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Chapter 33
Introduction
• September 11, 2001
• attack on world trade center and Pentagon
• Passengers saved a plane headed for another attack; crashed in rural PA
• Globalization
• trade and investment
• connections in commerce, communications, and culture
• Al Queda- radical Islamic group
• Bill Clinton in 1993
• primary focus domestic issues
• political volatility
• second term more “scandalous”
• survived impeachment
• George W. Bush
• “war on terrorism”
• successful attacks in Afghanistan and Iraq
• increasing budget deficit
Social Change and New Political Directions
• violence in South Central LA
• racial tensions —>> riot/rebellion
• cause: a jury without African American members acquitted four white police officers
charges with beating a black man, Rodney King, who had fled a pursuing police car at
speeds exceeding 110 mph
• deeper issues than that of Rodney King, over the years, jobs disappeared in the area in the
1970’s and 80’s
• South Central now below the poverty line
• Latinos competed with Black people for jobs
• crack epidemic
• Crips vs. 18th Street Gang (Latinos)
• struggled for control of territory
• Latinos and Blacks vs. Koreans
• said Korean shopkeeper prices too high; exploiting the Latinos and Blacks
• also said Koreans treated them disrespectfully
• Koreans complained of shoplifting, robberies, and beatings
• Sa-I-Gu or 4-29 (date it began)
• violence in LA
• left 53 dead
• 1 billion dollars destroyed in property
Economic Troubles and the 1992 Election
• Bush economy the worst since the great depression
• California Proposition 13
• tax revolt
• cut property taxes
• state government (bankrupt); paid workers and bills in IOU’s
• Ross Perot
• 1992 election
• 3rd party candidate
• actually carried 20% of the vote
• Clinton and running mate Al Gore
• 43% of the vote
• William Jefferson Clinton
• a “new democrat”
• more centrist and socially progressive democratic party
A New Democrat’s Promise and Pitfalls
• private sector economic development
• “mutual responsibility” and “inclusiveness”
• “Don’t ask, Don’t tell”
• Gays in the military
The Republican Revolution
• “contract with America”
• proposed by 200 republican candidates for the House of Representatives
• developed under leadership of Newt Gingrich
• included 10 policy proposals Republicans pledged to pass
• emphasized limited gvt.
• Republican control of both houses
• Clinton and Gore re-elected in 1996
The New Economy and Globalization
• The digital revolution
• microprocessor
• miniaturizes the central processing unit of a computer
• Deficit reduction a priority
• U.S budget deficit reached more than $500 billion
• budget deficit erased by 1997
• international trade had a huge impact in globalization of business
Target: McDonald’s
•
Activists also targeted individual corporations such as Starbucks, the Gap, Nike &
especially McDonald’s, which by 1995 was serving 30 million customers a day in twenty
thousand franchises in over 100 countries
•
Some economists noted that statistics showed that global equality had grown in recent
years
o
But if quality-of-life measurements such as health and literacy was included,
global inequality decreased
•
In the United States, wage and job losses for workers were caused not primarily by
globalization factors such as imports, production outsourcing, and immigration but by
technological change that made production processes more efficient and reduced the need
for unskilled labor
•
The US started becoming heavily influenced by foreign nations
Clinton’s Diplomacy
•
The demise of the Soviet Union had created a one-superpower world, in which the US
stood far above other powers in terms of political and military might
o “unipolar movement” – the phrase one commentator used in urging an aggressive
U.S posture
▪
yet in his first term, Clinton was far more wary in handling the traditional
aspects of foreign policy – great-power diplomacy, arms control, regional
disputes – than in facilitating American culture and trade expansion
•
Suspicious of foreign military involvements
o The Vietnam debacle had taught him that the American public had limited
patience for wars lacking clear-cut national interests
Crisis in Haiti
•
Many high-level administration officials argued for using America’s unmatched power to
contain ethnic hatred, support human rights, and promote democracy around the world
o Clinton agreed by insisted on moving cautiously
•
In 1991, a military coup had overthrown the democratically elected president, JeanBertrand Aristide
o After succeeding rulers imposed a harsh new system, tens of thousands of
Haitians fled in boats for US territory, spawning an immigration crisis
▪
Clinton sent former president Jimmy Carter to Haiti to negotiate an
arrangement that would facilitate Aristide’s return to power
Kosovo War
•
When Serbian forces moved to violently rid Serbia’s southern province of Kosovo of its
majority ethnic Albanians, Clinton was pressed to intervene on a large scale
o In 1999, NATO forces led by the United States launched a massive aerial
bombardment of Serbia
o Miloservic withdrew his brutal army from Kosovo, where US troops joined a
United Nations peacekeeping force
•
In the Middle East, Clinton took an active role in trying to bring the PLO & Israel
together to settle their differences
Environmental Diplomacy
•
The Bush administration had opposed many of the provisions of the 1992 Rio de Janiero
