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Chronology of the Holocaust 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor Heavy anti-Semitic propaganda is circulated First concentration camp opened at Dachau—mainly for political prisoners Jewish books burned publicly Nazis order boycott of Jewish businesses Jewish people begin to leave Germany (approx. 300,000 get out before it’s too late— borders were sealed by 1940 and other countries wouldn’t accept Jewish refugees) 1935: Nuremberg Laws into effect: these laws established who is Jewish—a person with one or more Jewish grandparents is considered Jewish. Marriages between Jews and nonJews are criminalized All Jews must register Curfews are established for Jews Jews begin to leave Germany; 78k by end of year 1938: Kristallnacht: Nazis attack Jewish synagogues, homes, and businesses. Jewish books are burned. Over 200 murdered, thousands sent to concentration camps Jewish children expelled from German schools Jewish doctors and lawyers are forbidden to practice Jewish business owners forced to turn over businesses to Aryans 1939: The War officially begins with the Nazi invasion of Poland Ghettos are established in Poland (Warsaw, Lodz…): Warsaw Ghetto is established in 100 city blocks, brick wall built- people crammed in, starvation/disease, can’t leave Forced labor camps in occupied territory; life expectancy = 6 mos or less 1940: Jews no longer allowed to leave Germany or German-occupied countries Jewish people in occupied territory must register and wear the Star of David on their clothing. Many Jews go into hiding at this time—the penalty for helping or hiding Jews is death German Jews all deported to concentration camps 1941: First Death/Extermination camp is opened at Chelmno (others to follow soon…Sobibor, Belzec, Treblinka, Auschwitz) Mass deportation of Jews in Nazi-occupied territory to concentration camps Germany invades the Soviet Union and begins systematic massacre of Jews in each town and village (Einsatzgruppen) 1942: Wansee Conference: Authorities of Nazi Government meet in Wansee (suburb of Berlin) and coordinate plans for the “final solution” to the “Jewish problem” Extermination begins at Sobibor, Belzec, Treblinka Jews in Ghettos and sent to death camps (6,000-10,000 per day) All German Jews in concentration camps are sent to Auschwitz Articles begin to appear in US newspapers about mistreatment of Jews; US govt. won’t confirm/get involved 1943: Resistance by Jews in Warsaw Ghetto uprising, escape from Sobibor etc. Nazis order Denmark’s Jews shipped to Poland. Danes help 8,000 escape to Sweden 1944: 1945: Nazis begin attempt to hide evidence of death camps As Allies close in, many Jews are forced on “death marches” out of camps and away from Allies- 58,000 forced to march, 20,000 die on march Hitler commits suicide Germany surrenders Camps liberated by Allies Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals (over 22 men..) Questions: 1. Why didn’t more Jewish families leave Germany in the 1930s? 2. The purpose of the Nuremberg Laws and the wearing of the Star of David was to identify the Jewsih people. Why was this step so important in the Holocaust? 3. Why was resistance so difficult for both Jews and non-Jews during the holocaust years? 4. Jews in Nazi-occupied countries were not all treated the same. For example, nearly all the Jews of Denmark survived and nearly all the Jews of Poland perished. Speculate why. 5. Six million Jews and four million others were killed during the Holocaust. Speculate why this was allowed to happen.