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AP European History
Ch. 23 Lecture notes
Name ____________________ Per. __
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1820s
– 1820-1823
 Under the leadership of Colonel Rafael Riego, a mutiny began in
opposition to the persecution of liberals by the restored monarch King
Ferdinand VII.
 1823 – Concert of Verona (1822) authorized the French to crush the
revolutionaries
– 1820-1821
 liberals revolted in Naples in protest of the absolute rule of Ferdinand I of
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 1821 – Concert of Lailbach authorized Austria to invade and suppress
the uprising
 1821 – an attempted uprising in Piedmont was crushed by Austrian
forces
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- 1821-1830
primarily a nationalist uprising
under domination of the ______________________, the Greeks had all the
ingredients for a ________________ movement – language, culture,
history, religion
eventual involvement by the Great Powers was spurred on by
_______________ for the Greeks
1827 – England, France, Russia told Turkey to accept an armistice, and
when it refused, the Great Powers sent their navies to destroy the Turkish
fleet at Navarino
_____________ declared war on Turkey to increase its territory and
established a protectorate over much of present-day Romania
Treaty of Adrianople (1829) recognized Greek independence
three of the five members of the Congress of Vienna violated their 1815
agreement and aided a movement of nationalism out of self-interest
Russia’s
(1825)
 following the death of ________________, a crisis over succession led to a
demonstration by military officers when his conservative brother
_______________ prepared to assume the throne instead of the liberal
brother Constantine
 the first upper class opponents of the autocratic Russian system of
government
 easily _________________
REVOLUTION IN FRANCE - 1830
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) governed France as a ________________________ by
abiding by the Charter of the Restoration Period
o limited _______________________
o granted legislative powers (only 100,000/30 million could vote)
o protected civil rights
o upheld Code Napoleon
 Louis XVIII moved the government more to the ____________
o changed electoral laws to narrow voters to the most wealthy
o ____________________________ was imposed
o drove _____________________ out of legal political life
o 1823 – French troops, authorized by the Concert of Europe,
crushed the Spanish revolution and restored another Bourbon ruler,
Ferdinand VII
Charles X (r. 1824-30) – _____________ of Louis XVIII; reactionary who wanted
to reestablish the old order in France and consistently violated the Charter
o elections of 1827 saw substantial liberal gains in the Chamber of
Deputies
o Charles decreed the _____________________ – which would have
amounted to a royal coup d’ état if not stopped
 stripped voting rights from much of the wealthy middle class
 censored the press
o ______________________________: radicals of Paris, with the workers
and students raising barricades in the streets, rebelled and Charles
X fled
________________ (r. 1830-1848) – cousin of Charles X; accepted the
Constitution Charter of 1814 and accepted the position of the _________ King
 more liberal than the restoration government, but socially conservative
 government controlled by the bourgeoisie of upper middle class
bankers and businessmen
 overall there had been little change as the old aristocracy was
replaced by the ____________________________________
“When France sneezes, the rest of the Europe catches cold.” - Metternich
Other Revolutions of 1830
Belgian Independence Movement (1830-31)
 never accepted rule by a ___________________ following the merger in
1815
o different language, religion, economic life
 inspired by July Revolution in France, students and industrial workers
revolted against Dutch rule, which was defeated
 1831 – _______________ became king of the Belgians with a liberal
constitution
 1839 – the Great Powers declared the neutrality of Belgium
Poland (1830-1831)
 1830 rebellion against ______________ rule drove Russian garrison out of
Poland, deposed the czar as king, and proclaimed independence
 Invasion by Russian army ordered by Nicholas I crushed nationalist
rebellion
 1832 Organic Statute declared Poland to be an integral part of the
Russian empire
Italy (1831-1832)
 _____________________ nationalists were easily crushed by Austrian
troops under Metternich’s enforcement of the Concert of Europe’s
philosophy
Germany (1830-1833)
 ____________________________ of 1819 had restricted freedom
throughout Germany
 inspired by ________________________, university students and professors
led street demonstrations that forced temporary granting of
constitutions in several minor states
 easily crushed by _____________________ domination of the German
Confederation and his influence over Prussia
The Revolutions of 1848
Causes
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food shortages caused by poor harvests of grain and potatoes
financial crisis caused by downturn in the commercial and
industrial economy
business failures, widespread unemployment
sense of frustration and discontent of urban artisan and working
classes as wages diminished
o a system of poor relief which became overburdened
o deteriorating living conditions in cities
unregulated economy drove _______________ to push for more
reform of government and civil liberties by enlisting help of
working classes to put pressure on the government to change
the power of _________________ in the Germanies and Italies, as
well as Eastern Europe to overthrow the existing governments
France
 Feb. 22-23, 1848 - street riots erupted in Paris in response to the corrupt
regime of ___________________ and lack of electoral and social
legislative reform
 Feb. 24, 1848 – Louis Philippe abdicated and a provisional government
proclaimed the ___________________________________
Goals of the Second Republic
 _______________________(1790-1869) – liberal head of the provisional
government
o favored a moderate republic and political democracy
o had little sympathy for the working poor
o no intention of pursuing a social revolution
 __________________ (1811-1882) – socialist working class leader
o expected the provisional government to deal with the
unemployed and looked for help to improve life & conditions of
labor
o pressed the provisional government to establish
_____________________________ workshops to provide work and
relief for thousands of unemployed workers
 April elections resulted in the ___________________________ made up of a
majority of moderate republicans and conservatives who regarded
socialist ideas as threats to private property and had the support of the
peasants
May 15 – provoked by the closing of the _________________________,
socialist workers in Paris invaded the Constituent Assembly and tried to
proclaim a new revolutionary state. (easily crushed by the National
Guard)
 ____________________ (June 23-26) – violent uprising of class warfare
between socialists and capitalist republicans – allies only months earlier resulted in the death or injury of more than _________________
 General Louis Cavaignac readily defeated the working class rebels
 New constitution by Constituent Assembly created a unicameral
legislative and executive power vested in a popularly-elected president
of the republic
o Dec. 1848 - ______________________ , nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte, defeated Gen. Cavaignac, to become president of
the republic and soon doomed it as he became Emperor
Napoleon III in 1852 and France retreated from republicanism
again
Austrian Empire
 vulnerable to revolutionary challenges due to its ___________ makeup,
reactionary government, and social reliance on serfdom
 inspired by actions in France
 ____________________ – Hungarian criticism of Hapsburg imperial rule
sparked by Louis Kossuth, a Magyar nationalist leader, who demanded
Hungarian _________________________
o Students and workers in Vienna demonstrated on behalf of a more
liberal government and the army was unable to restore order
 _______________________ fled to London and Emperor
Ferdinand I granted a moderately liberal constitution
 ______________ coalition of revolutionaries had ineffective rule
 Monarchy abolished serfdom, causing newly freed people to
lose interest in the political and social questions agitating the
cities
 New Hungarian government could not solve
____________________ conflicts, which the Hapsburgs played
off one another against the new govt.
 ______________________, son of Sophia and nephew of
Ferdinand, conspired to crush the revolution and bombarded
Prague
 Oct. 1848 – Hapsburg troops attacked student and working
class radicals in Vienna and retook the city
 Ferdinand I abdicated in favor of Francis Joseph, who
restored royal absolutism
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Prussia
 under King Frederick William IV (r. 1848-1861) Prussia moved from
________________________________________
 king rejected liberal constitution and substituted his own, which
guaranteed royal control of the government
o liberals called for a national assembly to write a
_______________________ constitution for a unified German state
o May 1848 – __________________________________
 selected King Frederick William IV of Prussia as emperor in
April 1849 of a united Germany, but he refused the “crown
from the gutter” because he was a
____________________________ monarch and not subject to
popular elected assemblies. With no Prussia, there could be
no _______________
 Humiliation of Olmutz – Nov. 1850 - Frederick William IV
agreed to forgo the idea of uniting the German states (which
Austria opposed) to avoid war with Austria
Reasons for failure of the revolutions of 1848
 spontaneous movements lost ___________________________ as
enthusiasm dwindled
 initial successes due more to ______________________ of government
responses than superior force
 mainly ___________________ movements
 the middle class came to fear the radicalism of their working class allies
 divisions among national groups
Positive results & effects
 universal male suffrage introduced in ________________
 serfdom remained ___________________ in Austria and the German states
 parliaments were established in ____________ and other German states
 Prussia and Sardinia-Piedmont emerged with a zeal to unify their
respective lands