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nd 2 Nine Weeks is here! 1 If you refuse to learn, no one can help you. If you are determined to learn, no one can stop you! PS.3 The Atom Model The student will investigate and understand the modern and historical models of the atomic structure. Parts of an Atom • Subatomic particles – 3 types 1. 2. Protons – Positively charged ( + ) – Set amount for each element » Equals the atomic number Neutrons – No charge = neutral ( 0 ) – Close to the size of protons – Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks 3. Electrons – Negatively charged ( - ) – Smallest subatomic particle PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Locations within the Atom • Nucleus – Central part of an atom – Where majority of mass is located – Contains protons & neutrons – Mass number or atomic mass number • Electron cloud – Orbitals or shells • Where electrons are located constantly moving PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Electron Cloud • Made up of energy levels – Also called shells or orbitals • Each energy level can hold a limited number of electrons – Electrons on the outermost shell are called valence electrons • Octet Rule- Atoms will gain or lose electrons to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell • 8 electrons = full shell = stability Electron Cloud 4th Shell – 32 electrons 3rd Shell – 18 electrons 2nd Shell- 8 electrons 1st Shell – 2 electrons Nucleus Parts of an Atom Energy Levels Shells Orbitals Cloud Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus Parts of an Atom Atomic mass Atomic number = Number of Protons Atomic Mass = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons Charges of an Atom • Charges in the nucleus: • 6 protons (+) • 6 neutrons (0) • Overall charge = positive • Overall charge of the whole atom: • 6 protons (+) • 6 neutrons (0) • 6 electrons (-) • Overall charge = neutral Model • 5 Historical Models – Dalton – Thomson – Rutherford – Bohr – Electron-Cloud Democritus & Dalton • Democritus – ~ 400 B.C. – Greek philosopher – Said all matter is made up of small particles • Named particles Atomos – Un-cuttable – He was unable to prove his idea • John Dalton found proof in 1800’s – Solid sphere PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Thomson • 1904 – Positive sphere with negative parts embedded (spread all over) – Chocolate chip cookie model • Chips = electrons • Cookie = 1 big proton proton PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Rutherford Model • 1911 – Solid positive nucleus w/ majority of mass surrounded by electrons PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Bohr Model • 1913 • Electrons in fixed orbits around nucleus • Nucleus made of positive protons & neutral neutrons PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Electron Cloud • Current Model – Developed in 1926 – Nucleus made up of protons & neutrons – Electrons are not in fixed orbits • Are frequently in certain areas PS.3 Atomic Model: The student will understand the historical & modern model of the atomic structure Schrödinger and Heisenburg • Developed the Electron Cloud Model • Came up with a mathematical equation – Predicted which electrons are likely to be found – Cannot determine where an electron is at any given moment BrainPop • Atomic Model Snapshot 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The majority of the mass of an atom in located in the ____________. Protons and neutrons are made up of __________. The overall charge of an atom with equal numbers of subatomic particles is ___________. The charge of the nucleus is _______. Electrons have a ___________ charge. Snapshot 1. What is the atomic number of this atom? 2. What is the atomic mass of this atom? 3. How many valence electrons does this atom have? 4. What atom is this? (Hint: Look at the periodic table in your agenda) Model an Atom • Use the periodic table to pick an atom from the first three rows Model an Atom • What’s the atomic number? • How may protons, neutrons, and electrons does your atom have? Model an Atom Record that data here Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Create your nucleus in the center of your page Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Draw the first energy level Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom How many electron fit on this level? Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Two electrons on the first level Do you have any more electrons? Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Draw the second energy level How many electrons fit on the second level? Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Up to 8 electrons on the second level Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Model an Atom Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Some of you may need a third level Model an Atom Carbon P (+) = 6 N (o) = 6 E (-) = 6 Up to 18 electrons on the third level Electron Arrangement • Each energy level hold a limited number of electrons – There is a maximum number that can fit on each shell Electron Arrangement Bohr Models • Use the periodic table to identify how many particles are in each atom • Draw a Bohr diagram of each atom