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Globalization, conservation, and green development Geography 6402 Spring 2007 Instructor: Emily Yeh Guggenheim 103A, x2-5438 [email protected] Meeting: Mondays 12-2:50pm Guggenheim 201E Office hours: Tuesday, Thursday 2:00-3:30 pm and by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION: This seminar explores questions about the increasingly globalized practices and politics of conservation and development from the perspective of political ecology, an interdisciplinary field with contributions from geography, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines. Political ecology emerged out of Marxian political economy and cultural ecology, as a reaction to over-simplified, neo-Malthusian analyses of environmental problems. Today, the field is both increasingly popular, and also sprawling and complex, with topics traveling under the name of political ecology ranging from struggles over property rights to the social construction of nature to vulnerability to famine, to discursive analyses of scientific narratives. We will start the semester with a general overview of political ecology but the course by no means tries to comprehensively cover the field. Instead, the seminar will investigate a smaller set of themes in depth, through the reading of recent monographs, articles, and book chapters. These overlapping themes include: community-based/participatory conservation and development, environmental NGOs and movements, environmental identities, nature and nation, the politics of conservation science, and neoliberal governance of nature. The following, then, are some of the kinds of questions we will be asking. How should we understand different scalar trends in conservation - toward community-based natural resource management and decentralization on the one hand, and ecoregions and transboundary management on the other? How and why do people become environmentalists, ie. what are the processes of translation and subject formation through which differently placed people come to identify with the environment? How do ideas of nature or environmental protection get mobilized in the service of religion and nationalism, or vice versa? How should we analyze different kinds of environmental actors - environmental NGOs, transnational development institutions, elite domestic scientists, etc. - in relation to national and transnational histories and processes? What do participatory development and ideas of community mean for changing forms of governmentality? What are the implications of neoliberalization for the management of nature? The class will be run as a reading-intensive, advanced seminar in which students are responsible for careful reading of the assigned pieces; weekly commentary; and brief presentations. Most of each class period will be devoted to discussion. This class can be taken to fulfill a DART core requirement COURSE TEXTS 1 Required Roderick Neumann. 2005 Making Political Ecology. Hodder Arnold. Christine Walley. 2004. Rough Waters: Nature and Development in an east African Marine Park. Princeton University Press. Celia Lowe. 2006. Wild Profusion: Biodiversity conservation in an Indonesian archipelago. Princeton University press. Paige West. 2006. Conservation is our government now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea. Duke University Press. Raymond Bryant, 2005. Nongovernmental organizations in Environmental Struggles: Politics and the making of moral capital in the Philippines. Yale University Press. Cori Hayden. 2003. When nature goes public: the making and unmaking of bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press. Michael Goldman. 2005 Imperial Nature: The world bank and struggles for social justice in the age of globalization. Yale University Press. Karl Zimmerer, ed. 2006 Globalization and new geographies of conservation. University of Chicago Press. Katrina Schwartz. 2006. Nature and national identity after Communism: Globalizing the Ethnoscape. University of Pittsburgh Press. Recommended Brosius, Peter, Anna Tsing, and Charles Zerner. 2005. Communities and Conservation: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management. Boulder: AltaMira. The other required course readings (in addition to the required textbooks, which are available at the CU bookstore) will be available on e-reserve and/or CU Learn. COURSE REQUIREMENTS (1) Seminar participation: To make this seminar work, everyone must complete assigned readings prior to class meetings, and actively participate in the discussion. (25% of grade) (2) Critical reading commentaries Written commentaries in the form of a roughly 1-page critical reflections on at least 8 of the weekly readings are due. These should be analytical rather than descriptive, critically engaging the week’s reading rather than simply summarizing them. They are assigned both as an opportunity for you to carefully reflect upon the readings before we meet as a group, and as a way of generating class discussion. These commentaries will be due on CU Learn on Sundays at 4pm (time subject to discussion