Download Nervous System

Anatomy & Physiology
Spring Semester Review
2011-12
Nervous System, Special Senses, and Endocrine System
1. What is the function of the nervous system?
2.
What is the structure of a neuron?
3.
How are messages carried from one neuron to the next?
4.
Generally, describe the function of the sodium/potassium pump.
5.
What are the divisions of the nervous system? (From central and peripheral to sympathetic and parasympathetic)
6.
What is the general function of the sympathetic system? The parasympathetic system?
7.
What is the main function of the cerebrum? Cerebellum? Brain stem? Hypothalamus? Epithalamus?
8.
What are the divisions of the cerebrum? Brain stem? Diencephalon?
9.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? What are the main structures of each (i.e. the brain is in the CNS, etc.)
10. List and describe two pathologies of the nervous system.
11. List the four primary taste sensations.
12. What conditions will result from a misshapen eyeball?
13. What is the “blind spot” of the eye?
14. What hormone is given as a drug to reduce inflammation?
15. How do hormones reach their target cell?
Cardiovascular System
16. What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
17. What is the function of red blood cells?
18. An RBC is called a ‘biconcave disk’ – what does that mean?
19. How long to RBCs live?
20. What is hemoglobin?
21. Know the flow of blood through the heart.
22. What area of the heart sets the pace? (SA node, AV node,. Etc.)
23. What is systole? Diastole?
24. What is an ECG?
25. Where does gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur in the blood?
26. What is the most numerous formed element in the blood? What’s the most numerous leukocyte?
27. What are the possible types of blood? What can types can each receive?
28. Be able to predict the offspring of a cross for different ABO blood types (AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO).
29. List and describe two pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
Lymphatic and Immune System
30. What direction does lymph flow?
31. What is the function of the immune system?
32. What are the three lines of defense your body has? What are the components of each? (1 st line: Skin, etc.)
33. Describe the structure of an antibody.
34. What are the ways in which antibodies inactivate antigens?
35. What does the humoral immune response to inactivate pathogens?
36. What does the cellular immune response to inactivate pathogens?
37. What two hormones cause an increase in T and B cells?
38. List and describe three autoimmune diseases.
Respiratory System
39. What is the function of the respiratory system?
40. Describe the flow of oxygen into the body.
41. What is the function of the nose? Trachea? Lungs?
42. Where does gas exchange occur?
43. How does gas exchange occur?
44. What is surfactant?
45. What is inspiration? Expiration?
46. What is tidal volume? IRV? ERV?
47. List and describe two pathologies of the respiratory system.
Digestive/Excretory System
48. What is the function of the digestive system?
49. What enzyme in the mouth aids in digesting starch?
50. What is the function of saliva?
51. What is the function of the tongue?
52. What is peristalsis?
53. What is the function of the stomach?
54. What is the function of the small intestine? Large intestine?
55. What is the function of the liver? Pancreas?
56. What is chyme?
57. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
58. What is the functional unit of the kidney called?
59. Describe the pathway of filtrate in the kidneys from the glomerular capsule.
60. How is waste filtered in the kidney?
61. Put these structures in the correct pathway of creation to elimination of urine: bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra
62. List and describe two pathologies of the digestive and excretory systems.
Reproductive System
63. What is the function of the reproductive system?
64. What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?
65. What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?
66. What are the three main areas of the uterus?
67. What are the three layers of the uterus?
68. What layer of the uterus is lost in menstruation?
69. In which layer of the uterus does a blastocyst implant after fertilization?
70. Where does fertilization occur?
71. How does ovulation occur?
72. What are the major gonadotropic hormones used by the reproductive system?
73. What is the general function of follicle stimulating hormone? Luteinizing hormone? Testosterone? Estrogen? Progesterone?
74. Know the sequence in which a human develops (start with zygote).
75. What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? (Besides that one produces oocytes and the other produces
sperm)