Treaty protecting the diversity of plant and animal species and had blocked efforts to
draft stricter rules to reduce global warming
•
Vice President Al Gore and his administration signed the 1997 Kyoto protocol – aimed to
combat emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases that most scientists believe trap heat
in the atmosphere
o Required the US to reduce its emissions by 2012 to 7 percent below its 1990
levels
Bin Laden and Al Qaeda
•
Senior officials worried about the rise of Al Qaeda (Arabic for “the base”)
o An international terrorist network led by Osama bin Laden that was dedicated to
purging muscim countries of what it saw as the profane influence of the west and
installing fundamentalist Islamic regimes
•
Bin Laden had supported the Afghan Mujahidi in their struggle against Soviet occupation
o He then founded Al Qaeda and began financing terrorist projects with the fortune
he received from his father’s death
•
1995 – car bomb in Riyadh killed 7 people, 5 of them Americans
•
1998 – simultaneous bombings at the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania killed
224 people, including 12 Americans
•
2000 – A small boat laden with explosives hit the destroyer U.S.S Cole in Yemen, killing
17 American soldiers
•
In 1998, Clinton approved a plan to assassinate bin Laden at an Al Qaeda camp in
Afghanistan, but the attempt failed
Paradoxes of Prosperity
•
The majority of Americans experienced the late 1990’s as a time of unprecedented peace
and prosperity
•
The Dow Jones Industrial Average increased almost twelve fold in the last two decades
of the 20th century
o Between 1991 and 1999 alone, it climbed from 3,169 to a high of 11,497
▪
Plentiful jobs made it easier for states to implement welfare reform, and
welfare rolls were cut almost in half
o The standard living rose for all income groups:
▪
Both the richest five percent and the least well-off 20 percent of American
households saw their incomes rise almost 25 percent
Oklahoma City Bombing
•
On April 19, 1995, 168 children, women, and men were killed in a powerful bomb blast
that destroyed the nine-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma
City
o At first, many thought the bomb had come from abroad, perhaps set off by the
Middle Eastern terrorists.
o The bomber was Timothy McVeigh, a native-born white American and a veteran
of the Persian Gulf War
•
In the months that followed, reporters and government officials discovered networks of
militias, tax resisters, and various white-supremacist groups throughout the nation
o These groups were united by distrust of the federal government
Violence and Hate Crimes
•
On April 20, 1999, 18 year old Eric Harris and 17 year old Dylan Klebold opened fire on
classmates and teachers at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killing 13
before turning the gun on themselves
o No clear reason why two academically successful students in a middle-class
suburb would commit mass murder ever emerged
•
In the late 1990s, two hate crimes shocked the nation
o In 1998 James Byrd Jr., a 49 year old black man was murdered by 3 white
supremacists who dragged him for miles by a chain from the back of a pickup
truck in Jasper, Texas
o Later that year, Matthew Shepherd, a gay college student, died after being beaten
unconscious and left tied to a wooden fence in freezing weather outside Laramie,
Wyoming
▪
His killers said they were “humiliated” when he flirted with them at a bar
Scandal in the Clinton White House
•
Throughout the Clinton years, scandals plagued the White House
o
Bill Clinton’s character was often the issue, and jokes about Clinton’s sexual
infidelities were a staple of late-night television
•
Early in Clinton’s presidency, former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones had brought
charges of sexual harassment against the president
o Clinton denied the charges, which were eventually dropped
o But when asked during questioning before a grand jury whether he had engaged
in sexual relations with a 22 year old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky,
Clinton denied that allegation as well
▪
Kenneth Starr discovered evidence proving that the president had lied
Impeachment
•
In a 445-page report to Congress, Starr outlined eleven possible grounds for
impeachment for the president, accusing Clinton of lying under oath, obstruction of
justice, witness tampering, and abuse of power
•
On December 19, 1998, the House voted on four articles of impeachment against Clinton;
largely along party lines, the House passed two of the articles, one alleging that the
president committed perjury in his grand jury testimony, the other that he had obstructed
justice
o With the House vote, Clinton became only the second president to face trial in the
Senate, which has the constitutional responsibility to decide
•
Despite such evidence against Clinton, the American people did not want him removed
from office
o Polls showed large majorities approved the president’s job performance, even as
many condemned his personal behavior
Political Partisanship, the Media, and Celebrity Culture
•
The fiercely competitive 24 hour news networks that began with CNN in 1980 relied on
scandal, spectacle, and crisis to lure viewers
o Public officials also contributed to the blurring of lines between public and
private, celebrity and statesman
▪
Clinton, for example, had appeared on MTV during his first campaign and