on first day of class). You should read all contributions before coming to class on Monday. (25% of grade) (3) Class presentations: Every student will be responsible for one (maybe two, depending on enrollment) 10 minute class presentation of weekly readings at the beginning of class. Rather than provide an exhaustive summary, the presentations should be concise, covering key theoretical and conceptual issues in the readings of the week. They should clarify key arguments and pose provocative statements and questions that open up, rather than close down, discussion. In 2 addition, the person responsible for the class presentation will help guide the discussion and help summarize or synthesize the discussion at the end. (10% of grade) (4) Seminar paper: A final seminar paper is due at the end of the semester. A half page paper description of the proposed paper topic is due during Week 8 (March 12). The paper, in the range of 15 pages, may take one of several forms: (a) a paper or thesis chapter that links your research with course themes; (b) a grant application or dissertation proposal that has been substantially shaped by engagements with course readings and themes; or (c) a paper that critically engages with a cluster of course themes or readings. It is fine to turn in a grant proposal, prospectus or a part of your thesis/dissertation. The only requirement is that it must engage critically and substantively with at least a subset of the readings, themes, and discussions from this class. (40% of grade) Feedback on seminar paper The first draft of your paper will be due April 23. On April 23 everyone will distribute a copy of their papers to the rest of the class. Then on April 30 (and depending on class size, one additional meeting outside of regularly scheduled class time) we will devote about ½ hour to each student’s paper. In addition to participating actively in the discussion of every other class member’s paper, you will also provide a written commentary (roughly one page) for your preassigned paper partner. All comments should be done by April 30. You will then have one full week to revise. Final papers are due Monday May 7 at noon SCHEDULE Week 1 Introductions No reading January 22 Week 2 What is political ecology? – Definitions and genealogies January 29 1. Neumann, Roderick 2005 Making Political Ecology. Hodder Arnold. 2. Robbins, Paul, 2004 Political Ecology: A critical introduction. Blackwell. Ch. 1, pp 3-16. 3. Paulson, Susan, Lisa Gezon, and Michael Watts. 2005 "Politics, Ecologies, Genealogies" Political ecology across spaces, scales, and social groups . Rutgers University Press, pp 17-40. 4.Political Economy: Marx. Capital Volume 1, Chapters 26 and 27, The Secret of Primitive Accumulation and the Expropriation of the Agricultural population, pp. 873-895. Related Readings Introductions and edited volumes on political ecology Biersack, Aletta, ed. 2006. Reimagining Political Ecology. Duke University Press. Forsyth, Timothy. 2003. Critical political ecology: the politics of environmental science. London: Routledge. Heynen, Nik, Maria Kaika and Erik Swyngedouw eds. 2006. In the nature of cities: urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism Routledge. 3 Paulson, Susan, and Lisa Gezon, 2004 eds. Political ecology across spaces, scales, and social groups. Rutgers University Press. Peet, Richard and Michael Watts. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. Routledge. (First Edition) ______ 2004. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements. Routledge (Second Edition – not the same as first edition) Robbins, Paul. 2004. Political Ecology: A critical introduction. Blackwell Publishing. Zimmerer, Karl and T. J. Bassett, eds. 2003. Political ecology: an integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies. New York: Guilford Press. Definitions and Early works in political ecology Blaikie, Piers. 1985. Political Economy of Soil erosion in developing countries. New York: John Wiley & ons. _______ 1999. “A review of political ecology: issues, epistemology, and analytical narratives.” Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftsgoegraphie. 131-147. Blaikie, Piers and Harold Brookfield 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen. Bryant, Raymond L. 1992. “Political ecology: An emerging research agenda in Third-World studies.” Political geography 11(1):12-36. _______ 1999. “A political ecology for developing countries?: Progress and paradox in the evolution of a research field.” Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftsgeographie. 148-157 ________. 2001. “Political Ecology: A critical agenda for change?” in Castree and Braun, ed., Social Nature : theory, practice and politics. 151-169. Bryant, Raymond and Sinead Bailey. 1997. Third world political ecology. New York: Routledge. Neumann, R.P. 1992 “Political ecology of wildlife conservation in the Mt. Meru area of northeast Tanzania.” Land Degradation and Rehabilitation Vol. 3 85-98. Schmink, M. and H. Wood. 1987. "The 'Political Ecology' of Amazonia" in Lands at Risk in the Third World Local-level Perspectives. (eds) Peter D. Little and M.M. Horowitz. Boulder: Westview:38-57. Vayda, Andrew and Bradley B. Walters. 