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WHAT SHOULD I KNOW FOR THE TEST? Chapter 11- Introduction to Genetics Who is considered to be the “Father of Genetics”? What was Gregor Mendel’s contribution to our understanding of genetics? What is the relationship between the P1, F1, and F2 generations? What 2 laws did Mendel propose to explain how traits are inherited? When do segregation and independent assortment happen? How are these related to the events that happen during meiosis? Be able to explain the difference between complete, incomplete, and codominance and give examples of each. What is the difference between homozygous/heterozygous? Dominant/recessive? Pure/hybrid? allele/trait? genetics/heredity? Genotype/phenotype? What molecule found on the surface of cells is responsible for A, B,O blood types? What would cells from each of the blood types look like? What combination of blood donors/recipients is safe? Which blood types are called the universal donor and universal recipient? Why? What is the Rh blood type and what problems can it cause during pregnancy? What is the difference between a MONOHYBRID and a DIHYBRID cross? Which type of Punnett square is used for each of these? What phenotypic inheritance patterns are seen in different kinds of crosses? What are test crosses used for? What genotype is used to make a test cross? MONOHYBRID CROSSES HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT X HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE = 100% heterozygous dominant HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS ¾ Dominant; ¼ recessive DIHYBRID CROSSES HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (for 2 traits) X HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (for 2 traits) 100% heterozygous dominant for BOTH traits HETEROZYGOUS (for 2 traits) X HETEROZYGOUS (for 2 traits) 9/16 – Dominant for BOTH traits 3/16 – Dominant for trait 1; Recessive for trait 2 3/16 – Recessive for trait 1; Dominant for trait 2 1/16 – Recessive for BOTH traits INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Heterozygous individuals show a blended intermediate phenotype (Ex: Rr = pink flowers not red) CODOMINANCE Both traits show together side by side (Ex: AB blood type) If given traits and parents, be able to use a Punnett square or patterns to predict the probability of offspring for a given cross and express it as a fraction, percent, or ratio.
