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GateWay CC PHY101 Physics Lab: BASIC ELECTRICITY Purpose The purpose of this lab is to: Part I – Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage of batteries connected in series, parallel or combinations of both Part II – Use the ampermeter to measure current in a single loop circuit Part III - Determine the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a single loop circuit. Part I: Measuring battery voltage using V-meter Please go to: http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/phy101/simulation/elec/index1.htm Using Voltmeter (device that measures voltage) measure the voltage of several batteries. Connect the voltmeter across the single battery, batteries connected in series, or parallel connected batteries. You will use batteries with nominal voltage 1.5 V. The actual battery voltage may be lower than this due to the age of the battery. Computer simulation will randomly generate the actual battery voltage for each student. Batteries connected in series, have the positive terminal of one cell connected to the negative terminal of another battery. This will increase the overall voltage. If two 1.5 V batteries are connected in series, the overall voltage is increased to 3.0 V. Batteries connected in parallel have their like terminals connected together. The overall voltage remains the same. If two 1.5 V batteries are connected in parallel, the overall voltage would still be 1.5 V. Batteries may also be connected in a series/parallel combination. Batteries are connected in series in order to increase the total voltage, and in parallel to increase the battery capacity. When you connect the battery cells in series, you can use any two, three or more batteries. When you connect the battery cells in parallel you need to use only batteries with the same nominal voltage – two, three, or more. Connecting batteries with different nominal voltage may produce dangerous situations. Connect the circuits in Figures 1 – 5, and measure and record in your notebook reading from the voltmeter. Follow the directions in the simulation. Figure 1. Voltage measurement of single battery berisha: 582732413 Page 1 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC Figure 2. Two batteries connected in series Figure 3. Three batteries connected in series Figure 4. Two batteries connected in parallel berisha: 582732413 Page 2 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC Figure 5. Two batteries connected in parallel and the third one in series Collected data from the simulation must be recorded in the table below. Voltage Nominal Voltage V Single Cell – Figure 1 Two cells connected in series – Figure 2 Three cells connected in series – Figure 3 Two cells connected in parallel – Figure 4 Two cells connected in parallel and the third one in series – Figure 5 Recorded Voltage V Absolute Difference V % Difference % 2.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 3.0 The absolute difference is: Absolute Difference Nominal Voltage Measured Voltage The % difference is: ((Nominal Voltage – Measured Voltage)/Measured Voltage)*100% % Difference Nominal Voltage Measured Voltage 100(%) Measured Voltage Part II: Current measuring using Ampermeter Please go to: http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/phy101/simulation/elec/index2.htm In a Part I, we used voltmeter to measure the potential difference (voltage) across two battery terminals. Ampermeter, on the other hand, measures the flow rate of charge as electrons move through the circuit – conductors. Therefore Ampermeters is inserted right into the flow of charge – in series. Connect the circuit in Figure 6, and take several current readings on the A-meter by changing the value of the Resistor R. Record the values of Resistor R and current readings in the table bellow. Follow the directions in the simulation. berisha: 582732413 Page 3 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC Figure 6. Current Measurement using Ampermeter Battery Voltage V 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Resistor R Ohm 10 20 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 Current A-meter Reading A Current A-meter Reading mA Using the current and resistor data, graph the variation of current with resistor. On the y – axis, show the current values in mA and on the x – axis show resistor data in Ohms. berisha: 582732413 Page 4 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC Part III: The relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance Please go to: http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/phy101/simulation/elec/index3.htm To determine the relationship between the three basic concepts in electricity: voltage, current, and resistance we are going to use a single loop circuit shown in figure 7. Figure 7. Relationship between voltage, Current and Resistance in a single loop The relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is tested by different values of voltage, different values of resistance, and measuring the resulting current through the loop. Numerical data will then reveal the relationship between them. Follow the directions in the simulation. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Set the nominal battery voltage at 2 V. Set the value of R = 10 Ohms. Record the voltage across the resistor (voltmeter). Measure the current through the loop (ampermeter). Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for nominal battery voltages of 4 V, 6 V, 8 V, 10 V, and 12 V. Repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for values of the resistance R = 20 Ohms, R = 50 Ohms, and R = 100 Ohms. 7. Plot a graph for relationship between Voltage and current by plotting the voltage data on the y axis, and current data (in mA) on the x axis for R = 10 Ohms 8. Plot a graph for relationship between Voltage and current by plotting the voltage data on the y axis, and current data (in mA) on the x axis for R = 50 Ohms 9. Plot a graph for relationship between Voltage and current by plotting the voltage data on the y axis, and current data (in mA) on the x axis for R = 100 Ohms 10. Each graph represents a straight line. Use the slope formula from algebra, when two points on the line are given, to find he slope of each line. m y 2 y1 x x1 11. Slope of the R = 10 Ohms line is:______________ units ____________ 12. Slope of the R = 50 Ohms line is:______________ units ____________ 13. Slope of the R = 100 Ohms line is:______________ units ___________ berisha: 582732413 Page 5 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC Record all the data in a table below. Nominal Battery Voltage V 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 Resistor R Voltage V – m Reading Current A-meter Reading Current A-meter Reading Ohm 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 V A mA Resistance R = 10 Ohms Resistance R = 50 Ohms Resistance R = 100 Ohms berisha: 582732413 Page 6 Last Updated: 4/30/2017 GateWay CC berisha: 582732413 Page 7 Last Updated: 4/30/2017