1999. “Against Political ecology.” Human Ecology 27(1): 167-179. Cultural ecology Carney, Judith. 2001. Black rice: the African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge: Harvard UP Conklin, Harold C. 1969 “An ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture.” in Andrew P Vayda, ed. Environment and Cultural Behavior. Natural History Press. Durham, William. 1976. “The adaptive significance of cultural behavior.” Human Ecology 4(2):89-121 Ellen, Roy. 1982. Environment, subsistence and system: the ecology of small-scale social formations. NewYork: Cambridge University Press. Nietschmann, Bernard. 1973. Between land and water: the subsistence ecology of the Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua. New York: Seminar Press. Nietschmann, Bernard. 1979. “Ecological change, inflation and migration in the Far Western Caribbean.” Geographical Review. 69/1. 1979. Padoch, Christine. "The woodlands of Tae: traditional forest management in Kalimantan." in Forest resources and Wood-based biomass energy as rural development assets. Posey, Darrell. 1985. "Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: the case of the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon." Agroforestry systems. 3:139-158 Rambo, Terry and Percy Sajise. 1984. An introduction to human ecology research in South Asia. Laguna, Phillipines. Rappaport, Roy. Ecology, meaning and religion. Chapter 2 North Atlantic Books ________ 1984 [ 1968]. Pigs for the Ancestors: ritual in the ecology of a new guinea people. New Haven: Yale University Press. Steward, Julian. 1977 Evolution and Ecology: essays on social transformation. University of Illinois Press. Vayda, Andrew. 1983. "Progressive Contextualization: Methods for Research in Human Ecology." 4 Human Ecology 11(3):265-281 Wilden, Anthony. 1972. System and Structure. London, Routledge. pp. 202-230/ Political economy of natural resources, agrarian studies Bernstein H. and P. Woodhouse.2001. “Telling Environmental change like it is.” Journal of Agrarian Change. Barham, Bradford, Stephen Bunker and Denis O’Hearn. 1994 “Raw Materials industries in resource-rich regions.” States, firms and raw materials: the world economy and the ecology of aluminum. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Friedman, Jonathan. 1974. “Marxism, structuralism and vulgar materialism” Man. 9(3):444-469. Hecht, Susanna. 1985. “Environment, Development, and Politics: Capital Accumulation and the Livestock Sector in Eastern Amazonia.” World Development 13(6):663- 684. Thompson, EP. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: the origins of the Black Act. Watts, Michael. 1987. “Drought, environment, and food security: some reflections on peasants, pastoralists and commoditization in dryland West Africa.” in Michael H.Glantz, ed., drought and hunger in Africa: denying famine a future. Cambridge UP, pp. 171-211. Wilmsen, Edwin. 1989, Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari U Chicago Press. Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. Property and access Berry, Sara. 1997. "Tomatoes, land and hearsay: property and history in Asante in the time of structural adjustment." World Development 25(8): 1225-1241. Buck, Susan J. “No Tragedy on the commons” Environmental Ethics. Spring 1985:49-61. Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science. 163: 1243-1248. Feeny, D., F. Berkses. B.J. McCay & J. Acheson. 1988. “The Tragedy of the commons: 22 years later” Fortmann, Louise. 1995. “Talking claims: discursive strategies in contesting property.” World Development. 23(6):1053-1063. Macpherson, C.B. (ed) 1978. Property: Mainstream and Critical Positions. Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press McCay, Bonnie J. and James M. Acheson. 1987. The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press. McKean, Margaret A. 2000. “Common Property: What is it, what is it good for, and what makes it work?” In Clark C. Gibson, Margaret A. McKean and Elinor Ostrom, eds., People and Forests: Communities, Institutions and Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 27-56. Ostrom, Elinor. 1991. Governing the Commons: the evolution of institutions for collective Action. Cambridge UP Peluso, Nancy. Peluso, N.L. 1996. "Fruit trees and family trees in an Anthropogenic rainforest: Property rights, ethics of access, and environmental change in Indonesia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38 (3):510-548. Ribot, Jesse C. "Theorizing Access: Forest Profits along Senegal's Charcoal Commodity Chain," Development and Change Vol 29 (1998): 307-341. Ribot, Jesse and Nancy Lee Peluso. 2003. “ A Theory of access.” Rural sociology pp. 153-181. Schroder, Richard 1997. “ Reclaiming’ land in the Gambia: Gendered property rights and environmental intervention.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87(3):487-508. Week 3 Conservation, Community and its discontents February 5 1. Tsing, Anna, Peter Brosius and Charles Zerner. 2005. Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based natural resource management. Alta Mira Press. Chapters.: 5 Introduction, pp1-36. Chapter 1 “Dances around the Fire: Conservation organizations and community-based natural resource management. Janis Alcorn, pp. 37-68 Chapter 2, “Participatory democracy in natural resource management." BorriniFeyerabend with Christopher Tarnowsky, pp. 69-90; Chapter 4, "Congruent objectives, competing interests, and strategic compromise." Marshall Murphree, pp 105-148 Chapter 6, “Model, panacea, or exception? Contextualizing CAMPFIRE and related programs in Africa”, Neumann, pp. 177-194; Chapter 8 “Community, forestry and conditionality in the Gambia” ,Schroeder, pp. 207230. The neoliberal question 2. McCarthy, James. 2005. "Devolution in the woods: Community-based forestry as hybrid neoliberalism." Environment and Planning A 37 (6): 995-1014. 3. Li, Tania. “Neo-liberal strategies of government through community: the social development program of the World Bank in Indonesia.”http://www.iilj.org/documents/2006-2-GALLi-final-web.pdf (on CU Learn ) Related readings Agrawal, Arun. 2001. “State formation in community spaces?: Decentralization of control over forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, India.” Journal of Asian Studies. 60(1):9-41. Agrawal, Arun and C. Gibson. 1999. “Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resource conservation.” World Development, 27:629-649 Agrawal, Arun and Clark Gibson. 2001. Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, gender and the state in Community-based conservation. Rutgers University Press. Agrawal, Arun and Jesse Ribot. 1999. “Accountability in decentralization: a framework with South Asian and West African cases.” Journal of Development Areas. 33:473-502. Belsky, Jill M. “Misrepresenting communities: the politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize.” Rural Sociology 64:641-666. Brechin, Steven R. ed 2003. Contested nature: promoting international biodiversity conservation with social justice in the twenty-first century. Albany: SUNY Press. ____, et al. 2002. “Beyond the square wheel: toward a more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process.” Society and natural resources. 15:41-64. Brosius, Peter, Anna Tsing and Charles Zerner 1998. “Representing communities: histories and politics of community-based resource management.” Society and Natural Resources 11(20:157-168. Li, Tania M. 1996. “Images of Community: discourse and strategy in property relations.” Development and Change. 27(3):501-27. McCarthy, J. 2006. Neoliberalism and the politics of alternatives: community forestry in British Columbia and the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers Neumann, Roderick. 2004. “Nature-state-territory: toward a critical theorization of conservation enclosures” in Peet and Watts. ed., Liberation ecologies, pp. 195-217. Nightingale, Andrea J. 2005. ‘The experts taught us all we know”: Professionalization and knowledge in Nepalese Community Forestry. Antipode. Oates, John. 1999. Myth and reality in the rain forest: How conservation strategies are failing in West Africa. UC Press. pp. xi-xx; pp. 43-58; 229-254 Orlove, Ben. and Brush, S. 1996 “Anthropology and the conservation of biodiversity”. Annual Review of Anthropology 25:329-352 Peluso, Nancy L. 1993. “Coercing conservation? The politics of state resource control.” Global Environmental Change p. 199-217 6 Sundar, Nandini. 2001. “Beyond the bounds? Violence at the margins of new legal geographies.” in Peluso and Watts, Violent Environments. pp. 328-353. Walker, Peter A. and Patrick T. Hurley. Collaboration derailed: the politics of 'community-based' resource management in Nevada County. Society & Natural Resources. Wilshusen, Peter, et al. 2002. “Reinventing a square wheel: critique of a resurgent ‘protection paradigm’ in international biodiversity conservation.” Society and natural resources.15:17-40. Zerner, Charles. 2000. Peoples, plants and justice: the politics of nature conservation. Columbia UP. Week 4 Globalization, conservation, and the politics of scale February 12 1. Zimmerer, Karl, ed. 2006. Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation, "Introduction", Zimmerer, Karl, pp. 1-44 "Conclusion", Zimmerer, Karl, pp. 315-346. Chapter 7. Turner, Matthew. ”Shifting scales, lines and lives: The politics of conservation science and development in the Sahel,” 166-185. Chapter 8 Snedden, Chris. “Conservation initiatives and ‘transnationalization’ in the Mekong River Basin.” 191-211. . Chapter 9, Sierra, Rodrigo. “A transnational perspective on national protected areas and ecoregions in the tropical Andean countries” pp. 212-228. Chapter 10, Kenneth Young and Lily Rodriguez. "Development of Peru 's Protected-area system: historical continuity of conservation goals" pp229-254. Chapter 12. Leslie Gray, "Decentralization, land policy and the politics of scale in Burkino Faso." pp 277-296. 2. Brosius, J. P. and Russell, D. 2003. "Conservation from above: an anthropological perspective on transboundary protected areas and ecoregional planning." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17 (1/2): 35-58. 3 McCarthy, James. 2005. “Scale, sovereignty and strategy in environmental governance” Antipode. 37(4):731-753. Related readings Basnet, Khadga. 2003. "Transboundary biodiversity conservation initiative: an example from Nepal." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1-2). Brosius, Peter. “Seeing communities: technologies of visualization in conservation.” in Reconsidering Community: the unintended consequences of an intellectual Romance. School of American Research Press. ______What counts as local knowledge in global environmental assessments and conventions?” In Bridging Scales and epistemologies: linking local knowledge and global science in multi-scale assessments. ed by Walter Reid, Doris Capistrano and Tom Wilbanks, Island Press. Chester, Charles C. 2003. "Responding to the idea of transboundary conservation: an overview of public reaction to the Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation Initiative" Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1/2). Fall, Juliet. 2003. "Planning protected areas across boundaries: new paradigms and old ghosts." Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 17(1/2). Hanks, John. 2003. "Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in Southern Africa: Their role in conserving biodiveristy, socioeconomic development and promoting a culture of peace." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1/2). McDermott, Hughes. 2003. "Village republics and venture capitalists: strange bedfellows in Zimbabwe -Mozambique Transborder conservation." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1/2). _______. 2005. "Third nature: making space and time in the Great Limpopo conservation area." Cultural Anthropology 20(2): 157-84. 7 West, Paige, James Igoe and Dan Brockington. 2006. "Parks and Peoples: The Social impact of Protected Areas." Annual Review of Anthropology 35:251-277 Week 5 Participatory conservation and development in practice February 19 Walley, Christine. 2004. Rough Waters: Nature and Development in an east African Marine Park. Princeton University Press. Related readings - critical development studies Crush, Jonathan, ed. The Power of Development. Routledge. Escobar, Arturo, 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press. Ferguson, James. 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press. Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonizing Egypt. Cambridge University Press. Siviramakrishnan, K and Arun Agrawal, eds. 2003. Regional modernities: the cultural politics of development in India. Oxford University Press. Yappa, Lakshman. 1996. "Improved seeds and constructed scarcity." In R. Peet and M. Watts,eds., Liberation ecologies: environment, development, and social movements. Routledge. Ecotourism Belsky, Jill. 2000. "The Meaning of the Manatee: Community-based ecotourism discourse and practice in Gales Point, Belize." in Charles Zerner, ed., Plants, People and Justice. ______. 1999. "Misrepresentating communities: the politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize." Rural Sociology 64(4): 641-666. Che, Deborah. 2006. "Developing ecotourism in First World, resource-dependent areas." Geoforum 37(2): 212-226 Hughes, D.M. 2001b. “Rezoned for business: how eco-tourism unlocked black farmland in eastern Zimbabwe.” Journal of Agrarian Change 1(4): 575-99. Lindberg, Kreg, Jeremy Enriquez, and Keith Sproule. 1996."Ecotourism Questioned: Case Studies from Belize." Annals of Tourism Research 23(3):543-562. West, Paige, et al. 2004. "Ecotourism and authenticity." Current Anthropology 45:483-498. Young, Emily. 2003 "Balancing conservation with development in marine-dependent communities: is Ecotourism an empty promise?" in Zimmerer, K and T Bassett, eds. Political ecology: an integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies, pp29-49 Week 6 Conservation-as-development and transnational translation February 26 West, Paige. 2006. Conservation is our government now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea. Duke University Press. Related readings: ICDP Herrold-Menzies, Melinda. 2006. " Integrating Conservation and Development: What We Can Learn from Caohai, China" Journal for Environment and Development. ______forthcoming. "From Adversary to Partner: the Evolving Role of Caohai Nature Reserve in the Lives of Reserve Residents" van Schaik, C., & Rijksen, H. D. (2002). Integrated conservation and development projects: Problems and potential. In J. Terborgh, C. van Schaik, L. Davenport, and M. Rao (Eds.) Making parks work: Strategies for preserving tropical nature (pp. 15-29). Covelo, CA: Island Press. Week 7 Environmental NGOs March 5 8 Raymond Bryant, 2005. Nongovernmental organizations in Environmental Struggles: Politics and the making of moral capital in the Philippines. Yale University Press. Related readings Bebbington, Anthony. 2005. "Donor-NGO relations and representations of livelihoods in NGO aid chains" World Development 33(6). _____2004 'NGOs and uneven development: geographies of development intervention' Progress in Human Geography 28(6): 725-745 Bryant, Raymond. 2002. "NGOs and governmentality: ‘consuming’ biodiversity and indigenous people in the Philippines". Political Studies 50: 268-292. _________2002. "False prophets? Mutant NGOs and Philippine environmentalism." Society and Natural Resources 15: 629-639. ________. 2001. "Explaining state-environmental NGO relations in the Philippines and Indonesia". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 22: 15-37. Dove, Michael. 2006. "Indigenous people and environmental politics." Annual Review of Anthropology 35: 191-208. Fischer, William. 1997. "Doing good? The politics and antipolitics of NGO practices." Annual Review of Anthropology. 26:439-64. Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson. 2000. "Spatializing states: towards an ethnography of neoliberal governmentality." American ethnologist 29(4): 981-1002. Hardt, Michael and Toni Negri. 2000. Empire. Harvard University Press. Kellow, A. 2000. "Norms, interests and environmental NGOs: The limits of cosmopolitanism." Environmental Politics 9(3):1-22. Mason, Michael. 2004. "Representing transnational environmental interests: new opportunities for non-governmental organization access within the World Trade Organization?" Environmental Politics 13(3):566-589. Mawdsley, E Porter, G. and Townsend, J. (2005) 'Trust, accountability and face-to-face interaction in NorthSouth NGO relations', Development in Practice, 15 (1), pp. 77-82 Mindry D. 'Nongovernmental Organizations, "Grassroots," and the Politics of Virtue' Signs 2001; 26: 1187-211 Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2000. "For and against NGOs: The Politics of the lived world." New Left Review 2:63-84. Newell, Peter. 2000. "Environmental NGO, TNC, and the question of governance." in The International Political economy of the environment, eds. V. D'Assetto and Dimitris Stevis, pp85-107. Riles, Annelise. 2001. The Network Inside Out. University of Michigan. Townsend, J., Porter, G. and Mawdsley, E. (2004) 'Creating Spaces of Resistance: Development NGOs and their Clients in Ghana, India and Mexico', Antipode, 36 (5), pp. 871-99 West, Paige. 2004 “Environmental NGOs and the nature of ethnographic inquiry” in Anthropology and Consultancy P.J. Stewart and A. Strathern (eds.), 2004, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. Yaworsky, William. 2005. "At the whim of the state: neoliberalism and nongovernmental organizations in Guerrero, Mexico." Mexican Studies 21(2):403-427. Week 8 Environmentalism: Movements, translations, articulation, and representation March 12 * Paper topic proposal due * 1.Tsing, Anna. 1997. "Transitions as translations." In Joan Scott, Cora Kaplan and Debra Keates, ed. Transitions, Environments - Translations. Routledge pp 253-272. 9 2. Tsing, Anna. 2005. "This earth, this island Borneo" and "Movements" pp. 155-170; 213-238 in Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton University Press. 3. Li, Tania. 2000. “Articulating indigenous identity in Indonesia: Resource politics and the tribal slot." Comparative Studies in Society and History. 42(1) :149-179. 4. Dove, Michael. 1999. "Writing for versus about, the ethnographic other: Issues of engagement and reflexivity in working with a tribal NGO in Indonesia." Identities 6(2/3) 5. Brosius, Peter. 1999. "Analyses and Interventions: anthropological engagements with environmentalism." Current Anthropology 40(3):277-309. 6. Arun Agrawal. 2005. "Environmentality: Community, intimate government and the making of environmental subjects in Kumaon, India." Current Anthropology 46(2):161181. Recommended Brosius, Peter. 1999. "Locations and representations: writing in the political present in Sarawak, East Malaysia." Identities. 6(2/3). Gatmaytan, Augusto B. "Advocacy as translation: notes on the Philippine Experience" in Communities and Conservation, Histories and Politics of Community-based natural resource management, pp 459-477. Mawdsley, Emma. 2004. "India 's Middle Classes and the Environment." Development and Change 35(1):79-103. Tsing, Anna. 1999. "Becoming a tribal elder and other green development fantasies." in Tania Li, ed. Tansforming the Indonesian uplands: marginality, power, and production. Harwood. Related readings Baviskar, Amita. “Tribal politics and discourses of Indian environmentalism” pp. 289-318 in Greenough and Tsing, Nature in the Global South. Bending, Tim.2006 Penan histories: Contentious narratives in Upriver Sarawak. KITLV Press. Brosius, Peter. 1999. "On the practice of transnational cultural critique." Identities. 6(2/3)-179-200. ________ “Voices from the Borneo rain forest: writing the history of an environmental campaign.” in Greenough and Tsing, Nature in the Global South. pp. 319-346. Edelman, Marc. 2001. "Social movement: changing paradigms and forms of politics." Annual Review of Anthropology. 30: 285-317. Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond borders.Chapter 4, Environmental Advocacy Networks. Cornell University Press. Mawdley, Emma. 1998. After Chipko: From Environment to region in Uttaranchal. Journal of Peasant Studies. 