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Welcome to AP Biology! Your first task is to find your seat. You can sit wherever you like provided that you can: 1. See the board from your seat. 2. You can concentrate when sitting by the people you are surrounded by. 3. It isn’t my seat, I know some of you too well! Once you have found your seat chose a lab partner and then with your partner chose another set of partners to make a group of 4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Big Ideas – E2 - I2 1. Evolution – the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. 2. Energy – biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. 3. Information – living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. 4. Interactions – biological systems interact and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Big Ideas? We will see the Big Ideas at various times throughout the course. The Big Ideas will be the “connectors” between the content of the course. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wednesday, August 20 What defining characteristic of life is observed when a jogging man begins to sweat and when a plant closes its stomata openings in its leaves? Why? A. Metabolism B. Heredity C. Cellular makeup D. Homeostasis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Biology is the scientific study of life Biologists ask questions such as How does a single cell develop into an organism? How does the human mind work? How do living things interact in communities? Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition Life is recognized by what living things do © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Question: How do we know what is alive and what is not? Biology is the study of Life. So, what are the properties of Life? Goal – not to memorize the list of characteristics, but to be able to discuss and apply them. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2 Order Regulation Evolutionary adaptation Energy processing Growth and development © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Response to the environment Reproduction 1. Order Living things are highly organized in structure and function. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure and Function are related at all levels. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Reproduction Organisms reproduce their own kind. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Nucleic Acids Life on Earth uses the nucleic acids and codes for Heritable Information. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4. Growth & Development Organisms increase in size and complexity. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Growth - increase in size. Development - increase in complexity. Life - grows by internal changes. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. Energy Processing Organisms take in energy and transform it to do work. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms are “open” systems, they must continually take in energy. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6. Response To Environment Organisms respond to changes or stimuli in their environment. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Regulation Life processes must be controlled and adjusted. Organisms maintain their internal environment within tolerable limits by homeostasis. “homeo” = same “stasis” = state © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 STIMULUS: High blood glucose level Negative feedback Insulin-producing cell in pancreas Insulin Circulation throughout body via blood Liver and muscle cells RESPONSE: Glucose uptake by liver and muscle cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Negative Feedback © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Positive Feedback © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. Evolutionary Adaptation Organisms change over time because of successful adaptations to their environment. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms must have successful adaptations, move, or die! Is this a “good” adaptation? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Seahorse Camouflage © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9. The Cell Is the “basic unit” of Life © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3 7 Tissues 1 The Biosphere 6 Organs and Organ Systems 2 Ecosystems 10 Molecules 3 Communities 8 Cells 5 Organisms 9 Organelles 4 Populations © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Biological Organization Biosphere- all life on Earth and all places where life exists. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ecosystem- all living and nonliving things in a particular area. Communities Populations Array of organisms All the individuals of a inhabiting a particular particular species ecosystem. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms- individual living things © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs and Organ System- Body part that carries out specific function. Tissues – Group of cells that work together to perform a specialized structure. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells- life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. Cell is about 40um, about 500 would reach across a coin. Organelles- functional components present in cells. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Molecules- chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms. Chlorophyll molecule Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes Biology is a subject of enormous scope There are five unifying themes Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet This enormous range can be divided into different levels of biological organization © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Emergent Properties Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system Emergent properties characterize non-biological entities as well For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study For example, studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. To explore emergent properties, biologists complement reductionism with systems biology, analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure and Function At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a correlation between structure and function © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Membrane DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus (membraneenclosed) Membraneenclosed organelles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. DNA (throughout nucleus) 1 µm Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. DNA, the Genetic Material Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes Genes encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell Genes are the units of inheritance DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6 Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed A, G, C, and T © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 A Nucleus C DNA Nucleotide T A Cell T A C C G T A G T A (a) DNA double helix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Single strand of DNA Genes control protein production indirectly DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 (b) How do lens cells make crystallin proteins? Crystallin gene (a) Lens cells are tightly packed with transparent proteins called crystallin. Lens cell DNA A C T U C A A A C G G T T G G U U T C G A G T G G C T C A U G G C U C A TRANSCRIPTION mRNA TRANSLATION Chain of amino acids PROTEIN FOLDING Protein Crystallin protein © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA Sequences An organism’s genome is its entire set of genetic instructions The human genome and those of many other organisms have been sequenced Genomics is the study of sets of genes within and between species Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome (known as proteomes) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The genomics approach depends on “High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous amounts of data Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data Interdisciplinary research teams © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter The input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9 ENERGY FLOW Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. Light energy Chemical energy Heat Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Chemicals © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Decomposers return chemicals to the soil. Theme: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions Are Important in Biological Systems Interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts This holds true equally well for components of an ecosystem and the molecules in a cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts continuously with other organisms These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to one or both of the organisms Organisms also interact continuously with the physical factors in their environment, and the environment is affected by the organisms living there © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10 Sunlight Leaves absorb light energy from the sun. CO2 Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. O2 Leaves fall to the ground and are decomposed by organisms that return minerals to the soil. Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Animals eat leaves and fruit from the tree, returning nutrients and minerals to the soil in their waste products. Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms Interactions between components—organs, tissues, cells, and molecules—that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation Cells are able to coordinate various chemical pathways through a mechanism called feedback © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. In feedback regulation the output, or product of a process, regulates that very process The most common form of regulation in living organisms is negative feedback, in which the response reduces the initial stimulus Feedback is a regulatory motif common to life at all levels © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Thursday, August 21 What is the Theory of evolution by natural selection? Who is responsible for this Theory? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky Evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and diversity of all species on Earth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology Evolution is the one idea that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms The scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of organisms is the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors Many kinds of evidence support the occurrence of evolution © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inquiring About Life An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution For example, the seeds of the dandelion are moved by wind due to their parachute-like structures Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection Fossils and other evidence document the evolution of life on Earth over billions of years © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin made two main points Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors “Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent with modification Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.16 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Galápagos Tortoise © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.17 European robin American flamingo © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gentoo penguin Darwin observed that Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable More offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable Species generally suit their environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Darwin inferred that Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. In other words, the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits Darwin called this process natural selection © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Natural selection results in the adaptation of organisms to their environment For example, bat wings are an example of adaptation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Tree of Life “Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with modification” For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or more descendent species For example, the finch species of the Galápagos Islands are descended from a common ancestor Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.20 Insect-eaters Warbler finches Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Seedeater COMMON ANCESTOR Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Budeater Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Insect-eaters Tree finches Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Seed-eaters Ground finches Cactus-flowereaters Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.20a Insect-eaters Warbler finches Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Bud-eater Seed-eater © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Figure 1.20b Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Insect-eaters Tree finches Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.20c Seed-eaters Ground finches Cactus-flowereaters Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Evolution in AP Biology 1. What is the adaptive value of ________? 2. Why has ______ persisted over time? 3. How does _____ increase survival or reproduction? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Notes: 1. organisms survive because of their adaptations, they do not adapt to survive. 2. individuals do not evolve, populations do. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classifying the Diversity of Life Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Ursus americanus SPECIES GENUS FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM DOMAIN Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Three Domains of Life Organisms are divided into three domains, named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea compose the prokaryotes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.13 (a) Domain Bacteria 2 µm 2 µm (b) Domain Archaea (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 µm Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Protists Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms Domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms Plants, which produce their own food by photosynthesis Fungi, which absorb nutrients Animals, which ingest their food © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into the Protist kingdom, though the recent trend has been to split the protists into several kingdoms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms Unity is evident in many features of cell structure © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.14 5 µm Cross section of a cilium 15 µm Cilia of Paramecium Cilia of windpipe cells 0.1 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Friday, August 22 You made it through the first week! Sit with your lab group and have 4 plastic bottles on your table. Get out the lab that you should have read for homework last night. On the bottom of the first page of your lab record the meaning of these words: Chemoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, anoxygenic photoautotrophy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Scientific Method Steps 1. Identify the problem. 2. What is already known? 3. Formulate a hypothesis. 4. Conduct an experiment changing one variable at a time. (Why?) 5. Collect data. Have replicates. (Why?) 6.Compare data to hypothesis. Does the data support the hypothesis? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction Repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations For example, “the sun always rises in the east” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions Initial observations may give rise to multiple hypotheses We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but testing it in many ways with different sorts of data can increase our confidence in it tremendously © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed by Science A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable For example, a hypothesis that ghosts fooled with the flashlight cannot be tested Supernatural and religious explanations are outside the bounds of science © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Examples of Theories Atomic Theory Gravitational Theory Theory of Relativity Cell Theory Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lower case t theories Used in everyday language, but are NOT the same as a Theory. Not predictive, Not testable. Not supported by evidence Don’t confuse Theory with theory. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Summary Big Ideas can provide a common framework for learning Biology. What are the characteristics of Life? How does Science work? Evolution’s role in the study of Biology. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.