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Dave Mauzy
Artificial Intelligence
Some Basic Definitions
Intelligence
Sentience
Sapience
Artificial Intelligence
Dave Mauzy
Intelligence
“Intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do. “
– Jean Piaget
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The ability to acquire and apply Knowledge… the ability to learn
and use that learned knowledge.
Dave Mauzy
Sentience
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The ability to sense the world and react to those sensations. To feel and
perceive but not necessarily apperception of self-awareness.
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Plants that sense sunlight and react by initiating photosynthesis could be termed
to be sentient, however there is debate when it comes to autonomic systems
and whether this term covers them.
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Microbial life reacts to external stimulus and by the time we get to higher
creatures more varied, complex and willful responses to external stimuli become
apparent.
Dave Mauzy
Sapience
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The ability to act with willful intelligence. Self-awareness. Apperception, the
ability to perceive and relate it to past experience.
sapience n : ability to apply knowledge or experience or understanding or
common sense and insight
-----dict.die.net/sapience/
Dave Mauzy
Artificial Intelligence
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Multidisciplinary
Linguistics, Philosophy, Neuroscience Psychology, Biology, Mathematics, and
Logic.
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"The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men"
---Marvin Minsky
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"The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models“
-Eugene Charniak
"The study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent”
- Patrick H. Winston
The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially computer
programs as well as using computers to help understand human intelligence. It
does not have to use methods that are biologically observable.
Dave Mauzy
A Brief History of A.I.
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John McCarthy coined the term in a 1956 conference, but the ideas
behind this study trace back to at least René Descartes and his ideas
that animals were nothing but biological Machines.
The Analytic Machine – Digital Calculating Machine –
---Blaise Pascal(1642)
Norbert Wiener – feedback Theory (50s)
1963 – MIT grant from DARPA for advancements in Machine Aided
Cognition to ensure US leading USSR in technologies advancement.
70s – AI diversifies into the many forms of studies, most of which have
remained as the various fields within the study. Still mostly govt
contract businesses.
Dave Mauzy
A Brief History of A.I.
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80s – AI research moves out to private companies as computers begin
to become ubiquitous in homes.
• Laws of Robotics – Asimov
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1st Law - A robot may not injure a human being or, through
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inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
2nd Law - A robot must obey orders given it by human beings
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3rd Law - A robot must protect its own existence as long as
such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
0th Law - A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction,
allow humanity to come to harm
Dave Mauzy
Methodologies of A.I.
3 methodologies: Classical, Nouvelle and Socially Situated:
Classical relies on heuristics to manage to control search, and requires the
interaction of several modules none of which individually produce any kinds of
behavior. These agents exist in a vacuum.
Nouvelle relies on the emergence of more complex behavior through combining of
simpler behaviors. These agents are designed to operate in and interact with an
environment. -- Brooks
Socially situated agents are designed to interact in an environment including other
agents that are so designed to include the creator of the agents.
--- Sengers(xxxx, 113)
“An agent can only be evaluated with respect to its environment, which includes not
only the objects with which it interacts but also the creators and observers of the
agent.”
Dave Mauzy
Branches of A.I.
Although there are many branches of AI studies and these merge and get redefined in continual
evolution of the science, a synthesis of the main branches of AI are;
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Pattern Recognition
Logical A.I.
Representation
Search Systems
Inference
Common Sense and Reasoning
Learning from Experience
Epistemology
Planning
Ontology
Heuristics
Genetic Programming
Dave Mauzy
A.I. Implementations
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Expert Systems –
Like MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments.
It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed.
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Speech Recognition
Understanding Natural Language
Computer Vision
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Heuristic Classification –
a trial-and-error method of problem solving used when algorithmic approach is impractical
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Game Play
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Conclusions
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A.I. is not about simluating human intelligence. Although we don’t really have a model
other than human intelligence on which to base this, and sometimes we can learn from
having machines try to learn from observing humans, the more common work is being done
in the area presenting machines with problems in the world that are presented to
intelligence….
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Current A.I. Studies produce agents that lack a certain level of “aliveness”
---Sengers
Dave Mauzy
Bibliography
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René Descartes - ~1619 : Animals are biological Machines
Blaise Pascal – 1642: The Analytical Machine digital calculating machine
Alan Turing. – Turing Test : If you converse with a computer and a human and can’t tell them
apart.
John McCarthy. – coined term in 1956 conference
Joseph Weizenbaum – ELIZA – 1966, Rogerian Psychoanalysis
Karl Simms – Genetic algorythms
Pheobe Sengers – “Schizophrenia and Narrative”