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EMERGENCE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA Western mining – Wealth of ____________________________________________ necessary for industrial production [Silver – NEV/Klondike gold/Mesabi Range Immigration – Immigrants (southern & eastern Europe) provide a large _____________ force Gov’t _________________ & tax concessions to rr’s – Transport raw materials & finished products, as well as settlers, to create national markets Advances in communication – Telegraph, telephone, typewriter, & mail service improved Corporation charters – Access to investment capital & protection of limited liability [Captains of Industry &/or Robber Barons] _____________________________ attitude of gov’t – Gave businesses considerable latitude in determining their policies & procedures w/o regulation Bessemer process – Allowed for the less expensive conversion of iron to _____________, a stronger & less brittle material which was necessary for construction of rrs & heavy equipment New sources of power – Coal & oil are inexpensive sources of fuel [Rockefeller] High tariffs – Republican administrations especially sought high import taxes to lessen foreign competition Yankee ingenuity – US inventors, protected by gov’t patents: electric lights, vulcanized rubber, telephone, typewriter, steel plow, & modern press Entrepreneurs – Contributed enormous amts. of capital & introduced new policies & techniques that spurred US’s industrial growth Vertical integration – Pioneered by ____________________ & US Steel: All of the various business activities needed to produce & sell a finished product (procuring the raw materials, preparing them, producing them, marketing them, & then selling them) would be done by the same company. Horizontal integration – Strategy of gaining as much control over an entire single industry as possible, usually by creating trusts & holding companies: Rockefeller & ______________________ (92% at one point in time) National markets – Created huge demand for industrial products & large scale investments in machinery & advanced techniques profitable Civil War profits & foreign investment – Created large amts. of __________________ necessary for large scale industrialization PHILOSOPHY OF THE INDUSTRIALISTS Laissez-faire – Economic philosophy suggesting businesses should be permitted to run w/o gov’t regulation or control Social Darwinism – Economic philosophy stating that companies struggle for survival & the gov’t shouldn’t interfere (survival of the fittest) Gospel of Wealth – Socio-economic philosophy justifying earning great wealth but it came with a social responsibility to the community [Carnegie – schools & libraries]/[Social Darwinism] DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR UNIONS Knights of Labor – Uriah Stephens, 1869 All workers (women, African-Americans, professionals, laborers, skilled, anarchists, socialists, & farmers), except _________________________ Aimed to get rid of capitalism by creating worker-owned businesses based on the concept of cooperatives Used boycotts, ________________, & mass meetings 8 hr. day, prohibition, inflation, abolition of child labor, & establishment of producers’ & consumers’ co-operatives Won several strikes & made impressive wage gains in 1885-86 Vague & unrealistic goals, ineffective leadership, loss of several important strikes, failure of cooperatives, ease of replacing unskilled members in strikes, & association w/__________________________________________ [Powderly/ Anarchists] American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers, 1881 Skilled workers only, in separate ____________ unions Bread & butter issues – better wages, shorter hrs. & better working conditions Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) – TR (_____________________________) membership of over 1 mil by 1901 Only small part of work force eligible to join AFL Industrial Workers of the World – Bill Haywood, Debs, & Daniel DeLeon, 1905 All workers Overthrow of ______________________ & putting means of production in hands of workers Won Woolen Strike of 1912 left spiritual heritage of organized labor Relativity small membership (never over 13,000), public opposition to violent tactics & revolutionary aims (They opposed labor unions, anarchists, & socialists) [Wobblies] STRIKES RR Strike – President Hayes Baltimore & Ohio RR 1st time to send in federal _____________________ to break up strike Homestead Strike – Gov. of PA used state troopers to break up the strike & allowed strikebreakers (scabs) to enter the mill Pinkertons Pullman Strike – 1894: Federal gov’t issued an ________________________ to force rr workers back to their jobs Mail cars – disrupted flow of mail is a federal offense Pres. Cleveland called out National Guard to end strike GENERAL BELIEFS: Socialists were economically unsound because eliminating private enterprise seemed an unrealistic goal for the workers; socialists were wrong because they used foreign & radical doctrines & they were an industrial impossibility because there was not motive for workers to produce. FARMERS’ DILEMMA RRs - Controlled nominating conventions & state legislatures so that ______________________ had difficulty getting favorable gov’t responses to their concerns rr controlled elevators & warehouses, fixed storage prices farmers had to pay, & arbitrarily graded farmers’ grains Western farmers had only 1 choice of rr to transport their produce to market. Middlemen – Their percentage was taken from a farmer’s profits. Bankers – Farmers had to borrow $$$ for land & equipment & to tide them over from one harvest to the next (_______________________________) Banks charged high interest rates (up to 40%) & a bad year often meant __________________. __________________ – Fixed prices of farm products & also machinery costs, so that farmers had little control over either the sale price of their produce or over the cost of necessary machinery. Gov’t Officials – Farmers had heeded politicians’ advice to raise big crops only to find their success negated by falling prices due to ____________________________ They were bribed by contributors. Farmers failed to understand the law of _________________________________________. They believed free & unlimited coinage of ________________ would inflate the currency & cause rising prices.