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Ch. 16 and Ch. 17 Study Guide
Ch. 16 - Pre-Columbian Civilizations (Mayas, Incas, Aztecs)
1. What did early Mayans use a codex for? to record important historical events
2. On what did Maya base their calendar? The Sun
3. Which of the early Pre-Columbian American civilizations was the first to create strong city-states and
develop an interest in astronomy? Maya
4. Who was the last Aztec ruler? Montezuma II
5. Name the Aztec capital city Tenochtitlan
- What was unique about that city? Planned city, roads, and aqueducts
6. What are chinampas? Floating gardens or farm plots built on the marshy fringes of a lake
- Who created them? Aztec
7. Which early Pre-Columbian American civilization valued llamas? Inca
8. What is a quipu? a set of knotted strings that could be used to record data
-Who used this? Inca
9. Why is Pachacuti important in Inca history? under his leadership the Inca expanded quickly
conquering all of Peru and them moving to neighboring lands.
10. Which mountain range ran down the middle of the Incan Empire? Andes Mountains
European Renaissance and Reformation
11. How was Henry the VIII’s reformation different from Luther’s? King Henry broke from the church for
political and personal reasons.
12. List 3-4 characteristic of an ideal “Renaissance Man”? charming, witty, well educated in all classes
- Who was a famous Renaissance Man? Castiglione or Leonardo di Vinci
13. What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? art and learning
14. What did Henry VIII declare himself the head? the official head of England’s Church
15. What is predestination? doctrine that stated God has known from the beginning who would be
saved
16. Who promoted this view of faith? Calvinism
17. What were the 95 Theses? formal statements, attacking the “pardon merchants”
- Who wrote them? Martin Luther
18. What was the first full-sized book Gutenberg printed? the Bible in 1455
19. What is perspective in art? indicates three dimensions in the art
20. Who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper? Leonardo di Vinci
21. Who painted The Sistine Chapel? Michaelangelo
- What other famous piece of art have they done? the David
22. Who became patrons of the arts in the Italian Renaissance Period? Wealthy people
23. Who were the Medicis and what were they famous for? a wealthy banking family in Florence who
influenced the government and church
24. What were the followers of John Knox called? Presbyterians
25. Define secular concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
26. What did Martin Luther suggest about the language of the bible? that all church teachings should
be based on it
27. What were the main beliefs shared by most Renaissance humanist philosophers? focus on human
potential and achievements, and enjoy life without offending God.
28. Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation? the printing press
29. If work is written in the “vernacular” what does that mean? in native language not Latin
30. Who wrote The Prince? Machiavelli
- What was the book about? how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ch. 12 and 18.1 Review
1. The Sui Dynasty built this to connect the North and South regions of China:
The Grand Canal
2. This Chinese Dynasty reunited all of China:
The Song Dynasty
3. Wu Zhao was the only Chinese Emperor to be:
A woman
4. This allowed China to have twice as much food:
A fast growing type of rice that allowed farmers to harvest 2 rice crops a year
5. The intelligent upper class is the:
gentry
6. What developments in the Sui, Tang, and Song periods led to China’s “golden age”?
Sui – Grand Canal, Tang and Song – movable type, magnetic compass, art, gunpowder, porcelain
7. How did Chinese influences affect the development of societies in East and Southeast Asia? (consider
social, cultural, and political developments.
Answers will vary
8. What centuries did the Tang Dynasty span?
7th – 9th centuries
9. The Tang dynasty is credited with what military innovation?
gunpowder
10. What religion flourished, especially during the early years in the Tang Dynasty? Why?
Buddhism
11. List and describe 3 engineering and 3 economic developments of the Tang Dynasty:
Bridges, canals, irrigation, first use of paper money, foreign trade, land redistribution to the poor
12. What export became a staple of the Chinese economy during the Song Dynasty?
rice
13. What innovations allowed for stronger sea trade? How did these innovations affect other cultures?
Magnetic compass. Helped Europeans explore oceans
14. What was the purpose of foot binding?
To give women smaller feet. It was a sign of wealth.
15. Where did the invaders come from that eventually brought an end to the Song Dynasty?
The North - Mongolia
16. Who founded the Mongol Empire?
Genghis Khan
17. Define/describe a pastoralist
Nomad who herds domesticated animals
18. Define/describe a Mongol clan
Kinship group that travels together and claims to be descended from a common ancestor
19. Who increased the size of the Mongol Empire immediately following the death of Genghis Khan?
His son Ogadai
20. Name the four Khanates and the modern day countries that were included in them.
Khanate of the Great Khan – China and Mongolia, Khanate of Chagatai – Central Asia, Il Khanate – Persia,
Khanate of the Golden Horde - Russia
21. Who completed the conquest of China? How long did the Mongol domination last?
Genghis Khan grandsons. 1206 – 1368 – 162 yrs.
22. What was the Pax Mongolica?
The time of peace and stability across much of Eurasia
23. What was Kublai Khan’s goal?
To conquer all of China
24. What dynasty does Kublai create?
Yuan Dynasty
25. The capital was moved to what modern day city:
Beijing, China
26. How did Kublai Khan organize Mongol rule in China?
Mongols were kept out of high government offices and those posts were often given to foreigners. Mongols
and Chinese lived separately.
