidneys_. The gills also help in this process. A fish’s brain is made up of three parts, the forebrain, which processes the smell_ and the _cerebrum_, which coordinates info from sense of _ other parts of the brain, the midbrain, which processes info from the sense of visual_ and _auditory_, as well as position from the lateral line, __ and the hindbrain, which includes the _ movement, and the _ cerebellum_, responsible for medulla oblongatta_, which controls body functions. Reproduction takes place _ externally_. How do fish ensure there are individuals that survive? Large # of eggs Amphibians (Ch 40) Comes from the words meaning _ double life_, because they live part of land_ and part on water. their life on _ Modern amphibians share several characteristics: o Undergo _ metamorphosis_ to change from a larval aquatic (lives in water) stage to a terrestrial adult stage (lives on land) skin_ with no _scales_ o Have moist, thin _ o Feet are often _ webbed_ and have no _claws_ lungs_, _gills_ and _skin__ for respiration o Use _ o Eggs lack _ shells_ and are fertilized _externally_. Order Anura tailless_ Means _ Includes these members: Frogs and toads What’s the difference between a frog and a toad? Frogs tend to have smooth, moist skin Toads tend to have rough, bumpy skin Have a body adapted for _ jumping_. Order Caudata Includes these members: Salamanders 4_ limbs Except for aquatic species, have _ Most have a type of internal fertilization. Describe this process. Female picks up a packet of sperm left behind by male, lay eggs in water or on land Order Gymnophiona The common name is _ Caecilian_. Describe them. Resemble snakes…legless amphibians seldom_ seen and _little_ is known about them. They are _ Characteristics of Amphibians The skin serves two functions: _ respiration_ and protection. What two things are secreted on the skin and what do they do? Mucus…keep, skin moist Poisonous substance…foul taste to predators The circulatory system is divided into two loops: o Pulmonary circulation carries blood deoxygenated blood from the heart_ to _lungs_ and back _ o Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the _ heart_ to the body_ and back. _ 3_ chambers. Name them. An amphibian heart has _ Left atrium, right atrium, ventricle What is the advantage of having the “double loop” circulatory system? Faster blood flow What do amphibians eat? Small amphibs eat insects, arthropods Large amphibs eat mice, snakes, fish, What is the function of each of the following digestive organs? o Stomach _ digest food_ o Small intestine _ complete digestion, absorb nutrients_ o Large intestine _ collect waste_ produce bile to help break down fat_ o Liver _ o Pancreas _ secrete enzymes into small intestine, help break dwon food_ kidneys_ are the primary excretory organ The _ Describe an amphibian’s nervous system Brain with 10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal cord The senses of __ sight_, _smell_ and _hearing_ are well developed in amphibians. The eyes are covered by a special layer called the nictitating membrane_. They don’t have an external ear, but _ sound is detected in the inner ear by the _ tympanic_ membrane. How/why do frogs make noise in the spring? Mating …species specific Draw air in mouth to lungs over vocal folds Most amphibians rely on _ water_ for reproduction. They hatch and live the first part of their life there, or lay eggs in a moist environment. Do all amphibians undergo metamorphosis in the same way a frog does? Explain. No…not all (salamander does not), but most are similar Most often one parent, usually the _male_, stays with the developing eggs to protect them from predators. Label the stages of a frog’s life cycle: