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Notes on “Ser” & Grammar Verb: a part of speech indicating action Infinitive: an unchanged verb. In English it usually includes the word “to” – to be, to swim, to eat, to live, etc. In Spanish all infinitives end in either -ar, -er-, ir. Ex: to swim = nadar to eat = comer to live = vivir Conjugate: To change the verb from the infinitive to a form that matches the subject. Subject: The person or thing doing the action Conjugations: the forms of the verb after you conjugate it. Ex: to swim: I swim; you swim; he she or it swims; we swim; they swim Ex: to be: I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, they are The Verb “to be” In English the verb “to be” is irregular. It conjugates like this: I am We are You are He/ she/ it is They/You all are In Spanish the verb “ser” means “to be.” It is irregular too. You have to memorize the forms and their meanings. The conjugations are: I am yo You are tú eres He is él, She is Ella, You are Ud.(usted)es soy we are nosotros somos Vosotros/vosotras sois es es They (m) are They (f) are You all are Ellos son ellas son Uds. (ustedes) son Ser is used in Spanish in the following situations (these situations will become more important later when another verb that means “to be” is introduced.): Possession relationship of one person to another certain impersonal expressions where an event is taking place essential qualities The material something is made of The hour, day, and date place of origin nationality Occupation Physical or character description Religious or political affiliation Look! You’ve already been using it! ¿De dónde eres tú? Soy de Roxana. Subject Pronouns – Grammar Notes In English, a subject pronoun replaces a noun that is doing the action of a verb. For example: Mr. Breden talks to students. Mr. Breden sees them in the hall. Mr. Breden cares about students. Mr. Breden disciplines students. In these sentences we can replace “Mr. Breden” with “He” since we know who we are talking about and who is doing the action. “He” is a subject pronoun. English subject pronouns are: 1st person Singular 1 person Plural Two or more people Yo = I Nosotros = we (all male or mixed group) Nosotras = we (all female) To Talk about oneself To talk about a group of two or more people that includes “yo” Ex: tú y yo Rosa y yo Los alumnos, tú, y yo I, you, he, she, it, we, they Spanish pronouns work the same way. In Spanish, they are:Yo, tú, él, ella, usted (Ud), nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, vosotras, ellos, ellas, Ustedes (U DS.) You can organize these pronouns in a simple chart to help understand them better. MEMORIZE THIS CHART! 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular Yo = I Plural Nosotros = we (all male or mixed group) Nosotras = we (all female) Tú = you (familiar) Vosotros = all of you (familiar, male or mixed) Vosotras = all of you (familiar, all female) Ellos = They (all male or mixed) Ellas = They ( all female) Ustedes (Uds.) = all of you Él = he Ella = she Usted (Ud.) = you (formal) Vosotros and Vosotras are only used in parts of Spain. You will not be tested on these, but you need to know that they exist. Notice that there are 5 ways to say “you” in Spanish. We will use 3. Tú - this is used informally, meaning with your friends, family, kids, pets, etc. Usted – This is used formally, with adults, strangers, people in authority, to show Respect. It’s often abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes – This is used to address a group of “you”s or y’all, all of you. Abbreviated to Uds. With plural subject pronouns, remember that if there is one guy in the group, no matter how many women, use the masculine form. Some times you will see multiple nouns and subject pronouns together. Any time that “yo” is included, use the nosotros,as form. If you see tú or Ud. Or Uds., and “yo” is not included, use the Uds. Form. This will become more important later with verbs. Here is another chart to help you determine when to use each subject pronoun. Example: Yo and ellos = we (which means nosotros/nosotras) 2nd person Tú = you (familiar) To talk to a friend, kid, etc. To someone with whom you are on a first name basis. Ex: Maria, ¿Eres (tú) de Roxana? 3rd person Vosotros/vosotras – ONLY IN SPAIN To talk to a group of people that doesn’t include “yo”. Él = he To talk about a guy Ex: Jorge el amigo El alumno El profesor Ellos = They (all male or mixed) To talk about a group of people Ex: Juan, Paco, y José Carlos y Rosa Él y ella Los alumnos Ella = she To talk about a Girl Ex: Juanita la amiga la alumna la profesora Ellas = They ( all female) To talk about a group of girls Elena, Margarita, y Esperanza Lupe y Rosa Carla y ella Las alumnas Usted (Ud.) = you (formal) To talk to an adult, stranger,a person in authority, some one you are NOT on a first name basis with, etc. EX: (to) Mr. Breden (to) Mr. Hacke (to) a police officer (to) a stranger Sr. Martínez, ¿De donde es Ud.? Ustedes (Uds.) = all of you To talk to a group of people that doesn’t include “yo”. EX: (to) Mr. Breden y Mr. Hacke (to) los amigos (to) las alumnas y tú (to) Javier, Lina, y tú