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Edexcel AS and A Level
in History
SCHEME OF WORK
Route G: nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century Europe
Introduction
Introduction
This document provides a sample scheme of work for Route G: nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century
Europe that should be adapted by centres to fit their timetabling and staffing arrangements. It is meant as an example approach only
and is not intended to be prescriptive.
For the purposes of this scheme of work, it has been assumed that the centre is teaching Paper 1 at the start of the course and then
Paper 2. The scheme assumes 32 teaching weeks in each year to allow for time taken by other events. As Paper 3 is worth 30% of the
A level (60% of AS) it has been allocated proportionally more of the teaching time, running from week 1 to halfway through week 19.
Paper 2 – 20% of A level (40% of AS) – runs from week 19 to week 32. The separate Course planner document provides a range of
examples of delivery options that can be used for planning alongside this document.
Paper 1 Germany and West Germany, 1918–89
Two possible approaches to delivering Paper 1 are given below. The first approach is thematic (page 3) and follows the order in which
the content is set out in the specification. The second approach (page 11) has the content arranged mainly chronologically, with time
at the end to revisit and consolidate the themes.
Paper 2
The schemes of work for the two Paper 2 options in this route then follow, so that centres can select the one they have chosen.
2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46: page 18
2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy: page 25
2
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic
approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
1
Introductions
Introduction to the course.
Route overview and Paper 1 overview from Route G
topic booklet.
Introduction to Paper 1 and Paper 2 – reason for
studying the two topics; overview of thematic link:
nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in
twentieth-century Europe
Background/context for Germany in 1918
2
Paper 1
Theme 1 –
Political and
governmental
change, 1918–89
3
Theme 1
Creation and collapse of the Weimar Republic,
1918–33:
●
creation of a republic, 1918–19;
●
overcoming challenges to the democratic
constitution, 1918–29;
●
collapse of democracy, 1930–33.
Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–45:
●
establishing a dictatorship, 1933–34;
●
nature of Nazi government, 1934–39;
●
government in wartime, 1939–45.
Suggested activity: The reasons for the collapse of
the Weimar Republic
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2, 4 and 6, covers the political
development and collapse of Weimar Germany. John
Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany
(John Murray) Section 1, cover the same ground in
more detail.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 7, 10 and 11, covers the
political development and collapse of Nazi Germany.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Parts 1.3 and 2.1 and
Section 3, cover the same ground in more detail.
3
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
4
Theme 1
Return to democratic government, 1945–89:
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany Divided
and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5, examine the
political development of the FRG. Sally Waller, From
Defeat to Unity: Germany, 1945–1991 (Nelson
Thornes) Chapters 1–4, 6 and 7, provides another
reliable account.
5
4
Theme 2 –
Opposition,
control and
consent,
1918–89
●
creation of the Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG), 1945–49;
●
consolidation under Adenauer and Erhard,
1949–65;
●
maintaining political stability under Brandt,
Schmidt and Kohl, 1965–89.
Opposition to government, 1918–89:
●
the impact of Versailles, political and extremism
and crises, 1918–33;
●
opposition and dissent in Nazi Germany, 1933–
45;
●
political dissent and active challenge, 1949–89.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7, examines the
political extremism and crises of the years 1918 and
1933. Geoff Layton, Germany: The Third Reich
1933–45 (Access to History 3rd edition, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 6, considers opposition and dissent
in Nazi Germany 1933–45. John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John Murray)
Parts 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.2, also provide useful
material on extremism, crises, opposition and dissent
in the years 1918 to 1945. Angela Leonard and Nigel
Bushnell, Germany Divided and Reunited 1945–91
(Access to History, Hodder Education) Chapters 2
and 3, cover political dissent and challenge in the
FRG. Sally Waller, From Defeat to Unity: Germany,
1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapters 3 and 7,
provides another accessible account.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
6
Theme 2
Controlling the people, 1918–89:
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2–6, offers material on attempts
to control extremism, 1918–32. Geoff Layton,
Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45 (Access to
History 3rd edition, Hodder Murray) Chapter 5,
considers censorship and repression under the Nazi
regime. John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Parts 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 and
2.2, also provide useful material on this topic for the
Weimar and Nazi periods.
●
attempts to control extremism, 1918–32;
●
censorship and repression, 1933–45
Suggested activity: Why was domestic
opposition to the Nazi regime limited in the years
1933–45?
7
Theme 2
Controlling the people, 1918–89 (continued):
●
the constitutional and legal response to political
extremism, 1949–89.
Popular support and political persuasion, 1918–89:
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
●
the nature of support for the Weimar
constitution, 1918–32;
●
support for the Nazi regime and the use of
propaganda, 1933–45
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany Divided
and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2 and 3, cover constitutional
and legal responses to political extremism, 1949–89.
