Download Study Guide - Effingham County Schools

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A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence names
someone or something and tells what that person or thing is or does.
Sentences have a subject and predicate. A sentence always begins with a capital letter and
ends with an end mark. (Text pg. 24)
A group of words may not always form a sentence. These groups or words are called
fragments.
There are 4 types of sentences. (Text pg. 26)
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamatory
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makes a statement
asks a question
gives a command or makes
a request
expresses strong feeling or
surprise
ends with a period ( . )
ends with a question mark ( ? )
ends with a period ( . )
ends with an exclamation ( ! )
The complete subject includes all the words that name who or what the sentence is about.
The simple subject is the main word or words in the complete subject. (a noun) (Text pg.
34)
Complete Subject
The empty glass
Pieces of glass
Complete Predicate
fell onto the floor.
scattered everywhere.
Simple Subject
The empty glass fell onto the floor.
Pieces of glass scattered everywhere.
Simple Predicate
The empty glass fell onto the floor.
Pieces of glass scattered everywhere.
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The complete predicate includes all the words that tell what the subject of the sentence is
or does. The simple predicate is the main word or words in the complete predicate. (the
verb)
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Conjunctions- You may combine sentences that have the same subjects or the same
predicates by using a conjunction.
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If three or more subjects/predicates are joined together they must be separated by a
comma.
Example: Sally, Susie, and Jane will go to the theater tonight.
Example: Sally likes to ride bikes, play with dolls, and go swimming.
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Common Conjunctions:
and
for
but
so
or
yet
A sentence that expresses only one complete thought is a simple sentence. A compound
sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences. The subject or predicate in a
simple sentence may be simple or compound.
When you join two or more simple sentences, you join them with a comma and
conjunction and, but, or or. (Text pg. 38)
Simple Sentence:
Simple Sentence:
Compound Sentence:
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Sally likes to play with dolls.
Jenny likes to play board games.
Sally likes to play with dolls, but Jenny likes to play board
games.
You can also use a semicolon to join simple sentences. When you choose to use a
semicolon, DO NOT use a conjunction.
Example: Jeremy loves to play baseball; he also likes to play soccer.
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A phrase is a group of words that has either no subject or no predicate.
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opening the gate (no subject)
the man at the counter (no predicate)
across the river (a prepositional phrase)
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A clause is a group of words containing both a subject and a predicate.
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A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses begin with
subordinating conjunctions. When a clause begins with one of these words, it does not
express a complete thought. It needs to be connected to an independent clause. (Text pg.
320-325)
1. although the man held his daughter
2. because Jerry was laughing at the joke
Common Subordinating Conjunctions:
after
since
where
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although
unless
while
because
until
once
before
when
that
if
whenever
than
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
1. Alfred did not want to marry.
2. My sister, Mariana, was talking about our mother.
When you combine independent and dependent clauses together, there are some rules you must
follow.
Independent Clause + Dependent Clause.
ICDC
Dependent Clause, + Independent Clause.
DC, IC
These sentences are called COMPLEX sentences.
1. Pioneers changed the land whenever they cleared it for farms. ICDC
2. After the Homestead Act was passed, many pioneers settled on public land. DC, IC
**remember a compound sentence is 2 simple sentences joined together by a comma and a
conjunction**
1. People walked great distances, and animals carried their belongings.
Putting these 2 sentences together gives you a compound-complex sentence.
2. Because they can farm their own land, farmers are excited to set out west, and they can
not wait to get there.
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A conjunction is a joining word. Common conjunctions are: and, but, or, for, so, yet.
Conjunctions are used for: combining compound subjects- (Text pg. 38)
Example: Sally and Susie love to ride bikes.
combining compound predicates- (Text pg. 52)
Example: Sally likes to ride bikes and play with dolls.
combining compound sentences- (Text pg. 64)
Example: Sally likes to ride bikes, but Timmy likes to play with cars.
 Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that are in the form of a pair of words.
Common correlative conjunctions are: both, and; either, or; neither, nor; whether, or.
These words connect 2 elements that are similar in a sentence.
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Example: She will neither go to the dance nor the party afterward
Example: You may either have the tuna salad or the egg salad for lunch.
Example: In the morning, turn in both your homework and permission slip.
Example: I do not know whether my father is arriving by the 8o’clock flight or 9o’clock flight.
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An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotions.
Interjections may be used to express joy, grief, or surprise. They are set apart in sentences
by using an exclamation mark or a comma.
Example: Wow! That was a great game.
Example: Oh No! We lost.
Example: Ouch, you stepped on my big toe.
Example: Hey, did you see the new kid in class?
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Present Tense Verbs show that an action is happening now or that it happens over and
over. (Text pgs. 166-169)
Example: Water covers much of the earth’s surface.
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Past Tense Verbs show that an action happened at a definite time in the past. (Text pgs.
166-169)- usually ends in -ed
Example: The dolphin weighed five hundred pounds.
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Future Tense Verbs show that an action will happen at a time yet to come. (Text pgs.
176-177)
Example: My teacher will talk about sea creatures tomorrow.
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Verbs must agree with their subject in gender and number. (Text pgs.170-171)
*If you have a singular subject most verbs will have an ending.
Example: The boat passes near a humpback whale. (boat- singular)
*If you have a plural subject most verbs DO NOT have an ending.
Example: Many whales breathe through a blowhole. (whales- plural)
**Regular Verbs end with –ed in the past form.
**Irregular Verbs have past forms that are spelled in different ways. (Text pgs. 194-197)- Here
are a few irregular verbs…
fly
teach
go
bring
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flew
taught
went
brought
flown
taught
gone
brought
The Perfect Tenses- Present Perfect (has), Past Perfect (had), and Future Perfect (will
have) all use the past participle with a form of the helping verb have. (Text pgs. 204-206)
Present Perfect Example: Dry weather has hurt farm crops this year.
Past Perfect Example: By 8:00P.M. clouds had gathered over the farm.
Future Perfect Example: I will have watered the garden by supper time.
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Commas- There are several rules for using commas. (Text pgs. 380-392)
Rule
Use a comma to separate words in a series
of three or more items.
Use a comma to separate three or more
simple subjects in a compound subject.
Use a comma to separate three or more
simple predicates in a compound predicate.
Rule
Use a comma to separate independent
clauses in a compound sentences.
Use a comma to set off the name of a
person who is spoken to directly in a
sentence.
Use a comma after an introductory word or
phrase.
Use a comma after the last word in the
greeting of a friendly letter.
Example
I like apples, bananas, and peaches.
Brenna, Kate, and Ben are using the art
supplies.
We cleaned the canvas, mixed the paint,
and set up the easel.
Example
Some people paint portraits, but others like
to paint landscapes.
A story, Jackie, is about a boy who has to
travel down the river on a raft.
Yes, I have been to Disney World before.
Dear Billy,
I have a new game for the Xbox.
Use commas before and after an appositive. Mrs. Allen, the dance teacher, knows how
to tango.
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Punctuating Titles & Capitalizing Words in Titles- Underline the titles of books,
movies, plays, and television programs and the names of newspapers and magazines.
When titles of works appear in print, italics takes the place of underlining. Use quotation
marks around the titles of stories, magazine articles, essays, songs, and poems. Capitalize
the first word, the last word, and all the important words in the title. Do not capitalize
articles or conjunctions (a, an, the) (and, but, or). Do not capitalize a preposition unless
it has five or more letters or unless it is the first or last word. (Text pgs. 408-410)
Example: “Old King Cole” is a famous nursery rhyme.
Example: Lois Lowery’s Number the Stars is my favorite book.
Incorrect Title: “the highwayman” (a poem)
Correct Title: “The Highwayman”
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Quotation Marks- (Text pgs. 390-392) A speaker’s exact words are called a direct
quotation. Use quotation marks before and after a direct quotation. When the speaker
comes first use a comma after the speaker. Example:
Mrs. Tanner said, “We will all have 3 novels to read this year.”
When the speaker comes at the end of the quotation, use a comma, a question mark, or an
exclamation mark to separate the quotation from the rest of the sentence. Example:
“Quiet, everyone!” shouted Mrs. Tanner.
In a divided quotation the quotation is interrupted by words that are not part of the direct
quotation. Place quotations around the quoted words only. If the divided quotation is all one
sentence, use another comma after the speaker’s name. Example:
“Tell me what stories you want to read,” said Mrs. Tanner, “and I will list them on the
board.”
If the divided quotation is two sentences, use a period after the words that interrupt.
Example:
“I want to read Julius Caesar.” said Rebecca. “We’re studying him in history class.”
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A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to other words in a sentence.
It’s like a linking word that connects nouns (or pronouns) with other words. (Text pgs.
310-315)
A preposition can indicate: (some can indicate more than one thing)
POSITION
DIRECTION
TIME
across
above
about
against
along
behind
beside
between
beyond
by
into
off
on
with
around
below
down
from
in
over
through
to
toward
under
up
after
at
before
during
past
until
CAUSE
POSSESSION
(reason for)
(ownership)
but (meaning for
except)
except
of
since
Compound prepositions:
according to
because of
in back of
instead of
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ahead of
by way of
in case of
out of
along with
due to
in front of
up to
as for
except for
in regard to
with the
exception of
away from
in addition to
in spite of
A prepositional phrase is a group of two or more words that begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition. Every preposition
as an object.
Example: We found identification inside the man’s jacket pocket.
