Download Art History 101 - A Brisk Walk Through the Eras

Art History 101 - A Brisk Walk Through the Eras
32,000 Years in 16,000 Characters or Less
http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/a/art_history_one.htm
Art From the Stone Age to the Fall of Rome - 30,000 BC - 400 AD
Prehistoric Eras
30,000-10,000 BC - Paleolithic peoples were strictly hunter-gatherers, and life was tough.
Humans made a gigantic leap in abstract thinking and began creating art. Subject matter
concentrated on two things: food, as seen in Cave Art, and the necessity to create more humans.
10,000-8000 BC - The ice began retreating and life got a little easier. The Mesolithic period
(which lasted longer in northern Europe than it did in the Middle East) saw painting move out
of the caves and onto the rocks. Painting also became more symbolic and abstract.
8000-3000 BC - Fast forward to the Neolithic age, complete with agriculture and domesticated
animals. Now that food was more plentiful, people had time to invent useful tools like writing
and measuring. The measuring part must have come in handy for the megalith builders.
Ethnographic Art - It should be noted that "stone age" art continued to flourish around the
world for a number of cultures, right up to the present. "Ethnographic" is a handy term that here
means: "Not going the way of Western art."
Ancient Civilizations
3500-331 BC - Mesopotamia - The "land between the rivers" saw an amazing number of
cultures rise to - and fall from - power. The Sumerians gave us ziggurats, temples and lots of
sculptures of gods. More importantly, they unified natural and formal elements in art. The
Akkadians introduced the victory stele, whose carvings forever remind us of their prowess in
battle. The Babylonians improved upon the stele, using it to record the first uniform code of
law. The Assyrians ran wild with architecture and sculpture, both in relief and in-the-round.
Eventually, it was the Persians who put the whole area - and its art - on the map, as they
conquered adjacent lands.
3200-1340 BC - Egypt - Art in ancient Egypt was art for the dead. The Egyptians built tombs,
pyramids (elaborate tombs), the Sphinx (a tomb) and decorated tombs with colorful pictures of
the gods they believed ruled in the afterlife.
3000-1100 BC - The Aegean - The Minoan culture, on Crete, and the Mycenaeans in Greece
brought us frescos, open and airy architecture, and marble idols.
Classical Civilizations
800-323 BC - Greece - The Greeks introduced humanistic education, which is reflected in their
art. Ceramics, painting, architecture and sculpture evolved into elaborate, highly crafted and
decorated objects which glorified the greatest creation of all: humans.
6th-5th centuries BC - The Etruscans - On the Italian peninsula, the Etruscans embraced the
Bronze Age in a big way, producing sculptures notable for being stylized, ornamental and full
of implied motion. They were also enthusiastic producers of tombs and sarcophagi, not unlike
the Egyptians.
509 BC-337 AD - The Romans - As they rose to prominence, the Romans first attempted to
wipe out Etruscan art, followed by numerous attacks on Greek art. Borrowing freely from these
two conquered cultures, the Romans created their own style, one which increasingly stood for
power. Architecture became monumental, sculptures depicted re-named gods, goddesses and
prominent Citizens and, in painting, the landscape was introduced and frescos became
enormous.
Art History in the Middle Ages
Medieval to Early Renaissance Art - 400-1400
1st century-c. 526 - Early Christian Art
Early Christian art falls into two categories: that of the Period of Persecution (up to the year
323) and that which came after Constantine the Great recognized Christianity: the Period of
Recognition. The first is known primarily for construction of catacombs, and portable art which
could be hidden. The second period is marked by the active construction of churches, mosaics,
and the rise of book-making. Sculpture was demoted to works in relief only (anything else
would have been deemed "graven images").
c. 526-1390 - Byzantine Art
Not an abrupt transition, as the dates imply, the Byzantine style gradually diverged from Early
Christian art, just as the Eastern Church grew farther apart form the Western. Byzantine art is
characterized by being more abstract and symbolic, and less concerned with any pretense of
depth - or the force of gravity - being apparent in paintings or mosaics. Architecture became
quite complicated and domes predominated.
