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Download Notes – The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
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Notes – The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Introduction Cells join smaller ___________________________together to form ____________ molecules The four major classes of macromolecules are: _________________, __________, _______________, and ______________________________ Macromolecules Large molecules formed by joining may ______________ together also known as “_______________” Monomer ______________________________ of a polymer _______________ linked units _____________________________ Synthesis or _________________________ Synthesis the chemical reaction that __________________________________ to ____________ covalent bonds are formed by the removal of a _____________ molecule between the _____________________ one monomer provides the ________________ group and the other provides the ____________________. Together these form _______________ Hydrolysis the reverse of _____________________ sysnthesis (___________________ synthesis) hydro = __________________ the covalent bonds connecting monomers in a polymer are ______________________ lysis = _______________________ by ________________________ in hydrolysis, as the covalent bond is broken a _________________ atom and ___________________ group from a split ___________ molecule attaches where the covalent bond used to be _________________ will break __________________ into __________________ by adding __________________ hydrolysis reactions dominate the _________________ process, guided by specific __________________ An immense variety of __________________ can be built from a small set of __________________ each cell has ___________________ of different macromolecules these _________________ can be connected in various ________________________, like the ________letters in the alphabet can be used to create a great diversity of words Four Main Types of Macromolecules ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Carbohydrates include both ______________ and the _______________ of sugars used for ___________, _______________________________________, and ____________________ made of __________, __________, __________ general formula is ______________________ most names for sugars end in ____________ Types of Carbohydrates 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. _________________________ Monosaccharides mono = _____________________ saccharide = ____________________ __________________ of all carbohydrates _____ to _____ carbons can be in __________________ or _____________ forms monosaccharides are also classified by the number of _______________ in the ________________________ Disaccharides _____________________________________ can join with a ___________________ linkage to form a _____________________ via _______________________________ __________________, _____________ sugar, is formed by joining two ___________________ molecules __________________, _____________ sugar, is formed by joining _______________ and ___________________ and is the major _____________________ form of sugars in _________________ Polysaccharides the _________________ of sugars, have ________________ and ________________________ roles ________________ joined __________________ sugars (can be __________________ to _______________________ of monosaccharides joined by ______________________ linkages) one function of polysaccharides is as an ________________ storage macromolecule that is ____________________ as needed other polysaccharides serve as _______________________________ for the _____________ or whole _______________________ Starch a ______________ polysaccharide composed entirely of ________________ monomers made of 1 – 4 linkages of __________________________ linkage makes the molecule form a ________________ ______________ storage in __________________ Cellulose made of 1 – 4 _______________________ linkage makes the molecule form a ____________________________________ used for ________________________ in plant ____________________________ most organisms can digest _________________ (1 – 4 α linkage), but very few can digest __________________ (1 – 4 β linkage) Glycogen “__________________________________” similar to _______________, but has more 1 – 6 linkages or branches humans and other vertebrates store glycogen in the _______________ and __________________ but only have about a __________________ supply Chitin another structural _____________________________ found in the ____________________ of _______________________________ and _________________________ of many ___________________ similar to ________________________, except that it has a __________________containing appendage on each _______________________ monomer Lipids The unifying feature of lipids is that they all have little or no affinity for _______________ this is because their structure are dominated by _________________ covalent bonds lipids are diverse ____________________ molecules made of _______, _______, _______ lipids store large amount of ____________________ unlike other macromolecules, _______________ do not form ____________________ Fats - ________________ at room temperature Oils - ________________ at room temperature Made of two kinds of smaller molecules 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ Fatty Acids A long carbon chain (_______ - _______ carbons) with a ___________________ (_________) on one end and a ________________ (__________) at the other Triglycerides (__________________________) ________________ fatty acids joined to __________ glycerol joined by an ________________ linkage between the ___________________ of the fatty acid and the ________________ of the alcohol Saturated Fats ____________________ - no _______________ bond most ______________________________ Unsaturated Fats ______________________ - one or more ________________ bonds (can accept more _______________________) __________________ bonds cause “_________________” in the molecule’s shape Why do fats usually contain saturated fatty acids and oils usually contain unsaturated fatty acids? The _________________ bond pushes the molecules apart, _________________ the _______________, which lowers the _________________ point Fats differ in which __________________________ are used used for ______________________________ (_________________ tissue), cushion for ______________________________, _______________________ Which has more energy, a kg of fat or a kg of starch? _______________ - there are more __________________ bonds which provide more energy per mass (__________ as much energy) (___________ as many calories) Phospholipids are major components of _________________________________ (arranged as a ___________________) similar to _______________, but have only two _________________________ the third ____________ of glycerol is joined to a _______________________ containing molecule __________________________ have a ___________________ tail, but a _______________________ head The hydrophilic ________________ are on the _________________ in contact with the aqueous solution and the hydrophobic ________________ form the core the phospholipid bilayer forms a _________________ between the ____________ and the external ______________________ Steroids lipids with four ____________________________ differ in the _____________________________ attached to the rings Examples of Steroids: __________________________ - a component in ________________ cell membranes _______________________________ - _______________________ and ________________________ Proteins made of _____, _____, _____, _____, and sometimes _____ proteins are the most structurally ___________________ molecules known each type of protein has a complex _______________ shape or __________________ Uses of Proteins: ____________________ _____________________ ____________________ _____________________ ____________________ _____________________ ____________________ all protein polymers are constructed form the same set of ________ monomers ____________________________ polymers of proteins are called ________________________ polypeptide chains of amino acids linked by _________________________________ a protein consists of one or more _________________________ folded and coiled into a specific __________________________ Amino Acids All have a carbon with four attachments: _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ R Groups - ___________ different kinds The properties of the R groups determine the ___________________ of the ______________ Polypeptide Chains Amino acids are joined together when a ______________________ reaction removes a _________________group form the ________________ end of one amino acid and a ___________________ from the ________________ group of another the resulting covalent bond is called a ________________________________ (____________________) is the polypeptide backbone Levels of Protein Structure Organizing the polypeptide into its ____________ functional shape ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Primary sequence of ____________________________ in the polypeptide chain many different sequences are possible with __________ amino acids Secondary ________________ structure formed by _________________ bonding between the _______________________ Two main secondary structures: ____________________________ ____________________________ secondary structure of a protein results from _____________________ bonding at regular intervals along the ______________________________ backbone Tertiary bonding between ______________________ Examples: ____________________ bonding among ______________ and/or _____________ areas _________________ bonds between charged ___________________________ _____________________ interactions and ________________________________ interactions among _________________________ R groups while these bonds are relatively _____________, ______________________________, strong covalent bonds that form between the _____________________ groups, stabilize the structure Quaternary when two or more ________________________ unite to form a functional _______________ Example: __________________________ Denaturing of a Protein events that cause a protein to lose _____________________________ (and ____________________) Examples: __________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________________ These forces disrupt the ___________________ bonds, _____________ bonds, and _________________ bridges that maintain the protein’s shape some proteins can ________________ to their functional shape after ____________________________, but other cannot, especially in the crowded environment of the ______________ Nucleic Acids ____________________ polymers made of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ Examples: ________________ and _________________ polymers of __________________________ _____________ provides direction for its own _________________________ _____________ also directs _______________________________________ and, through ____________, controls _______________________________________________ Nucleotides Three parts to a nucleotide: 1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ Nitrogenous Bases ______________ of _____ and _____ the _____ atoms tend to take up ________ (______________) Two types: 1. __________________________ (_______________ ring) _______________ (______), ________________ (_______), and _______________ (______) 2. ___________________________ (________________ rings) _______________ (_______) and _________________ (_______) Pentose Sugar ___________ sugar __________________ - ____________ ___________________________ - ___________ ________ and ________ differ in an __________ group on the 2 nd carbon __________________________________ are synthesized by connecting the ______________ of one nucleotide to the ______________________ of the next with a ___________________________ link this creates a repeating backbone of ________________________________________ units with the ____________________ bases as appendages _____ always pairs with _____ and _____ always pairs with _____