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A common noun names any person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun is the name or
title of a particular person, place, or thing. Notice that proper nouns are capitalized. (text
pg. 94-95)
Some examples:
NOUNS
Common
Proper
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PERSON
pioneer
Dewey Martin
PLACE
city
Savannah
THING
building
Empire State
Building
IDEA
joy, sadness
A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more
than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Most nouns are regular. They become plural when you add –s or –es. Nouns that end in
s, x, z, sh, and ch need the ending –es. Most nouns ending in a consonant + o need –es
endings. (text pg. 96-97)
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Some examples:
Noun
beach
potato
banana
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Some nouns need a spelling change before the ending is added.
life ~ lives
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Plural Form
beaches
potatoes
bananas
leaf ~ leaves
If the noun ends with a consonant and a –y, you must change the –y to an –i and add –es.
mystery ~ mysteries colony ~ colonies
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If the noun ends with a vowel and a –y, you just add an –s.
monkey ~ monkeys
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Some irregular nouns have a special spelling in the plural form. Other irregular nouns
have the same spelling for both the singular and plural forms. If you are not sure about the
correct plural form of any noun, look it up in the dictionary.
Some Irregular Singular Nouns
woman
tooth
ox
moose
deer
mouse
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Some Irregular Plural Nouns
women
teeth
oxen
moose
deer
mice
A possessive noun shows ownership. A singular possessive noun shows ownership by
one person or thing. A plural possessive noun shows ownership by more than one person
or thing. (text pg. 104)
Example: the book belonging to Scott ~ Scott’s book—singular possessive
the pictures belonging to the groups ~ the groups’ pictures—plural possessive
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An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. Use a period after most abbreviations.
(text pg. 98)
Doctor ~ Dr.
Avenue ~ Ave.
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Mister ~ Mr.
Monday ~ Mon.
Reverend ~ Rev.
gallon ~ gal.
Street ~ St.
Road ~ Rd.
December ~ Dec. Tuesday ~ Tues.
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.
Example: Cara’s father is a chef. He taught her to cook. He = Cara’s father ~ her = Cara
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Subject Pronouns take the place of a noun or nouns as the subject of the sentence. A
subject pronoun is in the subjective case. Always capitalize the pronoun I. (text pg. 234235)
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Person
First person (person speaking)
Second person (person spoken
to)
Third person (person or thing
spoken about)
Singular
I
you
Plural
we
you
he, she, it
they
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Object pronouns take the place of a noun after an action verb, such as see or tell, or after
a preposition, such as about, at, for, from, in, of, to, or with. An object pronoun is in the
objective case. (text pg. 236-237)
Person
First person
Second person
Third person
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Singular
Plural
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
The antecedent of a pronoun is the noun or nouns to which the pronoun refers. A pronoun
must agree with its antecedent in gender and number. (text pg. 238-239)
Example: People bring baked goods with them to new neighbors.
People = plural ~ them, plural ~ object pronoun
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A possessive pronoun shows ownership and takes the place of a possessive noun. (text
pg. 244-245)
Example: This book is Tammy’s. This book is hers.
Possessive Pronouns used before a noun
Singular
Plural
my
our
your
your
his, her, its
their
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A reflexive pronoun refers back to a noun or pronoun. A reflexive pronoun agrees with
its antecedent in gender and number. (text pg. 246-247)
Singular
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
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Possessive Pronouns that stand alone
Singular
Plural
mine
ours
yours
yours
his, hers
theirs
Plural
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Subject pronouns are often used with verbs in contractions, as in we’re. The following
contractions and possessive pronouns are often confused with each other. Remember that
contractions with apostrophes are really two words put together. (text pg. 248-249)
Contractions
you’re ~ you are
it’s ~ it is
they’re ~ they are
Possessive Pronouns
your
its
their
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Adjectives are words that modify a noun or pronoun. The adjectives a, an, and the are
special adjectives called articles. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun.
Adjectives can tell what kind, which one, and how many. (text pg. 262-263)
Examples: a ripe banana, an ugly monster, two dollars, the pink blanket, the American flag, the
Canadian bill
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Adverbs are words that modify verbs. An adverb often tells how, when, or where the
action took place. Many adverbs that tell how end in –ly. Negative words such as not and
never are adverbs that usually describe verbs. (text pg. 264-265)
Examples: carefully prepared, never late, calls loudly, rides quickly
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Adjectives and adverbs are used to compare. Adjectives can be used to compare people,
places, and things. Adverbs can be used to compare actions. (text pg. 274-275)
Add –er to compare one thing with one other thing. Example: I am taller than her.
Add –est to compare one thing with two or more things. Example: I am the tallest girl in class.
More or most is used with many adjectives or adverbs of two or more syllables.
Use more to compare one thing with one other thing. Example: She is more beautiful than Sally.
Use most to compare one thing with two or more things. Example: She is the most beautiful girl
in all the land.
NEVER USE MORE/MOST WITH –ER AND –EST FORMS!!
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Good and bad are adjectives. Well is an adverb unless it means “healthy.” Badly is always
an adverb. (text pg. 276)
--------------------------------good, well
bad, badly
Comparing Two
better
worse
More than two
best
worst