27. What was the name of the Venetian explorer who traveled the Silk Road?
Marco Polo
28. The “divine wind” that defeated the Mongolian fleets:
Kamikaze
29. This Dynasty took over after they overthrew the Mongols:
Ming Dynasty
30. Japan is made up of how many MAJOR islands:
Four
31. The main religion in Japan was:
Shintoism
32. Japan’s capital moved to what modern day city:
Kyoto
33. What was the purpose of Japanese samurai warriors?
To protect their lord
34. What is a Shogun?
Supreme general of the emperor’s army.
35. What are TWO (2) things that the Japanese adopted from the Chinese?
Religion, landscapes, cooking, gardening, tea drinking, hair dressing, writing.
36. Who was the first Ottoman leader?
Osman
37. What is a janissary?
Sultan’s slaves that would be trained to by the Ottomans to be elite foot soldiers
38. What was the devshirme system designed to do?
Take boys from their families, educate them, convert them to Islam, and train them to be soldiers in the
Ottoman army
39. What caused the end of the Byzantine Empire?
The fall of Constantinople
40. What did Mehmet II do after he conquered Constantinople?
He opened the city to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds
Absolutism
Test Review
1. What is an absolute monarch?
Kings or queens who believe that all power within their state’s boundaries rested in their hands.
2. From where did absolute monarchs get their power?
God
-What is the term for that?
Divine Right
3. From the 15th to the 18th centuries, absolute monarchs of Europe and Asia sought to . . .
Centralize their political power
4. What was the faith of the Spanish Kings?
Catholic
5. What problem helped to weaken the Spanish Empire?
Severe inflation and heavy taxes
6. What was Phillip II’s biggest naval defeat?
The loss of the Spanish Armada to England
7. What did the Edict of Nantes create?
Religious tolerance
-Who issued the Edict of Nantes?
Henry IV
-Who revoked the Edict of Nantes?
Louis XIV
8. Name monarch most associated with absolute power and control
Louis XIV
9. Why did France fight in the Thirty Years’ War?
1) They did not like Spain and 2) Cardinal Richelieu wanted France to be the most
powerful state in Europe
10. Which monarch said, “L'état, c'est moi”? What does it mean?
Louis XIV
“I am the state”.
11. Where did most of the fighting and destruction take place during the Thirty Years’ War?
Modern day Germany
12. Name the treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War?
Treaty/Peace of Westphalia
- What was the MOST important outcome of that treaty?
The beginning of the modern state system
13. Who was the first to use the title of Czar?
Ivan IV
14. Name the “trip” Peter the Great went on
Grand Embassy
15. What was Peter the Great’s goal for Russia?
To learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques so that he could
“Westernize” Russia
16. Name the land-owning nobles of Russia
Boyars
17. How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great change Russia?
18. What role did Charles I play in starting the English Civil War?
He tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders because they had passed laws trying to limit his powers
- What happened to Charles as a result of the war?
Charles I became the first king to be publicly tried and executed
19. Who led England immediately following the English Civil War?
Oliver Cromwell
20. Explain the English Bill of Rights
- No suspension of Parliament’s laws
- No taxes without Parliament’s consent
- Freedom of speech in Parliament
- No penalty for complaining about the king
- Which pair of monarchs were required to accept it prior to taken the throne?
William and Mary
21. What was the “Glorious Revolution”?
The bloodless overthrow of King James II
22. What system of government was created in England by the end of the 1600’s?
A Constitutional Monarchy
23. What specific rights are given through the idea of habeas corpus?
- People need to know why they’re arrested
- Could not be held indefinitely without a trial
24. What do Peter the Great and Louis XIV have in common?
They expanded their territory
25. Why are Louis XIV of France, and Peter the Great of Russia, considered absolute rulers?
They determined government policies without the consent of their people.
26. How did the Magna Carta affect the English Monarchy during the Middle Ages?
It limited the monarchy
27. Describe Thomas Hobbes’ view of human life AND how his idea of the social contract was supposed to
correct the underlying position of human life.
He felt people were guided by basic survival instincts, and that in order to correct this, people agreed
to be governed by an absolute ruler.
28. Explain John Locke’s idea of natural rights and the role of government in the eighteenth century?
He believed that people were born with certain natural rights, and that the people agreed to establish
a government to protect these rights. His ideas were used to support demands for a constitutional
government.
29. Define mannerism. What were the two main reasons for the emergence of mannerism?
The artistic movement that appeared after the Renaissance. It ignored principles of balance,
harmony, and moderation. The tension of religious upheaval and the spirituality of religious revival.
30. Describe the baroque period AND name a baroque artist?
Connected the ideals of the Renaissance and the religious tones of Mannerism. Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
31. What type of English literature was famous during the Elizabethan Era AND who were some of
the most
famous English and Spanish playwrights of the time?
Drama. William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega