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Transcript
The Trojan War Where’s Troy? •Troy is across ________________________________ •Troy was also called _______________________________ •A well-walled city with broad streets and beautiful palaces…until the Trojan War. •Until the 19th century it was generally believed _______________________________ •But, in 1871, a German archaeologist began excavating an ancient site on the west coast of ____________________. •He had identified Troy's location through ____________________________________ •The Trojan War actually occurred: The city of Troy ____________________________ •Archaeologists have found historical evidence of the war. •Was it exactly as told in The Iliad? –__________________________________________________________________ –But Homer’s version (The Iliad) is more exciting! –Some of the characters may have been based on real personalities. Who? •Greeks (Achaeans) •Trojans Homer •Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the _______________________, the two major epics of Greek antiquity •The poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the coast of Asia Minor in the __________________________________________ How did it start? _________, goddess of discord, was not invited to a wedding banquet on Mt. Olympus. So, into the hall, Eris tossed ________________inscribed, “For the fairest.” Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite asked ________to decide who deserved the apple. Zeus, who is no fool, defers to ___________to judge which goddess is the most deserving of such an honor. The Judgment of Paris •Paris was the son of __________________________________. •He was rather _________________________________________ •Priam had sent him away from Troy because ________________________________ •When the goddesses appeared to him, they each offered him a bribe: –Athena ________________________________ –Hera _______________________________________ –Aphrodite _________________________________________ Whom did he choose? •Paris gave the apple to ________________________________. •She then took Paris to _________________________________ •Hera and Athena, however, __________________________ a. Helen •Helen was a daughter of _____________________ •She was the wife of _____________________________________ •Menelaus was the brother of __________________________________________ •See the problem? Helen is Abducted! •Helen- beautiful daughter of King of Sparta (in Greece) •Helen has many suitors- they swear an oath to protect Helen •Father chooses Menelaus- makes him King of Sparta also •Paris abducts Helen •____________________ships, including Odysseus & Achilles, leave for Troy b. The siege of Troy •After the Trojans refused to restore Helen to Menelaus, the Greek warriors assembled at the Bay of Aulis and proceeded to Troy in 1000 ships •Agamemnon was selected as the leader of the force since he gave the most troops to the effort •The siege lasted ten years, the first nine of which were uneventful; the Iliad is starting the 10th year The Bloody Battle –Hand to hand combat –Periods of temporary truce to bury the dead –No fighting after sunset –Gods took sides Part II. The destruction of Troy •The mythological gods gather to debate the fate of the humans—whether they will allow them to settle their dispute in a civil manner, or whether they will put the forces in motion that will ensure total destruction for both sides and for an entire civilization The Gods Take Sides TROJANS GREEKS Odysseus and Achilles Join Late •Odysseus didn’t want to fight for Helen for two reasons: 1. 2. •Achilles was kept back by his mother. –Thetis was a sea nymph who knew he was fated to die in Troy. –She had dipped him in the river Styx to try and give him immortality. (She held him by the heel.) •Both of these great Greek warriors were later called (forced) into battle where they played important roles in many battles. Agamemnon •Leader of all ___________________________________________________ •Sacrificed his daughter (Iphegenia) to Artemis in order to get favorable winds for the ships to sail to Troy •Offended Achilles by _____________________________________________ Achilles Pouts •Because Agamemnon offended him, ________________________ •Then things went badly for the Greeks, and they begged him to return. •He allowed his friend Patroclus to fight in his place, wearing his armor. •Patroclus is killed by Hector (who thought it was Achilles). a. Achilles versus Hector To avenge the death of his friend Patroclus, Achilles returned to battle and killed Hector, the principal Trojan warrior and son of King Priam (King of Troy) b. Achilles Relents •King Priam sneaks into the Greek camp and begs Achilles to give him Hector’s body so that his son may have proper funeral rites. •Achilles allows Priam to take Hector’s body. •After Hector’s death, Achilles does not have long to live. The Death of Achilles •Achilles was unconquerable by mortal men, but Apollo stepped in. •Apollo guided Paris’s arrow into the only weak spot Achilles had: his heel. •Achilles dies from the wound. •The remaining Greeks decide his divine armor should go to the bravest remaining warrior. Odysseus Wins •Odysseus makes a speech explaining why he deserves it, and he is awarded the armor of Achilles. •He then devises the final plan to end the Trojan War. Odysseus and the wooden horse •Odysseus was the son of ________________________________________________ •However reluctant he may have been to join the expedition, Odysseus fought heroically in the Trojan War •He was the originator of the Trojan horse, the stratagem by which the Greeks were finally able to take the city of Troy itself The Greeks defeated the Trojans by an act of trickery. Led by Odysseus, they constructed a giant wooden horse and left it outside the walls of Troy. The Trojans pulled the horse into the city, not knowing that Greek soldiers were hiding inside the horse. That night, the Greeks crept out of the horse and took the city by surprise Odysseus, King of Ithaca, angers the Gods •Trojans were slaughtered and city sacked and burned •Greeks violated _________________________________ •Greeks did not ______________________________________________ •Odysseus, creator of Horse, will _________________________________ Conclusion •The city of Troy was captured at last by treachery •The Greeks sacked and burned the city •Only a few Trojans escaped, the most famous being Aeneas, who led the other survivors to what is present-day Italy; this story is told by Virgil in the Aeneid •The return of the Greek warriors to Greece inspired epic poems, the most celebrated being that of Odysseus, whose 10-year wanderings and arrival in Ithaca are told in Homer's Odyssey 2 Epic Poems by Homer, a blind poet The Iliad •First written record of Greece •Describes the events of 51 days during the last year of the war when Achilles kills Hector The Odyssey •Describes the 10-year journey of Odysseus as he tries to go home to Ithaca after the Trojan War •He and his men face monsters, giants, cannibals, temptation, and death