Sally Waller, From Defeat to Unity: Germany, 1945–
1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapters 3 and 7, provides
another accessible account.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2, 4 and 6, examines support
for the Weimar constitution, 1918–32. Geoff Layton,
Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45 (Access to
History 3rd edition, Hodder Murray) Chapters 3, 5
and 7, considers Nazi support and propaganda. John
Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany
(John Murray) Parts 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 and 2.2, also
provide useful material on this topic for the Weimar
and Nazi periods.
5
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
8
Theme 2
Popular support and political persuasion, 1918–89
(continued):
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany Divided
and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 1, 2 and 3, cover deNazification and the support for democracy in the
FRG. 1949–89. Sally Waller, From Defeat to Unity:
Germany, 1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapters 1,
2, 3 and 7, examines the same topics.
9
10
●
de-Nazification policies of the western allies
1945–49;
●
the nature of support for democracy in the FRG,
1949–89.
Theme 3 –
Economic
development and
policies, 1918–89
Reacting to economic challenges, 1918–32:
Theme 3
Reacting to economic challenges, 1918–32
(continued):
Theme 3
●
economic crises and government response,
1918–23
●
policies for recovery, 1924–28;
●
impact of, and response to, the Great
Depression, 1929–32;
●
changing living standards, 1918–32.
Controlling the economy, 1933–45:
●
attempting economic recovery, 1933–36;
●
creating a command economy, 1936–39;
●
changing living standards 1933–39;
●
impact of war, 1939–45.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2–3, examines economic crises
and the government response, 1918–23. John Hite
and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John
Murray) Part 1.1, also provide useful material on this
topic for the Weimar period.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 3, 4 and 6, covers these areas.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Parts 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, also
provide useful economic material for the Weimar
period.
Geoff Layton, Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45
(Access to History 3rd edition, Hodder Murray)
Chapter 2, looks at the Nazi economy. John Hite and
Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John
Murray) Chapters 12, 20 and 21, cover the same
ground.
Suggested activity: How successful were Nazi
economic policies in the years 1933–45?
6
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
11
Theme 3
Creating a social market economy, 1945–89:
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany Divided
and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 2 and 3, look at economic
development from 1945. Sally Waller, From Defeat
to Unity: Germany, 1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes)
Chapters 2, 3 and 7, covers the same ground.
●
economic recovery, 1945–55;
●
the ‘economic miracle’, 1955–66;
●
surviving economic challenges, 1966–1989;
●
integration into the European economy, 1949–
89;
●
changing living standards, 1945–89.
Suggested activity: To what extent did the FRG
experience an ‘economic miracle’ in the years 1949–
89?
12
Theme 4 –
Aspects of life in
Germany and
West Germany,
1918–89
Attitudes towards women, 1918–89:
●
the role and status of women, 1918–1932;
●
the impact of the Kinder, Küche, Kirche policies
and the Second World War on women’s lives,
1933–45;
●
the role and status of women in the FRG.
Suggested activity: The extent to which the role and
status of women improved in Germany in the years
1918–89.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 4 and 9, examines the position
of women in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Geoff
Layton, Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45 (Access
to History 3rd edition, Hodder Murray) Chapter 3,
considers women under Nazi rule. John Hite and
Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John
Murray) Chapters 5, 15 and 21, also provide useful
material on this topic for the Weimar and Nazi
periods. Mary Fulbrook, A History of Germany 1918–
2008: The Divided Nation (3rd edition, WileyBlackwell) Chapter 9, looks at the position of women
in the FRG.
7
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
13
Theme 4
Education and cultural developments, 1918–89:
John Hiden, The Weimar Republic (Seminar Studies,
Routledge) pp. 7, 16, 74 and 92, and Paul
Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: The Republic of the
Reasonable (Manchester University Press) pp.11,
156–159, examine education in Weimar. Geoff
Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany
1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder Education)
Chapters 4 and 9, examines culture in Weimar and
Nazi education and cultural policies. Geoff Layton,
Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45 (Access to
History 3rd edition, Hodder Murray) Chapter 3,
considers education and culture under Nazi rule.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Chapter 5 and Part 2.2, offer
useful material on this topic for the Weimar and Nazi
periods.
14
Theme 4
●
education in the Weimar Republic;
●
cultural experimentation, 1918–32;
●
Nazi education and cultural policies, 1933–45
Education and cultural developments, 1918–89
(continued):
●
education in the FRG, including post-war reeducation policies;
●
cultural and generational tensions in the FRG.
Attitudes towards ethnic minorities, 1918–89:
●
8
the status of, and attitudes towards, ethnic
minorities, 1918–32
Mary Fulbrook, A History of Germany 1918–2008:
The Divided Nation (3rd edition, Wiley-Blackwell)
Chapters 6, 9 and 11, looks at education and
cultural/generational tensions in the FRG.
