Download Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts

Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
True / False Questions
1. Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of time,
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion.
True False
2. The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever will not move.
True False
3. To understand the leverage system, therapists must be familiar with the concept of torque.
True False
4. Eccentric force is a force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation
of an object with a fixed axis.
True False
5. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known
as the lever arm.
True False
6. There are two types of motion: linear motion and angular motion.
True False
7. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is also
known as the moment arm.
True False
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
8. The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of gravity.
True False
9. Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity. To attain speed in moving
the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary.
True False
10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the
same direction as the force that caused it.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
11. The amount of matter in a body that affects the speed and acceleration in physical
movements is
A. acceleration.
B. reaction.
C. mass.
D. matter quantity.
12. The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological
systems is known as
A. biomechanics.
B. kinesiology.
C. physics.
D. physical therapy.
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
13. Sherrington's law is
A. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.
B. the law of reciprocal innervations.
C. the law involving energy production.
D. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
14. In the Laws of Motion, what term includes the direction and describes the rate of
displacement?
A. Velocity
B. Force
C. Force arm
D. Displacement
15. The change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference.
A. Angle vector
B. Placement
C. Displacement
D. Distance
16. The ability to control equilibrium is known as
A. zero acceleration.
B. balance.
C. stability.
D. centering.
17. The study of forces associated with the motion of a body.
A. Kinematics
B. Displacement
C. Dynamics
D. Kinetics
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
18. The path of movement that is the actual sum length of measurement traveled.
A. Distance
B. Displacement
C. Translatory
D. Vector
19. The force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving
against one another.
A. Friction
B. Reciprocal innervation
C. Passive insufficiency
D. Sherrington's law
20. May be described as the resistance to action or change.
A. Friction
B. Velocity
C. Inertia
D. D.Speed
21. This is the product of mass times acceleration.
A. Acceleration
B. Force
C. Velocity
D. Mass
22. What is used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a
mechanical advantage?
A. Measurements
B. Physics
C. Machines
D. Distance
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
23. _________ is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific
amount of time.
A. Velocity
B. Speed
C. Displacement
D. Motion
24. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless
acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force is which
of Newton's laws?
A. Law of Inertia
B. Law of Acceleration
C. Law of Reaction
D. Law of Velocity
25. Newton's laws of motion apply in throwing because the individual's inertia and the ball's
inertia must be
A. moved by gravity.
B. equally dispersed.
C. displaced by vector forces.
D. overcome by the application of force.
26. The Law of Reaction states that
A. for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing
muscle.
B. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused
it.
C. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
D. for every reaction, there is a same reaction.
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
27. In Laws of Motion, what component includes the direction and describes the rate of
displacement?
A. Force
B. Speed
C. Motion
D. Velocity
28. Third-class levers, with force applied between the axis and the resistance, are designed to
produce speed and
A. some angular motion.
B. range-of-motion movements.
C. desired angle of pull.
D. optimal force.
29. A typical physical example of a first-class lever is
A. the triceps in overhead elbow extension.
B. hip adduction.
C. head circles.
D. biceps brachii.
30. In baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, and other sports, long levers similarly produce
A. less force.
B. more equal forces.
C. more linear force and thus better performance.
D. uneven forces that must be corrected.
31. What is a factor in throwing when the body is rotated to the rear in the beginning of the
throw?