25(4);36-54. Perrault, Tom. “Developing identities: indigenous mobilization, rural livelihoods, and resource access in Ecuadorian Amazonia.” Ecumene, 8(4): 381-413. Rangan, Haripriya. 2004. “From Chipko to Uttaranchal: the environment of protest and development in the Indian Himalaya.” in Peet and Watts, Liberation Ecologies, pp. 381-393. ______2000. Of Myths and Movements: Rewriting Chipko into Himalayan History. New York: Verso. Sturgeon, Noel. 1999. "Ecofeminist appropriations and transnational environmentalisms." Identities. 6(2/3):255-280. Tsing, Anna. 2005. "Introduction," "Nature Loving," and "The Forest of Collaborations" in Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Week 9 Environmentalism, religion, and national identity March 19 1. Darlington, Susan M. 1998. “The ordination of a tree: The Buddhist ecology movement in Thailand.” Ethnology 37(1):1-15. 10 2. Delcore, Henry D. 2004. “Symbolic Politics or Generification? The Ambivalent Implications of Tree Ordinations in the Thai Environmental Movement.” Journal of Political Ecology 11(1):1-30. http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/ 3. Mawdsley, E (2006) 'Hindu Nationalism, Postcolonialism and Environmental Discourses in India', Geoforum, 37 (3), pp.380-90. 4. Schwartz, Katrina. 2006. Nature and National identity after Communism. University of Pittsburgh Press. Introduction, Chapters 2, 5-7 and conclusion; pp. 1-26; 54-77; 115-198. Related Arnold, Philip and Ann Grodzins Gold eds. 2001. Sacred landscapes and cultural politics: planting a tree. Ashgate. Daedelus. 2001. Special issue: religion and ecology: can the climate change? Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 130(4) Darlington, Susan. “Practical spirituality and community forests: monks, ritual and radical conservatism in Thailand.” in Greenough and Tsing, Nature in the Global South. pp. 347-366. _____2003. “The Spirit(s) of Conservation in Buddhist Thailand.” In Helaine Selin, ed. Nature Across Cultures. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp. 129-145. Dwivedi, OP, Tiwari BN. 1999. Environmental protection in the Hindu religion. in James GA (ed) Ethical perspectives on environmental issues in India. Gold, Ann Grodzins. 1995. "Magical Landscapes and Moral Orders: New Readings in Religion and Ecology." Religious Studies Review (21:2). ________1989 "Of Gods, Trees and Boundaries: Divine Conservation in Rajasthan" (with Bhoju Ram Gujar). Asian Folklore Studies (48:2). _______2000. 'If You Cut a Branch You Cut My Finger': Court, Forest, and Environmental Ethics in Rajasthan." In Hinduism and ecology: the intersection of earth, sky, and water. Christopher Key Chapple and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds. Harvard University Press. _______2002. "Children and trees in north India." Worldviews: environment, culture, religion. 6(3): 276-299. Harper, Krista. 2005. "Wild Capitalism" and "Ecocolonialism": A Tale of Two Rivers. American Anthropologist. 107(2): 221-233. Hou Wenhui, “Reflections on Chinese Traditional Views of Nature.” Environmental History v.2 n.4 (October 1997), pp.482-492. Huber, Toni. 1991. "Traditional Environmental Protectionism in Tibet Reconsidered." The Tibet Journal. pp. 63-77. New Delhi. Huber, Toni and Poul Pedersen. "Meteorological Knowledge and Environmental Ideas in Traditional and Modern Societies: The Case of Tibet," in Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute (NS)3: 577-598. Lucas, Johnston. 2006. "The 'nature' of Buddhism: A survey of relevant literature and themes." Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion. 10(1):69-99. Mawdsley, E. 2005. The Abuse of Religion and Ecology: The Vishva Hindu Parishad and Tehri Dam', Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 8 (2), pp. 1-24 Olsen, Jonathan. 1999. Nature and nationalism: Right-wing ecology and the politics of identity in contemporary Germany. St. Martin 's Press. Sharma, M. 2001. Nature and nationalism. Frontline 18(3) Siviramakrishnan, K and Gunnel Cderlof. eds 2005.Ecological nationalisms: nation, livelihoods and identities in South Asia. University of Washington Press. Snyder, Samuel. 2006. "Chinese traditions and ecology: survey article." Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 10(1) Tomalin, Emma. 2002. "The limitations of religious environmentalism for India." Worldviews Environment, Culture, Religion 6(1):12-30. White, Lynn Jr., 1967. “Historical roots of our ecologic crisis,” Science v.155 Witt, Joseph, David Wiles. 2006. "Nature in Asian indigenous traditions: a survey article." Worldviews: Environment, Culture and Religion 10(1). 11 * Week 10 NO CLASS - SPRING BREAK * March 26 Institutional ethnography and transnational green development April 2 Goldman, Michael. 2005. Imperial Nature: The World Bank and the struggles for Social Justice in the age of Globalization. Yale University Press. Related Readings Bebbington et al. 2004. "Exploring social capital debates at the World Bank." Journal of Development Studies. 40(5) Bobrow-Strain, Aaron. 