Download THE MARCH OF ISLAM: TimeFrame A

THE MARCH OF ISLAM: TimeFrame A.D. 600—800
—Chapter 1: “The Prophet’s Quest,” pp. 8—55.
—Chapter 2: “The Changing Face Of Europe,” pp. 56—85.
—Chapter 3: “Empire Building In the East,” pp. 86—129.
—Chapter 4: “The Kingdom Of the Rising Sun,” pp. 130—169.
CHAPTER 1: THE PROPHET’S QUEST
1—2. The two great imperial states that confronted each other in the Middle East as the
seventh century opened. ______________________, ________________________.
3. The profession of Muhammad ibn Abdulla when he was touched by divine inspiration
in the early seventh century. _______________________________
4.
According to tradition, the ancestral patriarch of both the Arabs and the Jews.
_______________
5. The son of the patriarch by his aged wife Sarah, his children became the Israelites.
_____________
6.
The son of the patriarch by his slave Hagar, his offspring became the Arabs.
___________
7. The miraculous spring that appeared when Ishmael dragged his heel through the sand
would become the well of Zamzan, and would give birth to this city. _______________
8. Reputedly built by Abraham and his son, who embedded within its wall a sacred black
stone of meteoric origin, it would become the holiest place in Islam. ______________
9. The Bible records how the Queen of Sheba arrived by caravan at the court of King
Solomon in Jerusalem with fabulous riches and how the delighted king gave the queen all
she desired, including a son who grew up to found a dynasty in Ethiopia. This Sheba
probably refers to this Arab kingdom, based in the mountains of today’s Yemen.
_______________
10—12. The precious Arabian resins that flowed from two varieties of balsam trees, they
were used in perfumes and cosmetics, in medicinal ointments, and in religious
ceremonies. __________________, ____________________ The way in which the
expansion of Christianity led to decreased demand for one of these items, and a
consequent decline of fortunes for South Arabia. ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
13—15. The desert nomads who had inhabited Arabia’s barren interior for thousands of
years. _________________ The two mainstays of life for these nomads, the former an
animal, the latter a fruit. ________________, ___________________.
16. A caravan stop in a barren ravine in Arabia’s mountainous western region, it was the
city in which the Prophet was born. ___________________
17. The demons believed by many Arabs of the pre-Islamic era to haunt the desert.
______
18. The Christian kingdom that invaded South Arabia at the urging of Byzantium in the
sixth century A.D. __________________
19. In the late sixth century A.D., South Arabia was under the control of this empire.
_________________
20. According to tradition, the year of Muhammad’s birth. _______________________
_______________________
21. The cave to which Muhammad would retire each year to meditate and pray for days
on end in the years before he became the Prophet was located on this mountain.
_____________________
22. Later tradition would assign the disembodied voice Muhammad heard in 610 to this
archangel. __________________
23. The single god affirmed in the Muslim tradition. ______________
24. The literal translation of “Islam.” _____________________________
25. The literal translation of “Muslims.” _______________________________
26. The Islamic proposal for a mandatory annual contribution of two-and-a-half percent
of a family’s excess wealth, charity to be distributed to the poor. _______________
27—29. In 622, Muhammad journeyed to this oasis town, 250 miles to the north of
Mecca, at the invitation of resident Arab tribes. __________________ The exodus came
to be known as this (literally, “the flight”), and henceforth the Islamic calendar would
number each passing year with the notation AH. _________________ The oasis town
would be renamed this, translated as the city of the Prophet. ___________________
30. The classic form of Islamic writing. ______________
31. Islam’s sacred book. ___________________
32. Originally, Muslims prostrated themselves not towards Mecca but towards this
Middle Eastern city. ____________________
33. The pilgrimage to Mecca, it was made obligatory for all believers after Muhammad
captured the city and dedicated the Kaba to the one true god, Allah. _____________
34—35.
The
compromise
candidate
elected
as
the
Prophet’s
successor.