Paul Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: The Republic of
the Reasonable (Manchester University Press)
Chapter 12, examines ethnic minorities under
Weimar.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
15
Theme 4
Attitudes towards ethnic minorities, 1918–89
(continued):
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 9 and 10, considers Nazi racial
policies, as does Geoff Layton, Germany: The Third
Reich 1933–45 (Access to History 3rd edition,
Hodder Murray) Chapters 3 and 4. John Hite and
Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John
Murray) Chapter 18, also provide much useful
material on this topic for the Nazi period. Pol
O'Dochartaigh Germany since 1945 (Studies in
Contemporary History, Palgrave Macmillan) Chapters
2, 3 and 5, covers this area for the FRG.
16
17
●
Nazi racial policies, including the Final Solution;
●
the status of, and attitudes towards, ethnic
minorities in the FRG.
Historical
interpretations –
How far was
Hitler’s policy
responsible for
the Second World
War?
The influence of German history on Nazi foreign
policy.
Historical
interpretations
The reasons for the German invasion of Poland in
1939.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Hitler’s ideas and his role in the shaping of Nazi
foreign policy.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Introduction, examine the
influence of German history.
Sean Lang and Nicolas Kinloch, Nazi Foreign Policy
1933–39 (Philip Allan) Chapter 4, examine Hitler’s
role in shaping Nazi foreign policy. Ian Kershaw, The
Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of
Interpretation (Hodder Arnold) Chapter 6, provides a
more sophisticated analysis.
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second World War
(Seminar Studies in History, Routledge) Chapter 5,
examines the Nazi invasion of Poland as does
Richard Overy, The Road to War: The Origins of
World War Two Introduction and Chapter 1. P.M.H.
Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe
(Routledge) Chapter 15, provides another accessible
account. Victor Rothwell, The Origins of the Second
World War (Manchester University Press) Chapter
12, covers the same ground.
9
Paper 1, Option 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – thematic approach
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
18
Historical
interpretations
The contribution of other nations to the outbreak of
war.
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second World War
(Seminar Studies in History, Routledge) Chapters 2,
3, 4 and 5, looks at the contribution of other nations
as does Richard Overy, The Road to War: The Origins
of World War Two Chapters 2–7, though in much
greater detail. Sean Lang and Nicolas Kinloch, Nazi
Foreign Policy 1933–39 (Philip Allan) Chapters 5, 6
and 7, cover much of the same ground.
Suggested activity: Has Hitler’s responsibility for the
outbreak of the Second World War been
exaggerated?
19
[half]
10
Historical
interpretations
How far was Hitler’s policy responsible for the
Second World War?
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second World War
(Seminar Studies in History, Routledge) Chapter 7,
looks at this issue. Martin Collier and Philip Pedley
(Heinemann Advanced History) Germany 1919–45
Section 7, are also useful here.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
In this scheme of work, the content has been arranged mainly in chronological order, with time left at the end to revisit each of the
themes. Numbers in brackets indicate which of the four themes the point relates to:
●
Theme 1: Political and governmental change, 1918–89
●
Theme 2: Opposition, control and consent, 1918–89
●
Theme 3: Economic development and policies, 1918–89
●
Theme 4: Life in Germany and West Germany, 1918–89
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
1
Introductions
Introduction to the course.
Route overview and Paper 1 overview from
Route G topic booklet.
Introduction to Paper 1 and Paper 2 – reason for studying
the two topics; overview of thematic link: nationalism,
dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century Europe.
Background/context – Germany before 1918.
2
Weimar
Republic
Creation of a republic, 1918–19. (1)
Economic crises and government response, 1918–23. (3)
Policies for recovery, 1924–28. (3)
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapters 1–4, covers the
development of Weimar Germany 1918/19–
28. John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and
Nazi Germany (John Murray) Parts 1.1 and
1.2, cover the same ground in more detail.
11
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
3
Weimar
Republic
(continued)
The impact of Versailles, political extremism and crises,
1918–33. (2)
Overcoming challenges to the democratic constitution,
1918–1928. (1)
Attempts to control extremism, 1918–32. (2)
Nature of support for the Weimar constitution, 1918–32. (2)
4
Weimar
Republic
(continued)
The role and status of women, 1918–1932. (4)
Education in the Weimar Republic. (4)
Cultural experimentation, 1918–32. (4)
The status of, and attitude towards, ethnic minorities, 1918–
32. (4)
Impact of, and response to, the Great Depression, 1929–32.
(3)
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Parts 1.1, 1.2 and
1.3, provide very useful economic and
political material for the Weimar period.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
7, examines the political extremism and
crises of the years 1918 and 1933, economic
developments from the mid- to late 1920s,
and support for the Weimar constitution,
1918–32.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapters 4 and 6s
examines Weimar cultural/social issues and
the impact of the Great Depression. John
Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Section 1, also
provide useful material on the same topics.