622-1492 - Islamic Art
To this day, Islamic art is known for being highly decorative. Its motifs translate beautifully
from a chalice, to a rug, to the Alhambra. Islam has prohibitions against idolatry, and we've
little pictorial history as a result.
375-750 - Migration Art
These years were quite chaotic in Europe, as barbarian tribes sought (and sought, and sought)
places in which to settle. Frequent wars erupted and constant ethnic relocation was the norm.
Art during this period was necessarily small and portable, usually in the form of decorative pins
or bracelets. The shining exception to this "dark" age in art occurred in Ireland, which had the
great fortune of escaping invasion. For a time.
750-900 - The Carolingian Period
Charlemagne built an empire that didn't outlast his bickering and inept grandsons, but the
cultural revival the empire spawned proved more durable. Monasteries became as small cities
where manuscripts were mass-produced. Goldsmithing and the use of precious and semiprecious stones was in vogue.
900-1002 - The Ottonian Period
The Saxon king, Otto I, decided he could succeed where Charlemagne failed. This didn't work
out either, but Ottonian art, with its heavy Byzantine influences, breathed new life into
sculpture, architecture and metalwork.
1000-1150 - Romanesque Art
For the first time in history, art is described by a term other than the name of a culture or
civilization. Europe was becoming more of a cohesive entity, being held together by
Christianity and feudalism. The invention of the barrel vault allowed churches to become
cathedrals, sculpture became an integral part of architecture, and painting continued mainly in
illuminated manuscripts.
1140-1600 - Gothic Art
"Gothic" was first coined to (derogatorily) describe this era's style of architecture, which
chugged on long after sculpture and painting had left its company. The gothic arch allowed
great, soaring cathedrals to be built, which were then decorated with the new technology of
stained glass. During this period, too, we begin to learn more individual names of painters and
sculptors - most of whom seem anxious to put all things Gothic behind them. In fact, beginning
around 1200, all sorts of wild artistic innovations started taking place in Italy.
Art History from the Renaissance through the Impressionists
The High Renaissance to Early Modern Art - 1400-1880
1400-1500 - Fifteenth-Century Italian Art
This was the Golden Age of Florence. Its most powerful family, the Medici (bankers and
benevolent dictators), lavishly spent endless funds for the glory and beautification of their
Republic. Artists flocked in for a share of the largess, built, sculpted, painted and began
actively questioning "rules" of art. Art, in turn, became noticeably more individualized.
1495-1527 - The High Renaissance
All of the recognized masterpieces from the lump term "Renaissance" were created during
these years. Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael and company made such surpassing
masterpieces, in fact, that nearly every artist, forever after, didn't even try to paint in this style.
The good news was that, because of these Renaissance Greats, being an artist was now
considered acceptable.
1520-1600 - Mannerism
Here we have another first: an abstract term for an artistic era. Renaissance artists, after the
death of Raphael, continued to refine painting and sculpture but they did not seek a new style of
their own. Instead, they created in the technical manner of their predecessors.
1325-1600 - The Renaissance in Northern Europe
It did occur, but not in clearly defined steps as was the case in Italy. Countries and kingdoms
were busy jockeying for prominence (fighting), and there was that notable break with the
Catholic Church. Art took a back seat to these other happenings, and styles moved from Gothic
to Renaissance to Baroque in sort of a non-cohesive, artist-by-artist basis.
1600-1750 - Baroque Art
Humanism, the Renaissance and the Reformation (among other factors) worked together to
leave the Middle Ages forever behind, and art became accepted by the masses. Artists of the
Baroque period introduced human emotions, passion and new scientific understanding to their
works - many of which retained religious themes, regardless of which Church the artists held
dear.
1700-1750 - The Rococo
In what some would deem an ill-advised move, Rococo took Baroque art from "feast for the
eyes" to outright visual gluttony. If art or architecture could be gilded, embellished or otherwise
taken over the "top", Rococo ferociously added these elements. As a period, it was (mercifully)
brief.
1750-1880 - Neo-classicism vs. Romanticism
Things had loosened up enough, by this era, that two different styles could compete for the
same market. Neo-classicism was characterized by faithful study (and copy) of the classics,
combined with the use of elements brought to light by the new science of archaeology.
Romanticism, on the other hand, defied easy characterization. It was more of an attitude, one
made acceptable by the Enlightenment and dawning of social consciousness. Of the two,
Romanticism had far more impact on the course of art from this time forward.
1830s-1870 - Realism
Oblivious to the above two movements, the Realists emerged (first quietly, then quite loudly)
with the conviction that history had no meaning and artists shouldn't render anything that they
hadn't, personally, experienced. In an effort to experience "things" they became involved in
social causes and, not surprisingly, often found themselves on the wrong side of Authority.
Realistic art increasingly detached itself from form, and embraced light and color.
1860s-1880 - Impressionism
Where Realism moved away from form, Impressionism threw form out the window. The
Impressionists lived up to their name (which they themselves certainly hadn't coined): Art was
impression, and as such could be rendered wholly through light and color. The world was first
outraged by their effrontery, then accepting. With acceptance came the end of Impressionism as
a movement. Mission accomplished, art was free to spread out now in any way it chose.
Art History in the Modern Era
Modern Art - 1880-Present
The Impressionists changed everything when their art was accepted. From this point on, artists had free
rein to experiment. Even if the public loathed the results, it was still Art, and thus accorded a certain
respect. Movements, schools and styles - in dizzying number - came, went, diverged from one another
and sometimes melded.
There's no way, really, to accord all of these entities even a brief mention here, so we will now cover
only a few of the better known names.
1885-1920 - Post-impressionism
This is a handy title for what wasn't a movement, but a group of artists (Cézanne, Van Gogh,
Seurat and Gauguin, primarily) who moved past Impressionism and on to other, separate
endeavors. They kept the light and color Impressionism bought, but tried to put some of the
other elements of art - form and line, for example - back in art.
1890-1939 - The Fauves and Expressionism
The Fauves ("wild beasts") were French painters led by Matisse and Rouault. The movement
they created, with its wild colors and depictions of primitive objects and people, became known
as Expressionism and spread, notably, to Germany.
1905-1939 - Cubism and Futurism
Picasso and Braque, in France, invented Cubism, where organic forms were broken down into a
series of geometric shapes. Their invention would prove elemental to the Bauhaus in coming
years, as well as inspiring the first modern abstract sculpture.
Meanwhile, in Italy, Futurism was formed. What began as a literary movement moved into a
style of art that embraced machines and the industrial age.
1922-1939 - Surrealism
Surrealism was all about uncovering the hidden meaning of dreams and expressing the
subconscious. It was no coincidence that Freud had already published his ground-breaking
psychoanalytical studies prior to this movement's emergence.
1945-Present - Abstract Expressionism
World War II (1939-1945) interrupted any new movements in art, but art came back with a
vengeance in 1945. Emerging from a world torn apart, Abstract Expressionism discarded
everything - including recognizable forms - except self expression and raw emotion.
Late 1950s-Present - Pop and Op Art
In a reaction against Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art glorified the most mundane aspects of
American culture and called them art. It was fun art, though. And in the "happening" mid-60s,
Op (an abbreviated term for optical illusion) Art came on the scene, just in time to mesh nicely
with psychedelic music.
1970s-Present
In the last thirty-odd years, art has changed at lightning speed. We've seen the advent of
performance art, conceptual art, digital art and shock art, to name but a few new offerings.
As we move toward a more global culture, our art reminds us of our collective and respective
pasts. The technology with which you're reading this article will surely be improved upon and,
as it is, we can all keep (nearly instantly) abreast of whatever comes next in art's history.