______________ The title (“successor”) taken by this individual. ______________
36. Muhammad’s closest male relative, his cousin, who had grown up in the Prophet’s
household, who had married Muhammad’s daughter Fatima, and who became a rival
claimant to Muhammad’s elected successor. ______________
37. The Islamic principle, literally translated as “struggle in the way of God,” which at
first implied a battle of conscience against the temptations of Satan, but which was
transformed into the concept of holy war against nonbelievers. ______________
38—42. The Five Pillars Of Islam:
____________________________________________________________________;
____________________________________________________________________;
_____________________________________________________________________;
_____________________________________________________________________;
______________________________________________________________________.
43. Held in reverence as the greatest of the early caliphs, he was assassinated in 644 by a
Persian slave. ______________
44—45. The clan from which the caliphs were drawn in the century after Ali’s death.
__________________
The worldly, cosmopolitan city that served as the center of
Islamic power at this time. ________________
46. The non-Arab Muslims who formed a growing segment of Islam; despite talk of
brotherhood, they remained second-class citizens. _____________
47—48. Referred to a “People of the Book,” members of these two religions were
extended full religious freedom by Muslims and exempted from military service upon
payment of a head tax. _________, _________________.
49. Muslim forces marched to within 100 miles of Paris before they were finally stopped
by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel at this 732 battle. __________________________
50. The battle at which Ali’s son and Muhammad’s grandson Husayn were killed by
government forces. _________________
51. Those Muslims who regard the first four caliphs as Muhammad’s rightful successors,
they are considered orthodox and now form the majority of Muslims in the world.
_______________
52. Originally organizing themselves in the late seventh century as the Shiat Ali, the
Party of Ali, these Muslims are dedicated to restoring the Alid line. As insurgents, they
have a reputation throughout history of being more radical than their orthodox
counterparts. _______________
53—54. In the middle of the eighth century, much of the eastern Islamic world rallied
behind this Arab family which claimed descent from the Prophet’s uncle Abu al-Abbas.
__________________
The city transformed into the capital for this dynasty.
__________________
55. In the eighth century, scholars at Baghdad began to infer from the Koran this body of
laws. ______________
56. Built in 687 A.D., fifty years after Jerusalem fell to the Muslims, it was built to
enclose the rock atop Mount Moriah where Abraham was said to have offered his son
Isaac to God. It may also have been touted by the ruling caliph as the spot where
Muhammad had begun a night journey to heaven. ____________________________
57. TIMELINE
Draw a timeline which places the following events in chronological order, including
dates if available.
—Arab armies poised at the gates of Constantinople
—Muhammad hears message from angel
—Death of Muhammad
—Ali is assassinate
—Muhammad’s exodus from Mecca to Medina
—An Ethiopian army with a baggage train of elephants pushes north to attack
Mecca. It is defeated, according to Islamic tradition, by birds that pelted it with hot
stones from the fire of hell.
—Muslims enter Damascus after a six-month siege
—Muhammad begins to preach publicly
—Muslim forces fight their way north over the Pyrenees and into France
—Arabian armies begin to sweep through Syria and Mesopotamia
—Muhammad and his forces capture Mecca from the Quraysh
—Muslims seize Jerusalem
—Ali’s second son, Husayn, the Prophet’s only living grandson, is killed in an
engagement with government forces
—By this year, all Egypt is in Arab hands
—The first major clash between Muslim and Muslim in the succession struggle that
follows the assassination of the caliph Uthman
TRUE OR FALSE
58. Islamic religion concerns itself only with the spiritual realm; in no sense could
Muhammad’s message be seen as laying out a code for government, for community
relations, or for right conduct.
___________
59. Muhammad himself rejected the use of even righteous violence in furthering the
Islamic cause.
___________
60. Early Muslim military triumphs such as the Battle Of the Ditch in 627 A.D. offer a
pattern of Islamic-Jewish cooperation that present Middle Eastern leaders might draw on
in an attempt to replace strife with mutual trust.
____________
61. The clear lines of succession set up before Muhammad’s death meant that there was
a virtual consensus within the Islamic world about who would now legitimately head the
religion.
____________
62. Islam spread more quickly than almost any major world religion — by 634, only two
years after Muhammad’s death, the banners of Islam flew across the full reach of Arabia
and beyond, to the borderlands of Syria and Iraq.
________
63. Within 30 years of Muhammad’s death Islam was the largest empire on Earth.
_____
64. After the death of Ali, the principle of elective theocracy was replaced by hereditary
dynastic succession in the Islamic world.
65.
_________
Muslims uniformly rejected slavery as antithetical to their religious tradition.