2004. "DisAccords" World Development 32(6). Crewe, Emma. 1999. Whose Development? : An Ethnography of Aid. Zed Books. Easterly, William. 2006. The White Man 's Burden: Why the West 's Efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. Penguin. Fox, Jonathan. 2004. "Advocacy research and the world bank." in A. Haugerud and M. Edelman. The Anthropology of Development and Globalization. Blackwell. Hunter, David 2001."The World Bank: A Lighter Shade of Green?" in Olav Schram Stokke and Øystein B. Thommessen (eds.), Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development London: Earthscan Publications. 59–67. Litzinger, Ralph. 2006. "Contested sovereignties and the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund." Political and Legal Anthropology Review 29(1). Mosse, David. 2005. Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Development and Practice. Pluto Wade, Robert. 2002. "US hegemony and the World Bank." Review of International Political Economy. 9(2) Week 11 Postcolonialism, biodiversity conservation and an analytics of reason April 9 Lowe, Celia. 2006. Wild Profusion: Biodiversity conservation in an Indonesian Archipelago. Princeton University Press. Related Readings (Indigenous knowledge and its discontents) Agrawal, Arun. 1995. “Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge.” Development and Change 26: 413-439. _________2002. “Indigenous knowledge and the politics of classification.” International Social Science Journal. 54: 287-297. Berkes, Fikret. 1999. Sacred Ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and resource management. Taylor & Francis. Brosius, Peter J. 1997. “Endangered forest, endangered people: environmentalist representations of indigenous knowledge.” Human Ecology 25(1): 47-69. Dove, Michael. “2002. “Hybrid histories and indigenous knowledge among Asian rubber smallholders.” International Social Science Journal 54:349-359. Ellen, Roy, Peter Barkes, and Alan Bicker, ed. 2000. Indigenous Environmental knowledge and its transformations. Harwood Publishers. selections. Fausto, Carlos. 2002. “The bones affair: indigenous knowledge practices in contact situations seen from an Amazonian case” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological institute. 8(4):669-690. Gupta, Akhil. 1998. Postcolonial development: agriculture and the making of Modern India. Duke UP Gururani, S. 2002. “Construction of Third World women’s knowledge in the development discourse” International Social Science Journal. 54/173:313-323 Harpold, Terry. 2002. “Masons, tricksters and cartographers: comparative studies in the sociology of scientific 12 and indigenous knowledge” Technology and Culture 43(2): 398-401. Leach, Melissa and James Fairhead. 2002. “Manners of contestation: ‘citizen science’ and ‘indigenous knowledge’ in West Africa and the Caribbean.” International Social Science Journal 54/173:299-311. Li, Tania M. 2002. “Ethnic cleansing, recursive knowledge and the dilemmas of sedentarism.” Nazarea, Virginia. 2006. "Local knowledge and memory in biodiversity conservation." Annual Review of Anthropology 35:317-335. Nelson, Richard K. 1983. Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. U Chicago Press. Raffles, Hugh. 2002. “Intimate knowledge.” International Social Science Journal 54:325-335. Roue, M. and D. Nakashima. 2002. “Knowledge and foresight: the predictive capacity of traditionalknowledge applied to environmental assessment.” International Social Science Journal. 54/173:337-347. Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999 Decolonizing methodologies : research and indigenous peoples Zed Books. NY. * NO CLASS - WEEK OF AAG MEETING Week 12 Bioprospecting and neoliberal nature April 16 April 23 Hayden, Cori. 2003. When Nature goes Public: The making and unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press. Related Readings Brown, Michael. 2003 Who Owns Native Culture? Harvard University Press. Brush, Steven. 1999. "Bioprospecting the Public Domain" 14 Cultural Anthropology 535 - 555 Coombe, Rosemary. 1998. "Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Sovereignty: New Dilemmas in International Law Posed by the Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge and the Conservation of Biodiversity" 6 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 59 - 115. Escobar, Arturo. 1998. Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity conservation and the political ecology of social movements. Journal of Political Ecology. Greene, L. Shane 2004. "Indigenous peoples incorporated: Culture as politics, culture as property in contemporary bioprospection deals." Current Anthropology 44. McAfee, Kathleen.“Selling Nature to Save it? Biodiversity and Green Developmentalism,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17: 133 (1997). Parry, Bronwyn. 2004. Trading the Genome: Investigating the Commodification of Bio-information. Columbia University Press. Svarstad, Hanne.2005. "A global political ecology of bioprospecting." Paulson, Susan and L Gezon, eds. Political ecology across spaces, scales and social groups. Week 13 Peer commentaries on papers April 30 * PAPERS DUE MONDAY MAY 7 BY NOON * 13