Changing living standards, 1918–32. (3)
Collapse of democracy, 1930–33. (1)
Suggested activity: The reasons for the collapse of the
Weimar Republic
Nazi
Dictatorship,
1933–45
12
Establishing a dictatorship, 1933–34. (1)
Nature of Nazi government, 1934–39. (1)
Support for the Nazi Party and policies, 1928–45. (2)
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapters 5, 7, 10 and 11
cover the political development and collapse
of Nazi Germany. John Hite and Chris Hinton,
Weimar and Nazi Germany (John Murray)
Parts 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 and Section 3, cover the
same ground in more detail.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
5
Nazi
Dictatorship,
1933–45
(continued)
Propaganda, censorship and repression, 1933–45. (2)
Opposition and dissent in Nazi Germany, 1933–45. (2)
Attempting economic recovery, 1933–36. (3)
Creating a command economy, 1936–39. (3)
Changing living standards, 1933–39. (4)
6
Nazi
Dictatorship,
1933–45
(continued)
The impact of Kinder, Küche, Kirche policies on women’s
lives. (4)
Nazi racial policies. (4)
Nazi education and cultural policies, 1933–45. (4)
Government in wartime, 1939–45. (1)
Suggested activity: Why was domestic opposition to the Nazi
regime limited in the years 1933–45?
7
Nazi
Dictatorship,
1933–45
(continued)
Impact of war, 1939–45 (economic). (3)
FRG to c1965
Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 1945–
49. (1)
Impact of the Second World War on women’s lives. (4)
The Final Solution. (4)
Suggested activity: How successful were Nazi economic
policies in the years 1933–45?
Consolidation under Adenauer and Erhard, 1949–65 (1)
The de-Nazification policies of the western allies, 1945–49.
(2)
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Parts 2.1 and 2.2,
cover these topics in detail. Geoff Layton,
Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany
1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 8, 9, 10 and 11, is also
useful here.
Geoff Layton, Democracy and Dictatorship in
Germany 1919–63 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapters 9 and 10,
examines social/cultural aspects and Nazi
wartime government. John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Weimar and Nazi Germany (John
Murray) Sections 2 and 3, cover these topics
in greater depth.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Section 3, examine
the impact of war up to 1945. Geoff Layton,
Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany
1919–63 (Access to History, Hodder
Education) Chapters 8 and 12, covers
developments up to 1949. Angela Leonard
and Nigel Bushnell, Germany Divided and
Reunited 1945–91 (Access to History,
Hodder Education) Chapter 1, also examines
the mid to late 1940s.
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany
Divided and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to
History, Hodder Education) Chapters 1 and
2, cover the creation/consolidation of the
FRG 1945–65, and de-Nazification. Sally
Waller, From Defeat to Unity: Germany,
1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapters 1, 2,
3 and 7, examines the same topics.
13
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
8
FRG to c1965
(continued)
Economic recovery, 1945–55. (3)
The ‘economic miracle’, 1955–66. (3)
Integration into the European economy, 1949–c65 (3)
Political dissent and active challenge, 1949–c65. (2)
The constitutional and legal response to political extremism,
1949–89. (2)
The nature of support for democracy in the FRG, 1949–c65.
(2)
9
FRG to c1965
(continued)
The role and status of women in the FRG, 1948–c65. (4)
Education in the FRG, 1948–c65, including post-war reeducation policies. (4)
Cultural and generational tensions in the FRG, 1948–c65.
(4)
The status of, and attitudes towards, ethnic minorities in the
FRG, c1948–c1965. (4)
14
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany
Divided and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to
History, Hodder Education) Chapters 1 and
2, examine economic and political
developments up to 1965. Sally Waller, From
Defeat to Unity: Germany, 1945–1991
(Nelson Thornes) Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7,
covers the same ground.
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany
Divided and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to
History, Hodder Education) Chapters 1 and
2, examine economic and social
developments up to 1965. Sally Waller, From
Defeat to Unity: Germany, 1945–1991
(Nelson Thornes) Chapters 2, 3 and 7,
covers the same ground. Mary Fulbrook, A
History of Germany 1918–2008: The Divided
Nation (3rd edition, Wiley-Blackwell)
Chapters 6, 9 and 11, looks at
social/cultural/generational tensions in the
FRG.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
10
FRG c1965–
1990
Maintaining political stability under Brandt, Schmidt and
Kohl, 1965–89. (1)
Surviving economic challenges, 1966–1989. (3)
Integration into the European economy, c1965–89. (3)
Political dissent and active challenge, c1965–89. (2)
Constitutional and legal response to political extremism,
c1965–1989. (2)
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany
Divided and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to
History, Hodder Education) Chapters 2 and
3, examine economic and political
developments from 1965 to 1989. Sally
Waller, From Defeat to Unity: Germany,
1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapter 7,
covers much of the same ground.
The nature of support for democracy in the FRG, c1965–89.
(2)
Suggested activity: To what extent did the FRG experience
an ‘economic miracle’ in the years 1949–89?
11
FRG c1965–
1990
(continued)
The role and status of women in the FRG, c1965–89. (4)
Education in the FRG, c1965–1989. (4)
Cultural and generational tensions in the FRG, c1965–89.
(4)
The status of, and attitudes towards, ethnic minorities,
c1965–1989. (4)
Suggested activity: The extent to which the role and status
of women improved in Germany in the years 1918–89.
12
Theme 1:
Political and
governmental
change, 1918–
89
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Angela Leonard and Nigel Bushnell, Germany
Divided and Reunited 1945–91 (Access to
History, Hodder Education) Chapters 2 and
3, examine economic and social
developments from 1965 to 1989. Sally
Waller, From Defeat to Unity: Germany,
1945–1991 (Nelson Thornes) Chapter 7,
covers some of the same ground. Mary
Fulbrook, A History of Germany 1918–2008:
The Divided Nation (3rd edition, WileyBlackwell) Chapters 6, 9 and 11, looks at
social/cultural/generational tensions in the
FRG, as does Pol O'Dochartaigh Germany
since 1945 (Studies in Contemporary
History, Palgrave Macmillan) Chapters 2, 3
and 5.
Draw out issues relating to political and governmental
change, including causation, nature and extent of change
across period.
15
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
13
Theme 2:
Opposition,
control and
consent, 1918–
89
Draw out issues relating to opposition to government,
government response to opposition and popular support,
including causation, nature and extent of change across
period.
14
Theme 3:
Economic
development
and policies,
1918–89.
Draw out issues relating to economic policies, external
influences and wider context, including causation, nature
and extent of change across period.
15
Theme 4: Life in
Germany and
West Germany,
1918–89.
Draw out issues relating to the changing standard of living,
developments in society, cultural developments, including
causation, nature and extent of change across period.
Historical
interpretations –
How far was
Hitler’s policy
responsible for
the Second
World War?
The influence of German history on Nazi foreign policy.
16
16
Include explicit coverage of any content relating to the
relationship between economic stability, popular policies and
political stability, 1918–89.
Include explicit coverage of any content relating to the
changing position and status of women, 1918–89; and
attitudes towards racial and social minorities, 1918–89.
Hitler’s role in the shaping of Nazi foreign policy.
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Weimar and Nazi
Germany (John Murray) Introduction,
examines the influence of German history.
Sean Lang and Nicolas Kinloch, Nazi Foreign
Policy 1933–39 (Philip Allan) Chapter 4,
examine Hitler’s role in shaping Nazi foreign
policy. Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship:
Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
(Hodder Arnold) Chapter 6, provides a more
sophisticated analysis.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 1: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89 – chronological approach
17
Historical
interpretations
The reasons for the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second
World War (Seminar Studies in History,
Routledge) Chapter 5, examines the Nazi
invasion of Poland as does Richard Overy,
The Road to War: The Origins of World War
Two Introduction and Chapter 1. P.M.H. Bell,
The Origins of the Second World War in
Europe (Routledge) Chapter 15, provides
another accessible account. Victor Rothwell,
The Origins of the Second World War
(Manchester University Press) Chapter 12,
covers the same ground.
18
Historical
interpretations
The contribution of other nations to the outbreak of war.
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second
World War (Seminar Studies in History,
Routledge) Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5, looks at
the contribution of other nations as does
Richard Overy, The Road to War: The Origins
of World War Two Chapters 2–7, though in
much greater detail. Sean Lang and Nicolas
Kinloch, Nazi Foreign Policy 1933–39 (Philip
Allan) Chapters 5, 6 and 7, cover much of
the same ground.
Historical
interpretations
How far was Hitler’s policy responsible for the Second World
War?
19
[half]
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Suggested activity: Has Hitler’s responsibility for the
outbreak of the Second World War been exaggerated?
Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second
World War (Seminar Studies in History,
Routledge) Chapter 7, looks at this issue.
Martin Collier and Philip Pedley, Germany
1919–45 (Heinemann Advanced History)
Section 7, are also useful here.
17
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
19
[half]
Introduction
Introduction to the topic.
Paper 2 topic overview in Route G topic
booklet.
20
Brief overview of unification and key issues from c1870, e.g.:
Topic 1
The liberal
state, c1911–18
●
the Lateran question, unity as a nation;
●
relations with other European nations, attempts at African
colonisation, etc. to provide some brief context.
Italy in the early twentieth century:
●
the political system;
●
economic and social problems;
●
the north-south divide;
●
Italy as a ‘great power’.
Giolitti’s government in 1911:
●
18
the influence of Giolitti
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 2, provides a good
introduction to post-unification Italy.
Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart, The
Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapter 1, and John
Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapter 1, are also
useful.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 2, provides a good
overview of early twentieth-century
Italy. Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart,
The Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapters 2–3, and
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapter 1, are also
useful.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
21
Topic 1
Giolitti’s government in 1911 (continued):
●
relations with socialists, the Catholic Church and
nationalists;
●
foreign policy.
Growing instability, 1912–14:
22
Topic 1
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
●
impact of invasion of Libya;
●
impact of the franchise extension of 1912;
●
growth of nationalism and socialism;
●
resignation of Giolitti;
●
the declaration of neutrality, 1914.