____________
66. The exclusiveness of Islam meant that Arab intellectuals were unwilling to study the
scholarship of those who rested outside the faith.
_________
CHAPTER 2: “THE CHANGING FACE OF EUROPE,”
MARCH OF ISLAM: 600-800 A.D.
1. The city that served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire. ___________________
2-4. According to the text, the three common bonds that held together Byzantium.
_____________________, ________________________, _____________________.
5. The treasured relic carried away from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher by the
Persians after they razed Jerusalem in 614 A.D. _______________________
6-7.
In contrast to the official position, affirmed most recently at the Council of
Chalcedon in 451, that Christ had two natures, human and divine, these heretics insisted
that he had one nature, a unity that was partly human and partly divine.
_________________________ Monothelitism, which held that Christ had two natures
but only one will, was an attempted compromise; it was rejected by, among others, these
Christians of Egypt. ______________
8. In 563, Saint Columba established a famous monastery at this island off the western
coast of Scotland. ___________
9. The most famous proselytizer of Christianity amongst the Celtic people of Ireland.
________________________
10. The most remarkable Irish island monastery, it was a 700-foot pyramid of rock off
the southwest coast. _________________________________
11. The saga of a mythical dragon-slaying warrior, it is the most famous of the British
Anglo-Saxon ballads. ______________
12. The most renowned of British Anglo-Saxon burial sites, it contains the remains of
unidentified royalty. _________________
13. Probably made up of naphtha, sulfur, and saltpeter, this was the decisive weapon in
the Byzantine defense of their capital from the Arab siege of the late seventh century.
_________________
14. The Islamic caliph who mounted a siege upon Constantinople in the early eighth
century. _____________________
15.
The immediate catalyst for this anti-image movement launched by Byzantine
Emperor Leo III was provided by the 726 A.D. volcanic eruption on the floor of the
Aegean; Leo interpreted this natural disaster as God’s displeasure at the direct
representation of Christ, the Virgin, and various saints in different religious and official
state ceremonies. ______________________
16-18. These three equestrian innovations introduced to Europe by the Franks made the
mounted knight an increasingly important individual. ___________, ______________,
______________
19-23. Succeeding his father to the Frankish throne in 768 A.D., he became perhaps the
most famous ruler of medieval Europe. _________________ The site in today’s western
Germany where he eventually established his capital. _______________ His attempt to
import scholars from England, Ireland, and Italy, including the learned English monk
Alcuin, to his court, has led to historians speaking of the _________________________
Renaissance.
Amongst the cultural advances generated were the standardization of
written characters in this script. ______________________________________ In 800,
at Saint Peter’s in Rome, this Pope bestowed upon Charlemagne the title Holy Roman
Emperor, thus symbolizing the final shift of papal allegiance away from Byzantium and
to the West. _______________
EUROPE AND THE 7TH CENTURY
Match up the various peoples listed below with the geographic region in which they were
centered at the beginning of the seventh century.
24. Visigoths
________________
25. Angles, Saxons, Celts
________________
26. Franks
________________
27. Lombards
28. Avars, Slavs
a. Northern Italy
b. Britain
c. Spain
d. Balkan Peninsula
e. France, Germany
________________
________________
CHAPTER 3: “EMPIRE BUILDING IN THE EAST,”
MARCH OF ISLAM: 600-800A.D.
1. This Chinese monk engaged in a eight-year, 10,000-mile pilgrimage to India in the
seventh century; he brought back from his journeys an impressive collection of Buddhist
manuscripts. _________________
2-3. Most of those in southern India were non-Aryan, and spoke _______________,
while the Aryans of the North spoke __________________ languages.
4. An immense Hindu sculpture was carved downward 100 feet through solid rock at this
site in the Deccan Plateau in the eighth century. _____________________
5. Constructed in the eighth century with more than two million cubic feet of stone, it
would become the most famous temple in Java. _______________________
6.
The kingdom of Southeast Asia that remained most Chinese in outlook.
__________________
7. As Yang Jian, he had been the top military commander of Emperor Wu’s Northern
Zhou dynasty; as Wendi, or Emperor Wen, he became the founder of this Chinese
dynasty that would last but three decades yet nonetheless change forever the face of
China. _________
8. In the seventh century, this 900-mile-long waterway was built between Beijing and
Hangzhou,
thus
linking
_____________________
the
North
China
plain
and
the
Yangtze
Valley.
