Download Human Body: Organ Systems Study Guide Packet

Human Body:
Organ Systems Study Guide Packet
Name:_____________________
Period:________
I. Human Systems and Homeostasis (Chapter 28)
1. How many levels of organization make up the human body?______ List them below:
2. Explain the difference between cell determination and cell differentiation.
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Explain how your body maintains homeostasis.
5. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
6. Review the organ systems on page 856. Describe which organ system you think would be involved in
maintaining homeostasis when a person gives a major speech or presentation. Include what may be happening
within the person just before, during, and after the speech.
7. People with weak or damaged hearts often have trouble regulating their body temperatures in a hot or a cold
environment. Explain why an impaired heart might make a person less able to maintain homeostasis.
8. Extreme sports test the limits of the human body. Describe one extreme condition, other than temperature,
facing the ice climber in the photograph on page 851. Explain how feedback mechanisms in the climber’s body
can maintain homeostasis under the extreme condition you choose to describe.
II. Immune System (Chapter 31)
1. List 4 types of pathogens:
2. What are the 5 main ways that pathogens can spread?
3. Where are mucous membranes found in the body?
4. What is the function of mucous?
5. What 2 particles are responsible for clotting blood?
6. List four organs that are part of the immune system.
7. What is an antigen?
8. What body systems work with the immune system to help fight infection by producing inflammation and
fever?
9. Some allergies are treated with drugs called antihistamines. How do you think antihistamines might work?
III. Skeletal System (Chapter 33)
1. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
2. Why is it important that ribs are connected by cartilage?
3. Why do you think ligaments are found in the appendicular skeleton but not the axial skeleton?
4. How is calcification important for growth and protection?
5. What are the major differences between compact bone and spongy bone?
6. Distinguish between cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
IV. Muscular System (Chapter 33)
7. What happens when muscle fibers contract?
8. Distinguish between the following types of muscle and give an example of each:
a) skeletal muscle
b) smooth muscle
c) cardiac muscle
9. Explain how your triceps and biceps work together to make your arm move.
10. Explain why getting enough calcium in your diet is important for muscle function.
11. How does muscle help keep the body warm?
V. Integumentary System (Chapter 33)
1. How does the integumentary system help your body maintain homeostasis?
2. Why might it be beneficial to have dead skin cells on the outermost layer of the epidermis?
3. What kind of sensory receptors are associated with hair follicles?
VI. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems (Chapter 30)
1. How do the respiratory and circulatory systems help maintain homeostasis in the body?
2. Distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries.
3. When you stand up after lying down, why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase?
4. How might damaged alveoli affect the oxygen level in the blood?
5.Why can’t you breathe through your mouth while you are swallowing food? What would happen if you could
do this?
6. Explain how your breathing rate would change if your blood became more acidic.
7. The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart. How is its size related to its function?
8. How might a high fever affect a person’s heart and breathing rates. Explain your answer.
9. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
10. List the main functions of blood.
11. Distinguish between plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets based upon function.
12. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
13. Explain why the lymphatic system is called a one way system.
VII. Digestive System (Chapter 32)
1. What six types of nutrients must you consume to stay healthy?
2. Give two examples of how nutrients help to maintain homeostasis.
3. Would a diet higher in protein or in complex carbohydrates give you more energy? Explain your answer.
4. What differences do you notice between the two charts on page 975?
5. What nutritional advantage do unprocessed foods offer over processed foods?
6. What might happen if the digestive sections were not divided by sphincters?
7. If you ate a meal of spaghetti and meatballs, where would digestion of the pasta and meat begin?
8. Do you think a high-carbohydrate or a high-protein meal would be digested more quickly? Explain.
9.How would the pancreas and liver help to digest ice cream?
10. If a person has his or her gall bladder removed, what changes in diet should be made? Why?
11. Explain the purposes of the lining, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine.
12. What are the main functions of the large intestine?
13. Explain the difference between digestion and adsorption. What role does each process play in maintaining
homeostasis?
14. A diet high in which types of foods might help the colon to function well?
VIII. Excretory System (Chapter 32)
1. When you are exercising, what organs of the excretory system are eliminating wastes?
2. What might be one reason why so many nephrons are needed in the kidneys?
3. Explain why people without kidney function would need to have dialysis at least 3 times a week.
4. Give two examples of how kidneys help to maintain homeostasis.
IX. Nervous System (Chapter 29)
1. What are three differences between the ways in which the endocrine and nervous systems work?
2. How might a clogged blood vessel affect the nervous system’s and the endocrine system’s abilities to deliver
signals?
3. What are the roles of the three types of neurons?
4. What might happen if a drug blocked neurotransmitter receptors?
5. How do your sensory organs help you to maintain homeostasis?
6. Why do you think you can perceive some sounds as loud and others as very soft?
7. How do the types of neurons found in the CNS and the PNS differ in their functions?
8. Why might a person with a brain injury be able to understand the speech of others but not be able to speak?
9. You step on a sharp rock, your leg jerks upward, and a moment later you feel pain in your foot. Use the
words motor neuron, sensory neuron, and interneuron to explain what happened.
X. Endocrine System (Chapter 29)
1. What determines whether a particular hormone will act on a target cell?
2. How do releasing hormones of the hypothalamus connect the nervous and the endocrine systems?
3. Why do hormonal imbalances affect the entire body?
4. Steroid hormones are made of cholesterol, which is a type of lipid. Using what you know about cell
membranes, why do you think steroids can diffuse into a cell, while non-steroid hormones cannot?
XI.Reproductive System (Chapter 34)
1. How does the release of estrogen affect the female reproductive system during puberty?
2. Why might having a high fever affect sperm production?
3. List the steps that occur during the production of a sperm cell to ejaculation of a sperm cell:
4. List the steps that occur during the production of an egg cell to the removal of an unfertilized egg cell from a
female’s body.
5. A woman gives birth to quadruplets, or four infants. Two of her children are identical twins. The other two
are fraternal twins. How could this have happened?
6. Why might a fetus be more easily damaged by genetic errors or toxic chemicals during the first trimester
than during any other trimester?