Impact of the First World War:
●
intervention crisis;
●
military stalemate, 1915–16;
●
defeat at Caporetto;
●
socialist responses to war;
●
the war economy and cost of war;
●
the significance of victory.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 2, provides a good
overview of early twentieth-century
Italy. Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart,
The Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapters 2–3, and
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapter 1, are also
useful.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 3, provides a good
overview of Italy’s involvement in the
First World War. Andrew Mitchell and
Geoff Stewart, The Collapse of the
Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism
in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 4, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapter 2, also offer reliable accounts.
19
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
23
Topic 2
The rise of
Mussolini and
the creation of a
fascist
dictatorship,
1919–26
Challenges to the Liberal State:
●
‘mutilated victory’;
●
occupation of Fiume;
●
post-war economic crisis;
●
social discontent;
●
political reforms;
●
growth of Socialist Party and Catholic Party;
●
result and impact of elections 1919.
Suggested activity: To what extent did the First World War
undermine the Liberal State in Italy?
24
20
Topic 2
Mussolini and the development of fascism:
●
foundation of Fasci di Combattimento and party programme;
●
squadrismo and the move to the right;
●
political legitimacy;
●
the PNF and the ‘New Programme’;
●
nature and extent of fascist support.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 3, provides a good
overview of Italy’s involvement in the
First World War. Andrew Mitchell and
Geoff Stewart, The Collapse of the
Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism
in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 5, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapter 2, also offer reliable accounts.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 3, provides a good
account of the rise of Fascism in Italy.
Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart, The
Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapter 6, and John
Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapter 3, cover the
same ground.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
25
Topic 2
Mussolini gains power, 1920–22:
●
taking advantage of political unrest;
●
establishing a dual policy;
●
the ‘March on Rome’ and its significance;
●
the role of Victor Emmanuel III;
●
Mussolini’s appointment as prime minister.
The creation of a fascist dictatorship, 1922–26:
26
Topic 3
The fascist
state, 1925–40
●
parliamentary compromise and coercion;
●
controlling the PNF;
●
the Acerbo Law and the Matteotti crisis;
●
repression in 1925 and constitutional amendments,
1925–26.
Consent and control:
●
indoctrination of education and youth;
●
Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro;
●
press control and censorship;
●
propaganda;
●
cult of il Duce;
●
the influence of fascist culture
●
repression and terror;
●
anti-semitic decrees.
Suggested activity: How far was fascist government in Italy
based on popular consent?
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapters 3 and 4, examine
Mussolini’s rise to power and the
creation of the Fascist dictatorship.
Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart, The
Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapters 6 and 7,
and John Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist
Italy (Hodder Murray) Chapters 3 and 4,
cover the same ground.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapters 5 and 7, consider how
the Fascist regime secured consent and
control. Andrew Mitchell and Geoff
Stewart, The Collapse of the Liberal
State and the Triumph of Fascism in
Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 7, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapters 6, 8, 11 and 12, cover the
same ground.
21
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
27
Topic 3
Relationship with political and economic interests:
●
monarchy and conservative elites;
●
central and local government;
●
PNF and Nationalists;
●
economic interest groups.
Economic policies:
●
28
Topic 3
early liberal policies and the shift towards fascist economics
Economic policies (continued):
●
the Corporate State
●
response to the Depression;
●
autarky, the ‘battle for births’ and the ‘battle for grain’;
●
agricultural policies, successes and failures.
Suggested activity: How successful were fascist economic
policies in Italy in the years 1925–40?
29
Topic 3
Relationship with the Catholic Church:
●
the move away from anticlerical views;
●
Pope Pius IX;
●
the impact of the Lateran Pacts;
●
church support for the regime
●
church-state tensions in the 1930s.
Suggested activity: How far were the fascist regime and the
Catholic Church reconciled in the years 1929–40?
22
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapters 5 and 6, consider the
Fascist regime’s relationship with key
groups and Fascist economic/social
policies. Andrew Mitchell and Geoff
Stewart, The Collapse of the Liberal
State and the Triumph of Fascism in
Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 8, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapter 7, examine the same topics.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 6, considers Fascist
economic policies. Andrew Mitchell and
Geoff Stewart, The Collapse of the
Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism
in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 8, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapter 7, cover the same content.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 7, considers CatholicFascist relations. Andrew Mitchell and
Geoff Stewart, The Collapse of the
Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism
in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapter 8, and John Hite and Chris
Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder Murray)
Chapter 10, cover the same ground.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
30
Topic 4
Challenges to,
and the fall of,
the fascist state,
c1935–1946
Italy’s international standing in 1935:
●
Mussolini’s foreign policy aims;
●
the impact of foreign policy success and failure before 1934;
●
relations with Britain, France and Germany;
●
the Stresa Front, 1935.
Foreign policy 1935–40:
●
31
Topic 4
invasion of Abyssinia, 1935 and its consequences;
Foreign policy 1935–40 (continued):
●
intervention in Spanish Civil War and its consequences;
●
diplomatic breakdown of Stresa Front and the move towards
Germany;
●
domestic tensions;
●
Pact of Steel;
●
Italian neutrality, 1939–40.