9. Regarded by many as the ideal Confucian leader, his inauguration as emperor in A.D.
626 ushered in an unprecedented era of prosperity throughout Tang China.
_____________
10. The capital of Tang China, it also served as the eastern terminus of the Silk Road —
in the eighth century its population may well have pushed over two million.
________________
11. The only woman ever to rule China, she rose from concubine to empress using
charm, intrigue, and ruthlessness. _____________________
97. One of China’s most beloved poets, this eighth-century romantic is said to have
drowned while leaning out of a boat to kiss the moon’s reflection on the water.
______________
12. Known as the Brilliant Emperor, his court represented Tang China at its most
cosmopolitan. ___________________
13. The upstart Chinese general who led a great revolt in the mid-eighth century —
although the rebellion was ultimately crushed its end result was to gravely weaken central
dynastic power. _____________
14. The sturdy parchment made from the skin of a sheep or calf that was used by
Western monks to hand-produce books. _______________
15. An eighth-century edition of the Gospels produced by Irish monks, it was decorated
with
motifs
evolved
__________________
by
Celtic
artists
long
before
Christ’s
birth.
CHAPTER 4: “THE KINGDOM OF THE RISING SUN,”
MARCH OF ISLAM: TIMEFRAME 600—800 A.D.
1. Completion of this 53-foot-high statue in 752 in the imperial capital gave official
status to a religion that had coexisted uneasily with older traditions since its arrival in
Japan two centuries earlier. ________________________
2-3. At its closest point to the Asian mainland, Japan is about ________ miles from
southern Korea, while its closest landfall to China is __________miles.
4-7.
The four main islands of Japan, from north to South.
_________________,
________________, _____________________, _______________________.
8. The tallest mountain in Japan, it is a central symbol of national legend and mythology.
_______________________
9. The name given to the Stone age culture of Japan, it derives from the hand-shaped
fiber and clay pottery produced during this era. _______________
10. Hairy inhabitants of Hokkaido since prehistoric times, they seemed to bear a closer
racial resemblance to Europeans than to other East Asians. _________________
11.
Immigrants from the Korean mainland, they arrived in Japan about 300 B.C.
________________
12. By the middle of the third century A.D., a two-way traffic in trade existed between
the Japanese islands and the Asian mainland — the Chinese regarded the Japanese as
lacking in sophistication and referred to Japan as the land of __________.
13-14. The authority of the Japanese imperial family was inextricably tied to this native
religion, literally translated as The Way Of the Gods. ______________ That which was
worshipped in this religion, a concept that extended beyond gods to include all that was
touched by sacredness. __________________
15. The sprinkling of this in small piles on the threshold of a house, next to a well, or
even in the wrestling ring was associated with its presumed powers as a purifying agent
in a religious tradition obsessed with ritual cleanliness. ______________
16-19. The ancient sun goddess from whom all Japanese emperors claimed their direct
descent. ____________________ According to Japanese legend, the three items which
she gave her grandson and she dispatched him to rule Japan — they would become the
official regalia of an emperor.
_______________________, __________________,
_________________________.
20. The arrival of this Korean scribe in 405 A.D. signaled the official adoption of
Chinese script as the written language of the Japanese. __________________
21. As imperial regent between the years 593 and 622, he wrote a new constitution;
sponsored the inaugural of what would become a two-and-a-half century long string of
Japanese delegations to the Chinese court; and worked to blend Buddhism and
Confucianism into the fabric of Japanese life. ________________________
22-23. This imperial reorganization of 646 A.D. represented a somewhat successful
attempt to centralize power in the hands of the emperor. ____________________ Based
upon Chinese models, this 702 code formalized the centralized procedures introduced a
half-century earlier. _______________________
24-25. Modeled on Changan, the capital of Tang China, this city was laid out as Japan’s
imperial capital in the eighth century. _____________ The year in which the city was
abandoned as the national capital. ____________
26. A Chinese monk who survived shipwreck and pirate seizure to reach Kyushu in the
mid-eighth century, he was honored by a statue which now is Japan’s oldest surviving
portrait of an actual person. ________________
27. The Japanese poetry anthology issued in 760 A.D. ___________________________