answered a question about his preference in underwear
•
The partisan political wars of the 1990’s created a take-no-prisoners climate in which no
politician’s missteps would be overlooked
o As fallout from the Clinton impeachment, both Republican Speaker of the House
Newt Gingrich and his successor, Robert Livingston, resigned when faced with
evidence of their own extramarital affairs
Clinton’s Legislative Record
•
Clinton’s specific legislative accomplishments during his two terms in office were
modest but included programs that made life easier for American families
o The Family and Medical Leave Act guaranteed 91 million workers the right to
take time off to care for ailing relatives or their newborn children
o The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ensured that when
Americans changed jobs, they would not lose health insurance because of
preexisting medical conditions
o Government became more efficient: the federal government operated with
365,000 fewer employees by the end of Clinton’s term and Vice President Gore
led an initiative that eliminated sixteen thousand pages of federal regulations
The Bush-Gore Race
•
Going into the 2000 presidential election, Vice President Al Gore seemed to be the
favorite
o The son of a prominent senator from Tennessee, Gore had grown up with politics
o After graduating cum laude from Harvard in 1969, he enlisted in the army despite
his reservations about the war, and served in Vietnam
o Gore was elected to the House and to the Senate, serving six terms, and wrote a
well-received book on global environmental issues
•
Gore’s Republican opponent was best known nationally as the son of George H. W.
Bush, the 41st president of the United States
o An indifferent student, George W. Bush graduated from Yale in 1968 and pulled
strings to jump ahead of a one-and-a-half-year waiting list for the Texas Air
National Guard, thus avoiding service in Vietnam
o As a presidential candidate, Bush made up for his limited foreign policy
knowledge, often garbled syntax, and lack of interest in the intricacies of public
policy with a direct, confident style that connected with many Americans
•
Finally in 2000, consumer rights activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket
The Contested Election of 2000
•
On election day, Al Gore narrowly won the popular vote but did not win the presidency
o It all came down to Florida (where Bush’s brother Jeb was governor) and its 25
electoral votes
o At first, television election coverage declared that Gore had won the state
▪
But by the early hours of the morning, it was clear that this election would
not soon be decided
o When the Florida votes were first tallied, Bush narrowly edged out Gore, but by
so close a margin that an automatic recount was legally required
•
In the 2000 election, Gore won the West Coast, Northeast, and industrial Midwest
o Bush won the South, Rocky Mountain West, and the heartland
o More than 90% of black voters selected Gore, as did 63% of Latinos and 55% of
Asian Americans
o Bush won 60% of the white vote and, overall, 95% of his supporters were white
Chapter 33
September 11 and the war on terrorism
•
-
Bush governed from the right farther than any other administration of modern times
-
The new team was “ more Reaganite than the reggan administration”
Bush’s tax plan
-
Centerpiece of Bush’s agenda was massive tax cuts to be financed by the predicted
budget surplus
-
Critics argues massive cuts would wipe out surplus and that the plan favored the
wealthy
-
Bush made the largest tax cut in history - $1.3 trillion
-
Bush also reiterated his campaign proposal to drill for oil in America’s last wilderness
-
Bush announced that US would exit 1972 Anti-ballistic missile treaty with Russia to
develop a national missile defense system which was forbidden under treaty.
-
White house renounced the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on controlling global warming and
also registered opposition to protocol to strengthen the 1972 Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention
-
Caused consternation in Europe and administrations hands-off policy toward the
Israeli-Palestinian peace process
-
Bush suffered setback when Senator Jeffards of Vermont declared himself
independent which shifted the control of senate to Democrats which complicated
Bush’s ability to secure domestic and foreign agenda.
•
9/11
-
19 hijackers seized control of four commercial jets
-
1 crashed into south tower and another crashed into the north tower of the world
trade center in New York, killing thousands
-
3rd crashed into pentagon and 4th was brought down by the passengers on board,
killing them all
-
Hijackers all had ties with Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden
-
Officials warned Bush and Clinton about attack
•
Afghanistan warfare
-
Bush responded immediately sending large scale military into Afghanistan, including
bombing campaign and Special forces to help resistance organization
-
Within two months, Taliban was driven from power
-
People questioned whether war on terrorism could ever be won and wondered if
Bush was setting up for failure
•
-
After 9/11 Americans experienced renewed sense of national unity and pride
-
Citizen applications from immigrants, rose dramatically
Patriot Act
-
Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, which made it easier for law enforcement to
conduct searches, wiretap telephones, and obtain electronic records on individuals.
-
The discovery of anthrax-laden letters further increased the anxiety and fear of the
American people.
-
Congress created the Department of Homeland Security in November 2002 to
coordinate intelligence and consolidate defenses against terrorism.
•
Enron Collapse
-
Before 9/11, dot-com bubble burst
-
After 9/11, big drop in stock market
-
Enron = biggest business collapse in US history
-
Devastate shareholders & employees
-
Executives profit by selling shares before collapse
-
despite links with Enron, Bush remain popular. 9/11 insulated him from domestic
problems
-
•
2002: GOP retake Senate, increase House majority
International Responses
-
After 9/11, lots of foreign support for USA
-
In the immediate aftermath of 9/11 there was an outpouring of international
support for the United States. Many foreign governments began to object when it
appeared Bush might unilaterally strike Saddam Hussein or take a forceful stand
against North Korea or Iran.
-
The Bush administration advanced the strategy of preemptive action, thus
abandoning the doctrine of containment and deterrence that had guided the
nation’s foreign policy for more than fifty years.
-
Critics of the strategy charged that it was recklessly aggressive and contrary to
international law.
-
Support evaporated by late 2002
-
Upset by Bush’s continued unilateralism
-
Esp. call for “preemptive action” on “axis of evil”
-
See it as reckless & contrary to international
Law
•
-
VP Cheney & Def. Sec. Rumsfeld want to oust Hussein since end of Gulf War in 1991
-
They Folded that goal into new war on terrorism
Regime Change in Iraq
-
Many argued that middle east attention was intended to deflect attention from poor
economy and failure to track down Bin Laden
-
Bush challenged UN to immediately enforce its resolutions against Iraq or US would
act on its own
-
Bush claimed he didn’t need congressional authorization to launch military action
against Iraq – it went through in house and senate. Many voted yes because they
didn’t want to defy president. He gained UN backing – they approved Resolution
1441
•
•
-
UN debate continued, called for more inspections
-
Bush sent 250,000 soldiers to Iraq and Britain sent 45,000 troops
Fall Of Baghdad
-
Bush ordered Hussein to leave Iraq within 48 hours or they’ll attack
-
March 19th they attacked on Baghdad, it fell on April 9th to American troops
-
Deputy Secretary of defense Paul Wolfowitz warned about “Guerilla War”
-
December 2003, elite US forces captured Hussein
State Economic Woes
-
State and local governments across the nation faced severe budget shortages
-
Two largest area of spending was education and Medicaid, both took brunt of cuts
but states raised taxes
-
Many states took on creative measures to save money
Americans In the New Millennium
-
American Borders opened to large numbers of people from wider variety of nation
-
•
•
New technologies: internet, cable, satellite
Race and Ethnicity in Recent America
-
2000 US census allowed people to identify themselves as more than one race
-
Official population of some groups increased
-
Rapid demographic changes altered face of America
-
More than half of American counties were still at least 85% white in 2000
A more diverse culture
-
Buying power of growing Latino population exceeded $561 billion in 2000
-
Americans were divided over the meaning of changes such as American families, the
number of people living together without marriage
The Changing American Family
-
American Academy of pediatrics endorsed adoption by gay couples
-
Federal defense of marriage act passed by congress in 1996 defined marriage as
“only” a union between a man and a woman
-
•
Mothers worked outside the home
New Technologies and New Challenges
-
35,000 babies born from new reproductive technologies
-
Developing field of biogenetics are creating new ways to have children but also cure
other things such as diabetes and therapy for Parkinson’s disease
•
-
Bush said there was a tremendous hope but it is causing moral hazards
-
Bush limited federal funded research
Century of Change
-
Rapid pace of scientific advancement
-
Technology making advances benefiting tens of millions of Americans in nearly every
aspect of life
-
Americans were more connects to rest of mankind, created powerful product of
globalization
-
By turn of century 1.6 billion people were airborne
•
Infectious diseases
-
Many diseases developed in new parts of the world
-
More trade in illegal products and contaminated foodstuffs
-
2003, World Health Organization estimated nearly a quarter of global burden of
disease was related to environmental disruption and decline
•
International Response to Disease
-
Essential in mobilizing world to find solutions
-
Limits to peoples permeability
-
To prevent another 9/11 attack, US imposed tighter securities among the nation