Impact of Second World War 1940–43:
●
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
failures in France, North Africa, the Mediterranean;
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 8, examines Fascist
foreign policy to 1935. Andrew Mitchell
and Geoff Stewart, The Collapse of the
Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism
in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson Education)
Chapters 9 and 10, and John Hite and
Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy (Hodder
Murray) Chapter 14, also offer reliable
accounts.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapters 8 and 9, examine
Fascist foreign policy from 1935. Andrew
Mitchell and Geoff Stewart, The Collapse
of the Liberal State and the Triumph of
Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 (Pearson
Education) Chapters 9, 10 and 11, and
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapters 14 and 15,
also cover the same content.
23
Paper 2: 2G.1 The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46
32
Topic 4
Impact of Second World War 1940–43 (continued):
●
disaster in Greece;
●
war economy and military weaknesses;
●
political tensions 1943;
●
Allied invasion of Sicily;
●
Mussolini deposed.
Democracy restored, 1943–46:
●
the Allied invasion, the Republic of Salo and the government
in the south;
●
German surrender and Mussolini’s death;
●
the outcomes of the referendum and elections 1946.
Mark Robson, Italy: The Rise of Fascism,
1915–1945 (Access to History, Hodder
Murray) Chapter 9, examines the fall of
the Fascist regime and the aftermath.
Andrew Mitchell and Geoff Stewart, The
Collapse of the Liberal State and the
Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943
(Pearson Education) Chapter 11, and
John Hite and Chris Hinton, Fascist Italy
(Hodder Murray) Chapter 15, also cover
the same content.
Suggested activity: The main reasons for fascist Italy’s poor
performance in the Second World War
24
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the
re-establishment of democracy
Week
Paper/theme
Content
Suggested resources
19
[half]
Introduction
Introduction to topic and background context – Spain before
1930 e.g.:
Paper 2 topic overview in Route G topic
booklet.
20
Topic 1
Creation and
destabilisation
of the Second
Republic,
1930–36
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
●
Spain’s economic and cultural backwardness
●
the role of the Catholic Church and the army.
Spain, 1930–31:
●
impact of political events 1930–31 and the creation of the
Second Republic
●
forces of conservatism, including landowners, church,
army;
●
Political unrest;
●
economic and social problems.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 2 examines the
background context. Robin Bunce, Peter
Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapter 1, and
Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd
edition, Hodder Education) Chapter 3, also
offer useful introductions.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 2 examines Spain in
1930–31. Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan
and Laura Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil
War and Francoism in Spain, 1931–75
(Pearson) Chapter 2, and Christopher J.
Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd edition,
Hodder Education) Chapters 3 and 4, also
cover the same areas.
25
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
21
22
Topic 1
Topic 1
Years of reform, 1931–33:
●
Provisional government reform of the army and the church;
●
tackling agricultural problems;
●
reforms under Azana;
●
responses from both left and right;
●
unrest and repression.
Years of reaction 1934–36:
●
creation of CEDA;
●
impact of the 1933 elections;
●
undoing the reforms of 1931–33;
●
the Asturias rising and its consequences;
●
the formation of the Popular Front.
The failure of the Popular Front 1936:
●
election of February 1936;
●
political instability and social unrest;
●
the significance of Sotelo’s assassination;
●
the attempted coup July 1936.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 2, covers the reforms
of 1931–33. Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan
and Laura Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil
War and Francoism in Spain, 1931–75
(Pearson) Chapter 2, and Christopher J.
Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd edition,
Hodder Education) Chapter 4, also look at
the reform measures.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 2, examines the
reaction of 1934–36. Robin Bunce, Peter
Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapter 3, and
Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd
edition Hodder Education) Chapter 4,
cover the same ground.
Suggested activity: Why did the reforms of 1931–33 provoke
such opposition in Spain?
26
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
23
Topic 2
The Spanish
Civil War,
1936–39
Spain at the outbreak of war July–August 1936:
●
Nationalist and Republican leadership, support and relative
military strength;
●
the geographical division of the country;
●
the significance of the international response;
●
the situation by the end of August.
The course of the war:
24
Topic 2
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
●
the main campaigns and stages of the Nationalist advance;
●
the impact of Republican political divisions;
●
the impact of atrocities by both sides;
●
The fall of Barcelona and Madrid in 1939.
Life during the civil war:
●
the variety of experiences in the Republican zones;
●
life in the Nationalist zone;
●
attitudes towards women;
●
the use of political terror.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapters 3, 5 and 6, examines
the outbreak and course of the war and
the international response. Robin Bunce,
Peter Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapters 4, 5,
6 and 7, and Christopher J. Ross, Spain
since 1812 (3rd edition, Hodder
Education) Chapter 5, cover the start of
the civil war, the key military events and
the international response too.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapters 4 and 7, covers
Republican and Nationalist Spain during
the war. Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan
and Laura Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil
War and Francoism in Spain, 1931–75
(Pearson) Chapter 8, and Christopher J.
Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd edition,
Hodder Education) Chapter 5, also offer
insights into the civil war experience.
27
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
25
Topic 2
Reasons for the Nationalist victory:
●
Republican weaknesses;
●
Nationalist strengths;
●
the role of Franco;
●
the role of foreign intervention and the impact of nonintervention.
Suggested activity: How far were Republican weaknesses
responsible for the Nationalists’ victory in the Spanish Civil
War?
26
28
Topic 3
Establishing
Franco’s
dictatorship,
1938–56
Creation of the ‘new state’:
●
establishing control in the Nationalist zone, 1938;
●
initial policies;
●
the influence of the Falange;
●
managing Nationalist rivalries;
●
the establishment and survival of a fascist dictatorship
under Franco.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 6, assesses why the
Nationalists won. Robin Bunce, Peter
Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapters 6, 7
and 8, and Christopher J. Ross, Spain
since 1812 (3rd edition, Hodder
Education) Chapter 5, also offer insights
into why the Nationalists won.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 7, looks at the
creation of the ‘New State’. Robin Bunce,
Peter Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapter 9, and
Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd
edition Hodder Education) Chapter 6, also
look at the ‘New State’.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
27
Topic 3
Controlling society:
●
the legacy of the civil war;
●
political terror and repression;
●
censorship;
●
the role of the church;
●
propaganda;
●
cult of personality;
●
education policies;
●
attitudes towards women.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 7, looks at repression
and economic development in the early
Franco regime. Robin Bunce, Peter
Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapter 9, and
Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd
edition Hodder Education) Chapter 6,
cover the same ground.
Economic development:
●
economic problems and the impact of the civil war;
●
the development of corporatism;
●
the implementation of autarky;
●
successes and failures.
Suggested activity: How far was Franco’s power based on
repression?
28
Topic 3
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
The dictatorship and foreign relations, 1939–56:
●
maintaining neutrality, 1939–45;
●
creating international relationships in the Cold War
environment, 1945–56.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapters 7 and 8, looks at
foreign relations in the years 1939–56.
Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan and Laura
Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil War and
Francoism in Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson)
Chapter 9, and Christopher J. Ross, Spain
since 1812 (3rd edition, Hodder
Education) Chapter 6, also examine
foreign relations in this period.
29
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
29
Topic 4
Dictatorship
remodelled and
the transition to
democracy,
1956–78
Economic and social change, 1956–75:
●
economic problems, the decline of the Falange and the rise
of the technocrats in the late 1950s;
●
the ‘economic miracle’, 1960–75 and impact of the growth
of tourism;
●
social developments and tensions.
Suggested activity: To what extent did Spain experience an
‘economic miracle’ in the years 1960–75?
30
Topic 4
Political developments, 1956–75:
●
the reasons for, and nature of, political change, 1956–70;
●
the changing influence of the church;
●
the reasons for, and nature of, increased opposition to
Franco’s rule;
●
the growth of regional nationalism;
●
government reaction, 1970–75;
●
developments in international relations.
Suggested activity: What was the nature and extent of the
opposition to Franco’s dictatorship in the years 1956 to 1975?
31
30
Topic 4
Planning and managing succession:
●
the Law of Leadership Succession 1947;
●
the decision to return to monarchy 1969;
●
reaction to the decision from reformers and conservatives;
●
the role of Juan Carlos, 1969–74;
●
the death of Franco 1975.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 8, briefly considers
economic and social change in the years
1956–75. Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan
and Laura Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil
War and Francoism in Spain, 1931–75
(Pearson) Chapter 10, and Christopher J.
Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd edition,
Hodder Education) Chapters 6 and 7, offer
fuller accounts.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 8, briefly considers
political developments in the years 1956–
75. Robin Bunce, Peter Callaghan and
Laura Gallagher, Republicanism, Civil War
and Francoism in Spain, 1931–75
(Pearson) Chapter 10, and Christopher J.
Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd edition,
Hodder Education) Chapters 6 and 7, offer
fuller accounts.
Patricia Knight, The Spanish Civil War
(Access to History, Hodder and
Stoughton) Chapter 8, briefly considers
the succession issue. Robin Bunce, Peter
Callaghan and Laura Gallagher,
Republicanism, Civil War and Francoism in
Spain, 1931–75 (Pearson) Chapter 11,
and Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812
(3rd edition, Hodder Education) Chapter
7, offer fuller accounts.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Paper 2: 2G.2 Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy
32
Topic 4
© Pearson Education Ltd 2014.
Transition to democracy:
●
the role of Juan Carlos;
●
immediate steps towards democracy;
●
conservative obstacles;
●
agreeing a democratic constitution in 1978.
Christopher J. Ross, Spain since 1812 (3rd
edition, Hodder Education) Chapter 8,
provides an accessible account of the
transition to democracy.
31