A. Posture
B. Muscle loading
C. Balance, or equilibrium
D. Reflex
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
32. Mechanics, the study of physical actions of forces, can be subdivided into
A. statics and dynamics.
B. levers and angles.
C. gravity and forces.
D. muscle pull and insertion.
33. Motion cannot occur unless there is a ________ behind it.
A. lever
B. torque
C. resistance
D. force
34. Defined as a rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation, or fulcrum.
A. Force bar
B. Lever
C. Joint
D. Femur
35. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a
A. constant state of motion.
B. state of inertia.
C. rotational movement.
D. static cycle.
36. Machines are used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to
provide a
A. mechanical disadvantage.
B. means of force.
C. mechanical advantage.
D. stable body.
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
37. There are two types of motion, which are
A. angular and translatory.
B. convex and concave.
C. rectilinear and convex.
D. linear and angular.
38. Only muscles can actively generate
A. heat.
B. internal force.
C. energy.
D. power.
39. An example of sports that use the Law of Acceleration is
A. football.
B. basketball.
C. track.
D. all of the above
40. Friction may be further characterized as either
A. rolling or kinetic.
B. sliding or static.
C. static or kinetic.
D. heavy or dynamic.
41. For a person to control equilibrium and, hence, achieve balance, he needs to
A. do strength training.
B. adjust position.
C. control movements.
D. maximize stability.
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
42. What contributes to balance?
A. Kinesthetic physiologic functions
B. Core strength only
C. Number of pacinian reflexes
D. GTO
43. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its
A. performance.
B. inertia.
C. torque.
D. weight.
44. The body's anatomical levers cannot be changed, but when the system is properly
understood, they can be used more efficiently to
A. overcome balance issues.
B. build muscular strength.
C. maximize muscular efforts.
D. increase power in the legs.
45. The body's ________________ can be used to gain a mechanical advantage that will
improve simple or complex physical movements.
A. anatomical leverage system
B. angle of pull
C. muscular system
D. pulley system
46. If the application of force is reversed so that it is applied to the axle, the mechanical
advantage results from the wheel's
A. speed slowing down.
B. turning a greater distance and speed.
C. rotation reversed.
D. torque increasing.
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
47. Displacement is known as a(n) ____ quantity.
A. linear
B. angular
C. rotary
D. vector
48. A sprinter in the starting blocks must apply considerable force to overcome
A. gravity.
B. vector forces.
C. resting inertia.
D. forces.
49. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force needed to overcome the friction to the
force
A. breaking the surfaces apart.
B. holding the surfaces together.
C. of gravity.
D. that is most powerful.
50. Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's
A. torque.
B. position.
C. angle.
D. acceleration.
Fill in the Blank Questions
51. _________ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or
equally distributed in all directions.
________________________________________
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
52. ___________ may be enhanced by increasing the friction between the body and the
surfaces it contacts.
________________________________________
53. The greater the __________, the greater the resistance to change in the inertia or state of
motion.
________________________________________
54. The stronger and healthier a person is, the more likely that she is able to withstand
excessive __________ and the resultant excessive tissue deformation.
________________________________________
55. The _____________ is very important in throwing a ball or an object.
________________________________________
56. The study of ___________ as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of
biological systems is known as biomechanics.
________________________________________
57. The human body's system of leverage is built for speed and range of movement at the
expense of _________.
________________________________________
58. _________ are used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the
musculoskeletal system.
________________________________________
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
59. Without forces acting on an object, there is no _________.
________________________________________
60. When one throws a ball, the force applied to the ball is equal to the mass of the arm times
the ___________.
________________________________________
61. Torque, or moment of force, is the turning effect of a(n) ________.
________________________________________
62. Machines function in ______ ways.
________________________________________
63. The _______ is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body.
________________________________________
64. Third-class levers are designed to produce ___________.
________________________________________
65. The human body's system of leverage is built for _____.
________________________________________
66. The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting ________.
________________________________________
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
67. The center of the wheel and the axle both correspond to the _________.
________________________________________
68. In many ways, the humerus acts as the ______.
________________________________________
69. If the motion is along a straight line, it is _______.
________________________________________
70. Inertia is resistance to _______.
________________________________________
71. To attain _______ in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary.
________________________________________
72. The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it is referred to as ________.
________________________________________
73. When the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps muscle ________.
________________________________________
74. Static friction is always greater than _________.
________________________________________
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
75. _________ may be enhanced by determining the body's center of gravity and changing it
appropriately.
________________________________________
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
True / False Questions
1. Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of time,
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-6
2. The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever will not move.
FALSE
The lever rotates around the axis as a result of the force (sometimes referred to as effort, or E)
applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3. To understand the leverage system, therapists must be familiar with the concept of torque.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3-15
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
4. Eccentric force is a force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation
of an object with a fixed axis.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
5. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known
as the lever arm.
FALSE
The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known as
the force arm.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-6
6. There are two types of motion: linear motion and angular motion.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-16
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
7. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is also
known as the moment arm.
TRUE
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-6
8. The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of gravity.
FALSE
The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of resistance
application.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-6
9. Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity. To attain speed in moving
the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the
same direction as the force that caused it.
TRUE
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3-17
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
Multiple Choice Questions
11. The amount of matter in a body that affects the speed and acceleration in physical
movements is
A. acceleration.
B. reaction.
C. mass.
D. matter quantity.
A much greater force is required from the muscles to accelerate an 80-kilogram man than to
accelerate a 58-kilogram man to the same running speed.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
12. The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological
systems is known as
A. biomechanics.
B. kinesiology.
C. physics.
D. physical therapy.
Studying movement requires analyzing biomechanics.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-18
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
13. Sherrington's law is
A. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.
B. the law of reciprocal innervations.
C. the law involving energy production.
D. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
It essentially states that for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding
inhibition of the opposing muscle.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
14. In the Laws of Motion, what term includes the direction and describes the rate of
displacement?
A. Velocity
B. Force
C. Force arm
D. Displacement
A brief review of Newton's laws of motion will indicate velocity.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3-19
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
15. The change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference.
A. Angle vector
B. Placement
C. Displacement
D. Distance
A vector quantity such as displacement is direction-aware, meaning that when an object
changes direction of motion, displacement takes this change into consideration.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-5
16. The ability to control equilibrium is known as
A. zero acceleration.
B. balance.
C. stability.
D. centering.
Equilibrium may be either static or dynamic.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-5
17. The study of forces associated with the motion of a body.
A. Kinematics
B. Displacement
C. Dynamics
D. Kinetics
Additional components of biomechanical study include kinematics and kinetics.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-20
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
18. The path of movement that is the actual sum length of measurement traveled.
A. Distance
B. Displacement
C. Translatory
D. Vector
A vector quantity such as displacement is direction-aware, meaning that when an object
changes direction of motion, displacement takes this change into consideration.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
19. The force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving
against one another.
A. Friction
B. Reciprocal innervation
C. Passive insufficiency
D. Sherrington's law
Depending on the activity involved, an athlete might require increased or decreased friction.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-21
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
20. May be described as the resistance to action or change.
A. Friction
B. Velocity
C. Inertia
D. D.Speed
In terms of human movement, inertia is resistance to acceleration or deceleration. Inertia is
the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether the body
segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
21. This is the product of mass times acceleration.
A. Acceleration
B. Force
C. Velocity
D. Mass
The mass of a body segment or the entire body times the speed of acceleration determines the
force.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-22
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
22. What is used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a
mechanical advantage?
A. Measurements
B. Physics
C. Machines
D. Distance
The mechanical advantage provided by machines enables the body to apply a relatively small
force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
23. _________ is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific
amount of time.
A. Velocity
B. Speed
C. Displacement
D. Motion
Newton's laws explain all the characteristics of motion, and they are fundamental to
understanding human movement.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3-23
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
24. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless
acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force is which
of Newton's laws?
A. Law of Inertia
B. Law of Acceleration
C. Law of Reaction
D. Law of Velocity
Inertia is the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether
the body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless.
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
25. Newton's laws of motion apply in throwing because the individual's inertia and the ball's
inertia must be
A. moved by gravity.
B. equally dispersed.
C. displaced by vector forces.
D. overcome by the application of force.
The body's muscles provide the force to move the body parts and the ball held in the hand.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-5
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-24
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
26. The Law of Reaction states that
A. for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing
muscle.
B. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused
it.
C. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
D. for every reaction, there is a same reaction.
As a person places force on a supporting surface by walking over it, the surface provides an
equal resistance back in the opposite direction to the soles of the feet.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
27. In Laws of Motion, what component includes the direction and describes the rate of
displacement?
A. Force
B. Speed
C. Motion
D. Velocity
Newton's laws explain all the characteristics of motion, and they are fundamental to
understanding human movement.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-25
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
28. Third-class levers, with force applied between the axis and the resistance, are designed to
produce speed and
A. some angular motion.
B. range-of-motion movements.
C. desired angle of pull.
D. optimal force.
Most of the levers in the human body are of this type and require a great deal of force to move
even a small resistance.
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
29. A typical physical example of a first-class lever is
A. the triceps in overhead elbow extension.
B. hip adduction.
C. head circles.
D. biceps brachii.
A first-class lever is designed basically to produce balanced movements when the axis is
midway between the force and the resistance (e.g., a seesaw).
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
3-26
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
30. In baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, and other sports, long levers similarly produce
A. less force.
B. more equal forces.
C. more linear force and thus better performance.
D. uneven forces that must be corrected.
For example, a baseball catcher attempting to throw a runner out at second base does not have
to throw the ball so that it travels as fast as it may when the pitcher is attempting to throw a
strike.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
31. What is a factor in throwing when the body is rotated to the rear in the beginning of the
throw?
A. Posture
B. Muscle loading
C. Balance, or equilibrium
D. Reflex
This motion moves the body nearly out of balance to the rear and then balance changes again
in the body with the forward movement.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-3
Learning Outcome: 3-5
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-27
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
32. Mechanics, the study of physical actions of forces, can be subdivided into
A. statics and dynamics.
B. levers and angles.
C. gravity and forces.
D. muscle pull and insertion.
Statics involves the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest
with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
33. Motion cannot occur unless there is a ________ behind it.
A. lever
B. torque
C. resistance
D. force
Motion includes many levers, torque, and pulleys that all exist as force is applied.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-28
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
34. Defined as a rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation, or fulcrum.
A. Force bar
B. Lever
C. Joint
D. Femur
The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever moves.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
35. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a
A. constant state of motion.
B. state of inertia.
C. rotational movement.
D. static cycle.
Statics involves the balance of all forces acting on the body, resulting in the body maintaining
a state of equilibrium.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-29
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
36. Machines are used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to
provide a
A. mechanical disadvantage.
B. means of force.
C. mechanical advantage.
D. stable body.
The mechanical advantage provided by machines enables the body to apply a relatively small
force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
37. There are two types of motion, which are
A. angular and translatory.
B. convex and concave.
C. rectilinear and convex.
D. linear and angular.
Linear motion, or translatory motion, is motion along a line. If the motion is along a straight
line, it is rectilinear motion, whereas motion along a curved line is curvilinear motion.
Angular motion, or rotary motion, involves rotation around an axis.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-30
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
38. Only muscles can actively generate
A. heat.
B. internal force.
C. energy.
D. power.
External forces are produced from outside the body and originate from gravity, inertia, or
direct contact.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
39. An example of sports that use the Law of Acceleration is
A. football.
B. basketball.
C. track.
D. all of the above
Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-31
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
40. Friction may be further characterized as either
A. rolling or kinetic.
B. sliding or static.
C. static or kinetic.
D. heavy or dynamic.
Friction is the force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects
moving against one another.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-6
41. For a person to control equilibrium and, hence, achieve balance, he needs to
A. do strength training.
B. adjust position.
C. control movements.
D. maximize stability.
Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's acceleration, or, more appropriately, it is
the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-5
3-32
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
42. What contributes to balance?
A. Kinesthetic physiologic functions
B. Core strength only
C. Number of pacinian reflexes
D. GTO
The semicircular canals of the inner ear, vision, touch (pressure), and kinesthetic sense all
provide balance information to the performer.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-5
43. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its
A. performance.
B. inertia.
C. torque.
D. weight.
The greater the mass, the more force needed to significantly change an object's inertia.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
44. The body's anatomical levers cannot be changed, but when the system is properly
understood, they can be used more efficiently to
A. overcome balance issues.
B. build muscular strength.
C. maximize muscular efforts.
D. increase power in the legs.
While most people might not think of the body as a machine in a literal sense, human
movement is possible through the organized use of a system of levers.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-3
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
45. The body's ________________ can be used to gain a mechanical advantage that will
improve simple or complex physical movements.
A. anatomical leverage system
B. angle of pull
C. muscular system
D. pulley system
Some individuals unconsciously develop habits of using human levers properly, but
frequently this is not the case.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
46. If the application of force is reversed so that it is applied to the axle, the mechanical
advantage results from the wheel's
A. speed slowing down.
B. turning a greater distance and speed.
C. rotation reversed.
D. torque increasing.
Using the same example, if the wheel radius is five times greater than the radius of the axle,
the outside of the wheel will turn at a speed five times that of the axle.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
47. Displacement is known as a(n) ____ quantity.
A. linear
B. angular
C. rotary
D. vector
A vector quantity such as displacement is direction-aware, meaning that when an object
changes direction of motion, displacement takes this change into consideration.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
48. A sprinter in the starting blocks must apply considerable force to overcome
A. gravity.
B. vector forces.
C. resting inertia.
D. forces.
Inertia may be described as the resistance to action or change.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-35
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
49. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force needed to overcome the friction to the
force
A. breaking the surfaces apart.
B. holding the surfaces together.
C. of gravity.
D. that is most powerful.
To determine the amount of friction forces, it is necessary to consider both of the forces
pressing the two objects together and the coefficient of friction, which depends on the
hardness and roughness of the surface textures.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Difficult
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
50. Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's
A. torque.
B. position.
C. angle.
D. acceleration.
More appropriately, it is the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-5
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-36
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
Fill in the Blank Questions
51. _________ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or
equally distributed in all directions.
The center of gravity
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-5
52. ___________ may be enhanced by increasing the friction between the body and the
surfaces it contacts.
Equilibrium
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-5
53. The greater the __________, the greater the resistance to change in the inertia or state of
motion.
momentum
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
54. The stronger and healthier a person is, the more likely that she is able to withstand
excessive __________ and the resultant excessive tissue deformation.
mechanical loading
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-6
Learning Outcome: 3-7
3-37
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
55. The _____________ is very important in throwing a ball or an object.
leverage factor
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-6
56. The study of ___________ as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of
biological systems is known as biomechanics.
mechanics
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Learning Outcome: 3-5
Learning Outcome: 3-6
57. The human body's system of leverage is built for speed and range of movement at the
expense of _________.
force
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-6
58. _________ are used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the
musculoskeletal system.
Wheels and axles
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-3
3-38
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
59. Without forces acting on an object, there is no _________.
motion
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
60. When one throws a ball, the force applied to the ball is equal to the mass of the arm times
the ___________.
arm's speed of acceleration.
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
61. Torque, or moment of force, is the turning effect of a(n) ________.
eccentric force
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
62. Machines function in ______ ways.
four
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
3-39
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
63. The _______ is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body.
lever
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-3
64. Third-class levers are designed to produce ___________.
speed
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-3
65. The human body's system of leverage is built for _____.
speed
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-6
66. The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting ________.
velocity
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-3
3-40
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
67. The center of the wheel and the axle both correspond to the _________.
fulcrum
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-3
68. In many ways, the humerus acts as the ______.
axle
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
69. If the motion is along a straight line, it is _______.
rectilinear motion
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Comprehension
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
70. Inertia is resistance to _______.
acceleration or deceleration
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
3-41
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
71. To attain _______ in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary.
speed
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
72. The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it is referred to as ________.
ground reaction force
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-4
Learning Outcome: 3-6
73. When the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps muscle ________.
relaxes
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Learning Outcome: 3-3
74. Static friction is always greater than _________.
kinetic friction
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 3-6
3-42
Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key
75. _________ may be enhanced by determining the body's center of gravity and changing it
appropriately.
Stability
Bloom's: Application
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 3-5
3-43