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Download U.S. History The Civil War Begins: 1861
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U.S. History The Civil War Begins: 1861-1862 Sizing Up the Competition… As the war began, both sides evaluated their strengths and weaknesses. The Union had many advantages over the South. The Union had a larger population (roughly 22 million people) compared to the South’s 9 million people (1/3 of whom were slaves). About 85% of the nation’s factories were located in the North. These factories produced many goods that would be integral in winning the war such as cloth, weapons, and ships. Abraham Lincoln was also a valuable asset to the Union because he was an excellent leader. The Union also had control of most of the nation’s navy. Additionally, 71% of the nation’s railroad lines were located in the North. Rail lines would make it easy to transport both supplies and troops. At the start of the war, many Union leaders felt that the South would be unable to survive a long war due to their disadvantages. The Confederacy was not without advantages of its own. The South had a much stronger trade-relationship with Europe. They also had a stronger, more well0trained set of military leaders (many of whom had attended West Point, the nation’s finest military academy. The Confederates had a psychological advantage too. They were more passionate about the war. Much like the soldiers of the American Revolutionary War, they were empowered by the idea that they were fighting for a new kind of independence. The Game Plan… At the start of the war, the North’s goal was to keep the country together. The North implemented a strategy known as the Anaconda Plan. The goal of this plan was to surround and smother the southern economy, like a giant snake squeezing its prey. The Union would create a naval blockade of the southern coastline, which would prevent any ships from entering or leaving southern ports. The Union hoped that if the South was unable to trade, its economy would eventually crumble and they’d be forced to surrender. The Union also planned on taking over the Mississippi River, another important trade route for the South. The only problem with the plan is that it would take time to work and many people in the North had hoped for a quick end to the war. Graphic of Anaconda Plan The Confederacy adopted a different war strategy. Their goal was to remain independent and self-governing. The Confederacy did not want to conquer the North, but rather they just wanted to be left alone. The South hoped that it could use its cotton crops to coerce France and Great Britain into aiding the Confederacy. However, Europe had a surplus of cotton from the previous season. Additionally, Great Britain and France had both abolished slavery and were not to keen on helping the South to preserve slavery in the North America. The First Shots are Fired… After seceding from the Union (the name commonly used to refer to the states remaining in the United States of America), the Confederacy took over all federal forts and armories located within their states. One of the few forts that the Union was able to maintain control over was called Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charlestown, South Carolina. The Union general in charge of the fort sent a message to President Lincoln that the fort was running low on supplies. Lincoln was perplexed. If he sent supplies to the fort, he knew that the Confederacy would see this as an act of war. If he did not send supplies to the fort and Fight for Fort Sumter, 1861 ordered the Union general to return to the North, it would look as if Lincoln was giving into the South. The Confederacy decided to attack the fort before Lincoln could make a decision. On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy fired the first shots of the Civil War at Fort Sumter. No one was killed but the Union was forced to surrender the fort and the war had officially begun. The First Two Years of Fighting…. The Union army had decided to begin its assault on the Confederacy by invading Virginia (R Richmond, VA had been declared the capital of the Confederate States of America). The first fullscale battle of the Civil War began on July 21, 1861 when Union forces descended upon Manassas, VA. Nearly 37,000 Union soldiers were positioned to square off against 20,000 Confederate soldiers. Most northerners were expecting an easy victory, but the Confederate Generals were able to outsmart the Union Army and emerged victorious. Lincoln was stunned to learn that his army had lost the first battle of the Civil War (which became known as the Battle of Bull Run). On the western front, Union General Ulysses S. Grant made a bold move to take the state of Tennessee. Within a matter of weeks Grant was able to take the capital city of Nashville. The Union victories in Tennessee were short lived when the Confederates decided to strike back. Grant and his army of 42,000 soldiers were attacked by an army of 40,000 Confederate rebels in the Battle of Shiloh. Both sides lost over 10,000 men and the battle ended in a stalemate (meaning there was no clear winner). Meanwhile, back east, the Union Army was attempting to move toward the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Confederates fought hard to drive the Union Army back north and, though the Confederates lost more men, they won what became known as the Seven Day’s Battle. Soon afterwards, the Confederates won another victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run. By the fall of 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee had driven the Union Army out of Virginia. Riding a wave of Confederate victories, General Lee decided to invade the Union. Lee believed that the morale of the Union was low after sustaining so many loses. He believed it was a perfect time to attack the North. Lee hoped that a victory in the North would force Lincoln to end the war and recognize the Confederate States of America as an independent country. Lee believed such a victory would show the world that the South was capable of winning the war (and then perhaps Great Britain and France would side with the Confederacy). Name: Date: Core: U.S. History The Civil War Begins Reflection Questions… Directions: Use the Civil War Begins: 1861-1862 handout to answer the following questions. Fact Check… 1. What was the name of the plan that the Union had for winning the war? _________________ 2. Briefly describe how this plan worked. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. True or False. The Confederacy planned on winning the war by attacking factories located in the North and taking over the capital city of Washington, D.C. I think that this statement is ________ (true or false) because in the text I read: ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. When were the first shots of the Civil War fired? _____________________________________ 5. Where were the first shots of the Civil War fired? _____________________________________ 6. Who was the General of the Confederate Army? _____________________________________ 7. Who was the General of the Union Army? __________________________________________ 8. True or False. The Union used its advantages to win many of the early battles in the Civil War. It appeared as though the Union would have little trouble defeating the Confederate rebellion by 1863. I think that this statement is ________ (true or false) because in the text I read: ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ There are more questions on the back!! 9. Look at the cartoon below that is entitled “Sizing Up the Competition”. A A B In your opinion, which football players represent the Union and which football players represent the Confederacy? Use only the information from the text under the subtitle “SSizing Up the Competition” to answer this question. (ATITIC) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Exemplary Insightful, well organized, and fluent Deep understanding of text is demonstrated Specific references to text are used to support ideas Text references are well interpreted and clearly connected to response 3 Proficient Thoughtful, organized, and fluent Clear understanding of the text is demonstrated Relevant references to text are used to support ideas Text references are explained and connected to response 2 Progressing Organized and somewhat fluent Basic understanding of text is displayed At least one relevant example from text is used to support ideas Text references are somewhat connected to response 1 Beginning Disorganized or confusing Limited or no understanding of text is displayed Limited or no examples from text are used to support ideas Text reference seems irrelevant to response