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Fish and amphibian RG
Phylum Chordata (pg. 768)

notochord__, a stiff, but flexible rod that runs the length of
Have a _
the body on the dorsal surface.

In most vertebrates, it is present in embryos, but is _
greatly
reduced_ when the backbone develops.
Subphylum Vertebrata (Ch 39)
Vertebrates have three characteristics that distinguish them from other living
things:

vertebrae_, bones or cartilage that surrounds the dorsal nerve
_
cord
skull_ that protects the brain

a_

an _
endoskeleton__ composed of bone or cartilage
Fish Adaptations

How are fish well adapted to living in water (there are several examples, so you
should have more than 1)?
Streamlined shape
Muscular tail
Paired fins for maneuvering
Mucus to decrease friction

Do fish have a sense of smell? Explain.
Yes. They have 1 or 2 nostrils for
chemoreception

What is a lateral line?
Small canals in their skin that sense vibrations
in water
Jawless Fishes

Formerly known as Class _

Includes these members:
Agnatha_
Hagfish, lampreys

Describe their bodies.
Eel-like, unpaired fins, cartilaginous skeleton

How does a lamprey feed? (we have them in Lake Erie, by the way)
Ectoparasites, feed on blood/body fluids
Attach, scrape a hole with their tongue, secrete
a non-clotting chemical
Cartilaginous Fishes
Chondrichtheyes_

Also known as Class _

Includes these members:
Sharks, rays and skates

Their skeleton has no bone, but is made entirely of cartilage. What is that?
Flexible, light-weight material…cell surrounded
by protein fibers

placoid
Their skin is covered with small, tooth-like spines called _
scales_.

In cartilaginous fishes, gas exchange (respiration) occurs in the _

Describe how cartilaginous fish reproduce.
gills_.
Internal fertilization: male fins called claspers
transfer sperm females either lay eggs or the
young develop inside her body
Bony Fishes
Osteichtheyes_

Also known as Class _

Characterized by three key features:
o Skeletons made of _
bone_
swim bladder_ for buoyancy (a few have _lungs_ for gas
o A_
exchange, although most use gills)
scales_ for a body covering
o _

Describe/give examples of Lobe-Finned Fishes
Primitive fish
Have thick parts to their fins
e.g. lungfishes, coelocanth

Describe/give examples of Ray-Finned Fishes
Most fish we are familiar with
Fins are thin, just have spines and skin

The circulatory system pumps blood from the heart through _
small vessels called _
arteries_ to
capillaries_ to the body tissues and returns to the
heart in _
veins_. How many chambers does the heart have and what are
they named?
2...atrium, ventricle

Dissolved waste in the blood is removed by the _
kidneys_. The gills also
help in this process.

A fish’s brain is made up of three parts, the forebrain, which processes the
smell_ and the _cerebrum_, which coordinates info from
sense of _
other parts of the brain, the midbrain, which processes info from the sense of
visual_ and _auditory_, as well as position from the lateral line,
__
and the hindbrain, which includes the _
movement, and the _
cerebellum_, responsible for
medulla oblongatta_, which controls body
functions.

Reproduction takes place _
externally_. How do fish ensure there are
individuals that survive?
Large # of eggs
Amphibians (Ch 40)

Comes from the words meaning _
double life_, because they live part of
land_ and part on water.
their life on _

Modern amphibians share several characteristics:
o Undergo _
metamorphosis_ to change from a larval aquatic
(lives in water) stage to a terrestrial adult stage (lives on land)
skin_ with no _scales_
o Have moist, thin _
o Feet are often _
webbed_ and have no _claws_
lungs_, _gills_ and _skin__ for respiration
o Use _
o Eggs lack _
shells_ and are fertilized _externally_.
Order Anura
tailless_

Means _

Includes these members:
Frogs and toads

What’s the difference between a frog and a toad?
Frogs tend to have smooth, moist skin
Toads tend to have rough, bumpy skin

Have a body adapted for _
jumping_.
Order Caudata

Includes these members:
Salamanders
4_ limbs

Except for aquatic species, have _

Most have a type of internal fertilization. Describe this process.
Female picks up a packet of sperm left behind
by male, lay eggs in water or on land
Order Gymnophiona

The common name is _
Caecilian_. Describe them.
Resemble snakes…legless amphibians

seldom_ seen and _little_ is known about them.
They are _
Characteristics of Amphibians

The skin serves two functions: _
respiration_ and protection. What two
things are secreted on the skin and what do they do?
Mucus…keep, skin moist
Poisonous substance…foul taste to predators

The circulatory system is divided into two loops:
o Pulmonary circulation carries blood deoxygenated blood from the
heart_ to _lungs_ and back
_
o Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the _
heart_ to the
body_ and back.
_

3_ chambers. Name them.
An amphibian heart has _
Left atrium, right atrium, ventricle

What is the advantage of having the “double loop” circulatory system?
Faster blood flow

What do amphibians eat?
Small amphibs eat insects, arthropods
Large amphibs eat mice, snakes, fish,

What is the function of each of the following digestive organs?
o Stomach _
digest food_
o Small intestine _
complete digestion, absorb
nutrients_
o Large intestine _
collect waste_
produce bile to help break down fat_
o Liver _
o Pancreas _
secrete enzymes into small
intestine, help break dwon food_
kidneys_ are the primary excretory organ

The _

Describe an amphibian’s nervous system
Brain with 10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a
spinal cord

The senses of __
sight_, _smell_ and _hearing_ are well developed
in amphibians. The eyes are covered by a special layer called the
nictitating membrane_. They don’t have an external ear, but
_
sound is detected in the inner ear by the _

tympanic_ membrane.
How/why do frogs make noise in the spring?
Mating …species specific
Draw air in mouth to lungs over vocal folds

Most amphibians rely on _
water_ for reproduction. They hatch and live the
first part of their life there, or lay eggs in a moist environment.

Do all amphibians undergo metamorphosis in the same way a frog does?
Explain.
No…not all (salamander does not), but most
are similar
 Most often one parent, usually the _male_, stays with the developing eggs
to protect them from predators.

Label the stages of a frog’s life cycle: