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WORLD WAR ONE
“The War to End All Wars”
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Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was
highly __________ with material progress expected to create an “earthly paradise.”
The First World War would not only kill millions of human beings, it would also destroy one of the
basic intellectual precepts upon which Western Civilization had been founded -- the belief in ________.
The Road to World War I
Nationalism
o The rise of ___________ did not give rise to the liberal envisioned international fraternity of the
19th century.
o It led instead to ___________ and rivalry over colonial claims and commercial interests.
The Alliance System
o The division of Europe’s great powers into ___ loose _________ (Germany, Austria and Italy vs.
France, Russia and Great Britain) added to the tensions.
Brinkmanship
o The crises at the turn of the century taught the lesson that those powers exercising restraint in
order to avoid war were __________ and those that went to the brink of war won international
________.
Ethnic Minorities
o Ethnic Slavs in the Balkans, Poles in Russia and the Irish in Great Britain all dreamed of having
their own _______________.
Socialist Unrest
o Socialist labor movements increasingly relied on _______________ to gain worker’s benefits.
o Some historians have argued that _____________, fearing socialist revolution, sought to use war
to “smother internal troubles.”
Militarism
o Massive ________ build up increased tension and guaranteed that if war came it would be
incredibly destructive.
o Universal ____________ had become the norm in Europe by 1914.
o Great Britain was the exception.
o European standing armies had _______ in size between 1890 and 1914.
 Comparative figures on army increase, 1870-1914:
1870
1914
 Russia
700,000
1,300,000
 France
380,000
846,000
 Germany
403,000
812,000
 Austria-Hungary
247,000
424,000
 Britain
302,000
381,000
 Italy
334,000
305,000
 Japan
70,000
250,000
 U.S.A.
37,000
98,000
o Most European armies were made up of rural ________, since most urban working-class males
could not pass the physical.
o Many German Generals did not trust the loyalty of the urban youth
Mobilization and Planning
o Modern European armies followed the Prussian model of complex mobilization and strategic
planning involving __________ and railroad deployment of troops and supplies.
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o These plans lacked ___________ and forced diplomats and political leaders to make decisions
based on the fixed programs of the military.
o “War is too important a matter to be left to the military.” -- Georges Clemenceau.
The Outbreak of War
The Summer of 1914
o The ______ Crises between 1908 and 1913 had increased tensions in the region.
o The desire of the _____ to create a “Greater Serbia” was opposed by Austria but encouraged by
Russia.
The Assassination
o On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
Sophia were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the _______ nationalist
group the Black Hand.
o The Austrian government was not certain that the Serbian government was directly involved but
it wanted _______ and a war to destroy the Serbian kingdom.
“The Blank Check”
o Fear of Russian intervention led the Austrians to seek the support of the ______ Kaiser.
o William II responded with the infamous “_____ _____” – Germany would fight Russia to aid
Austria in its war.
The Ultimatum
o Austria then gave demands to Serbia that were so _______ that Serbia had to reject them.
o Austria then declared ___ on Serbia on July 23.
Russian Reaction
o On July 28, Russia ordered _______ mobilization of its troops against Austria.
o The Russian General Staff informed the Tsar that a partial mobilization was not possible it was
either Germany and Austria or nothing.
More Ultimatums
o Germany then gave an _________ to Russia to halt their mobilization or face war.
o Russia ignored the demands and _______ declared war on ______ on August 1st.
The Schlieffen Plan
o Following the establishment of the Franco-Russian entente, the German chief of staff Alfred von
Schlieffen had created a plan of attack based on a _________ war.
o The Schlieffen Plan called for a limited mobiliztion against Russia to fight a defensive holding
action while the bulk of German troops would be sent against ______.
o In order to by-pass the French defensives along the Alsatian border, the plan called for a
________ maneuver through neutral _______ and then southward to envelop Paris and the
French Army.
o After the planned quick defeat of the French, the German Army would redeploy to defeat the
________.
o Germany could not mobilize against Russia only and therefore had to declare war on ______ as
well.
Belgian Neutrality
o Belgium had been guaranteed neutrality by the major European powers, including Great Britain.
Another Ultimatum
o Germany issued an ultimatum to the Belgians to allow its troops to cross through the country –
Belgium _______.
Declarations of War
o Germany declared war on France on August 3rd and crossed into Belgium.
o _______ declared war on _______ August 4th.
The Great War
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Illusions of the Times
o Economists had written before the war that economic conditions made a great war unlikely and if
it occurred it would be _____.
o Many political pundits believed that “________” diplomats would prevail and control the
situation making war unlikely or at least short-lived.
o Government propaganda had stirred up ________ feelings and now played on those feelings to
stir up a war fever.
o Even many socialists and labor leaders rose to join the cause in the country’s campaign for
justice and _______.
“Over by Christmas”
o Most believed the war would only last a few weeks.
o Hadn’t all the other wars since the age of Napoleon been over quickly?
Wars of Nationalism
o The Europeans failed to recognize that the real prototype for the modern war of nationalism was
the American _________ – four years, 364,000 dead.
o Many also believed that the sheer ____ of the modern mechanized war would not allow for a
sustained effort.
The Glorious Adventure
o Many young people saw the war as a great _________ – a chance to escape their boring
bourgeois lives.
The Great Redemption
o Others saw the war as a chance to bring their nations ________ through self-sacrifice, heroism
and nobility.
o “The lamps are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our lifetimes.”-- Sir
Edward Grey
The Schlieffen Plan in Action
o The German plan for success relied on _____ and mobility.
o Hundreds of thousands of troops crossed the Belgian border and in four weeks reached the _____
River outside of Paris.
British Expeditionary Force
o The Germans had not counted on the speed at which the _______ were able to mobilize and
bring troops across the Channel.
The First Battle of the Marne
o The British and French troops, under French General Joseph ______, stopped the German
advance at the Marne on September 6-10.
o The Germans were forced to retreat but the allies were unable to pursue.
o The war immediately broke into a _________ as both sides dug trenches.
Trench Warfare
o The trenches would soon stretch from Switzerland to the English Channel – the front line would
hardly move for __________.
The Eastern Front
o The Russians began the war with a major offensive into German territory in the north.
o Their advance was halted at the Battles of __________ (August 30) and Lake ________
(September 15).
o These battles established the reputations of the German generals Paul von __________ and Erich
__________.
o The Russians were effectively knocked out of the war.
The Austrian War
o The _________ were initially defeated by the Russians in Galicia and by the Serbians.
o _______ eventually came to their aid in defeating the Serbs and pushing the Russians back 300
miles.
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o The Russians lost 2.5 million men -- either dead, wounded or captured.
The Italians
o The ________ in the mean time had switched sides and launched an attack against their old
enemy the Austrians.
o The Italian front also became a _________ of trench warfare.
The Great Slaughter
1916 –1917
The Trenches
o The Western Front became an elaborate system of breastworks and interconnected trenches,
protected by barbed wire, machinegun nests and artillery batteries.
No Man’s Land
o The opposing forces were separated by ___________ of bombed out craters and destroyed
villages, across which the troops would launch suicidal bayonet charges.
“Over the Top”
o Pressure was constantly put on the generals to _____________ and bring about a victory.
o The breakthrough was believed possible if enough fire power could be brought to bear to “soften
up” the lines and then mass enough troops to charge the enemies lines.
o The ____________ doomed the charges to failure - millions of men lost their lives trying to gain
a few miles of territory.
The Battle of Verdun
o The Germans launched an attack at the French town of ______ in February of 1916.
o The initial advances were soon halted by the French General Henri-Philippe ______.
o Unprecedented bombardment, aerial dogfights and the use of __________ took the lives of over
_______ men in ten months of fighting.
War in the Air
o "[It] climbed like a monkey and maneuvered like the devil." Manfred von Richthofen
The Battle of the Somme
o In order to take pressure of the French at Verdun, the British launched an attack to the west at the
_____ River.
o The Germans were forced to move troops to counter this attack.
o The outcomes of these battles were __________, with neither side gaining nor losing territory.
Life in the Trenches
o For men in the trenches it was a life of long days of boredom followed by days of pure terror and
living hell.
o During combat the men in the trenches lived with constant ___________, the threat or reality of
___________, the corpses of the fallen and the rats that fed on them.
Gassed
o The only relief from the mud and the terror of the trench was the suicide that came with the order
to “____________.”
o As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare daily life
for the soldier became increasingly squalid, regimented, and miserable in the filthy, rat-infested,
and lice-ridden trenches.
“live and let live”
o Men on both sides developed a “live and let live” policy that let men go about their daily lives in
some ______.
o Men produced humorous magazines and sang soldiers songs.
o The Germans sang “The Watch on the Rhine.”
o The Americans would sing “Over There.”
The Widening of the War
o The British, in an attempt to attack the Ottoman Empire, attempted a landing at _________ on
the Dardanelles.
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o The __________ joined the war on the side of the Central Powers and brought the Gallipoli
campaign to an end.
The Landing at Gallipoli
o “Your news is indeed serious. But there is nothing for it but to dig yourselves right in and stick it
out. You have got through the difficult business, now you have only to dig, dig, dig, until you are
safe."
Lawrence of Arabia
o A British officer named T.E. Lawrence incited the _____ tribes to rally behind Prince Faisel and
attack the Ottoman Turks.
o The British were able to move from Cairo in Egypt to take Jerusalem and Damascus in the
___________.
The War at Sea
o The British and the German navies fought only one major naval engagement during the war – the
Battle of _______.
o While the Germans out-maneuvered the British and lost less ships, the British ended up
blockading the North Sea.
The German U-Boat
o The Germans retaliated by imposing a counter-blockade of England using unrestricted
_________ warfare.
Freedom of the Seas
o While the US tried to remain neutral in the war, the use of submarines to sink unarmed passenger
ships outraged the Americans and violated President Wilson’s call for “_______ of the ____.”
The Sinking of the Lusitania
o On May 7, 1915, a German ______ torpedoed and sank the British passenger ship the Lusitania.
o 100 Americans were killed.
o _____________
o The protests over this incident and the sinking of other passenger liners led the Germans to
pledge not to use unrestricted submarine warfare.
Breaking the Pledge
o Eager to break the deadlock of the Western Front, the Germans resumed the use of __________
in January of 1917.
o The Germans were willing to gamble that the British would be starved out of the war before the
US would respond.
The _________ Note
o An intercepted note from the German Foreign Minister to the Mexican government called on the
Mexicans to join the war and regain their lost territories from the US.
The US Joins the War
o The note caused outrage in America and led to Wilson seeking a declaration of war.
o The US declared war on _______ April 6, 1917.
The War in 1917
o The US would not arrive in great numbers until 1918, in 1917 the war was not going well for the
allies.
o The Italians were smashed in October and in November the _________ __________ took Russia
out of the war.
The Home Front
Total War
o European governments gradually took ____________ of all aspects of their economies.
o Millions of people were mobilized to fight or work.
o This led to increased ______________ of the government and the widespread use of propaganda
to manipulate public opinion.
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o As public morale and support for the war ebbed _____________ were widely expanded to
include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.
o Internal opposition to the war came largely from ________ and __________ appalled by the
scale of human slaughter and the terrible costs of rampant nationalism and militarism.
Women in the War
o Many women went to work in the _________ to replace the men sent to the trenches.
o Expectations for women during the war were that they would return to their "______" lives when
the war ended.
o These women workers played an important role in winning women the right to ____ immediately
following the war.
Death - the Great Leveler
o Death rates at the front in World War One were high for all soldiers regardless of their prior
social status, but mortality was especially great among junior ________ drawn largely from the
nobility and the unskilled laborers and peasants comprising the mass of infantry troops.
o The fortunate ones were the _______ and highly skilled workers that were exempted from going
to battle.
o The new British Prime Minister David Lloyd George was misguided in his optimism that the war
was ending _______________ through the common hardship and loss of war.
o By the end of the war it was very apparent that not all classes had suffered equally during the
war -- large industrialists, especially owners of factories making _______ and munitions did very
well.
The Russian Revolution
“I shall maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my
unforgettable dead father.”
-- Alexander II
 Industrial Development
o The Russian Tsars Alexander III and Nicholas II were determined that Russia must become an
__________ power.
o Sergei _____, the industrialist and railroad tycoon, was appointed Finance Minister in 1892 by
Alexander and would serve both Alexander III and Nicholas II.
o Witte pursued a policy of _______ economic development, protective tariffs, high taxes, the gold
standard, and industrial efficiency.
o Under Witte the Russian _______ system grew from 30,000 to 60,000 miles and the TransSiberian Railroad was almost completed.
o ____ production increased from 928,000 tons to 4,641,000 tons.
o ________ manufacturing flourished and the factory system was developed throughout the
country.
 Industrial Discontent
o Rapid industrialization brought considerable ______ __________.
o __________ were envious of industrialists and angry about foreign investments.
o ________ were upset that grain exports and heavy taxes were used to pay for development in
which they did not share.
 Emerging Proletariat
o The nearly three million industrial factory workers labored in _____ conditions for very low
wages.
o Trade unions were _______ and though they were granted an 11.5-hour day they had little state
protection.
 Agrarian Unrest
o Similar social unrest was found in the _____ areas.
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o Peasants were still bound economically to their ____ or village communes and were burdened by
state redemption, taxes and failing grain prices.
o Peasants were often too poor to support their families and had to hire themselves out the landed
nobility or more prosperous peasants called ______.
o The population of Russia _______ between 1860 and 1914 – from 50 million to approximately
103 million.
o Hunger, discontent and violent uprisings became common in _____ Russia.
Political Developments
o The development of new _________ _______ and movements accompanied the social and
economic troubles.
The Social Revolutionary Party.
o A new party with roots in the agrarian ________ movement was founded in 1901.
o The Social Revolutionary Party opposed industrialization and called for a return to the
communal life of the _____.
The Constitutional Democratic Party.
o The CDP or ______ was formed in 1903, drawing its members from the local councils called
Zemstvos.
o They modeled themselves on the liberal ____________ of Western Europe.
o The Kadets wanted a _____________ regime with responsible ministers, civil liberties, and
economic progress.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
o Russian socialists did not believe in the ___________ and accommodations of the western
European Socialists.
o The repressive policies of the Tsarist regime forced the socialist Russian Social Democratic
Party to operate in _____.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
o The future leader of the Communist Revolution was born the son of a high bureaucrat.
o Ulyanov’s brother was executed as part of plot to kill Alexander III.
o Ulyanov became a _______ and was arrested in 1895.
o After spending five exiled in Siberia, he fled the country and spent the next 17 years in
___________.
Lenin
o In Switzerland he wrote under the name of _____ and became heavily involved in exiled Social
Democrats.
o In his “What is to be Done?” Lenin outlined his plan for __________.
o Revolution was to come from an ___________ of highly organized professional revolutionaries.
o The Party, he said, must maintain “the strictest secrecy, the strictest selection of members and the
training of professionals.”
The London Congress
o At the London Congress of Social Democrats, Lenin forced a _____ in the party.
o His followers gained a razor thin ________ in party, and there after called themselves the
__________ – meaning majority.
Mensheviks and Bolsheviks
o The minority group was called the __________.
o The Bolsheviks, under Lenin’s leadership, called for the unification of the ___________ and the
________.
The Two Tactics
o Lenin’s plan was based on these two principles – An ___________ and a dual social revolution.
The Dismissal of Witte
o In 1903, Nicholas II dismissed Witte, hoping to quell the social unrest.
o The next year Russia went to war with _____ hoping to rally the people to Tsar and country.
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The Russo-Japanese War
o Russia was quickly defeated by the Japanese in 1905, following the capture of Port Arthur by the
Japanese and the loss of two Russian fleets.
The Revolution of 1905
o With the humiliating loss Russia faced a serious internal domestic crisis and reacted with
violence and __________.
Bloody Sunday
o On January 22, 1905 a priest named Father _____ led several hundred workers on a protest
march to present a petition to the Tsar at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
o The petitioners were ___________ by the tsar’s troops in front of the Winter Palace.
o Revolutionary disturbances spread throughout the country.
Revolution
o The tsar’s uncle was assassinated and strikes broke out in St. Petersburg where worker’s groups
called _______ gained control of the city.
The October Manifesto
o The Tsar recalled Witte and issued the October Manifesto, which promised a ______________
government.
The Duma
o Tsar Nicholas II announced the establishment of two-house legislature called the ____.
o But Nicholas reserved for _______ the power to appoint ministers, and to make financial,
military and foreign policy.
The First Duma
o The First Duma was elected with a very radical assembly despite very limited suffrage.
o Nicholas then dismissed Witte again and appointed P.A. ________.
o Stolypin then persuaded Nicholas to dismiss the Duma.
o A second Duma was then elected in February 1907.
o The Second Duma was still not cooperative enough and the Tsar dismissed this one as well.
o The Third Duma was sufficiently pliable for the Tsar who had managed to quickly regain
__________ rule.
Stolypin’s Repressions
o Stolypin began to repress any rebellion by establishing field courts to try rebellious peasants.
o Moderate ____________ were also established, but hatred of Stolypin was high.
o In 1911, Stolypin was assassinated by a Social Revolutionary who may have been an agent of the
Tsar.
Rasputin
o By this time the Tsarina and much of the court had fallen under the spell of the strange powers of
the _______ ____ Rasputin, who claimed to have the power to heal the hemophilia of the Tsar’s
son.
World War I
o When the war broke out Nicholas went to the front to take personal charge of the war.
o While the Tsar was gone from court ________ became more and more influential.
o As the leadership in Russia muddled its way through one disaster after another, the working
class, middle class and aristocrats became more convinced that something must be done.
o A group of aristocrats, sick of the priest’s orgies and believing he was in league with Germany,
____________ Rasputin at a tea party.
The March Revolution
o At the beginning of March 1917, a series of strikes broke out in _________ (the new name of St.
Petersburg).
International Women’s Day
o On March 8th 10,000 women factory workers marched through the streets demanding “_____
and _____”
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o The march led to the call for a ______________, which shut down all of the factories on March
10th.
o The Tsar ordered the troops to disperse the crowds, shooting them if necessary.
o After initially opening fire, many of the troops instead ______ the demonstrations.
Abdication
o On March 12th the Duma met and declared itself the ___________ Government and called on the
Tsar to ________.
o He did so on March 15.
The Provisional Government
o ________ Constitutional Democrats established a provisional government.
o Controlled by middle class liberal aristocrats.
o These moderates believed in 19th century liberal ideas such as free speech and universal
manhood suffrage.
o They were determined to carry on the ___ against Germany.
The Soviets
o Councils of _______ and ________ formed committees that acted as quasi-independent
governments all over Russia.
o Socialist Revolutionaries began to organize peasants, workers and soldiers and called for
_________ to achieve socialist revolution.
The Bolsheviks
o Lenin’s Bolsheviks were caught off guard by the swiftness of the Tsar’s fall from power.
Finland Station
o Lenin began negotiating with the ______ High Command, who wanted to sow further chaos in
the Russia.
o April 1917, Lenin was transported by the Germans to Russia in a ______ train.
April Theses
o Lenin outlined his plan for a Bolshevik revolution.
o He believed the Bolsheviks had to seize control of the _______ and convince the masses to
follow the communists.
Peace, Land and Bread
o The Bolsheviks used __________ to promise the lower classes peace land and bread.
The Provisional Government
o A constitutional __________ was called for the fall of 1917.
o Peasants were promised land but in reality that were already taking it on their own.
Army Order No. 1
o The Petrograd Soviet ordered the army to remove their officers from command and replace them
with _______ committees.
o All __________ in the army now collapsed.
Bolshevik Revolution
o July 1917, _____ was forced to flee to Finland and many Bolsheviks were jailed after being
accused on planning a coup.
o Alexander ________, a Socialist Revolutionary, was elected Prime Minister, but his government
was weak and in trouble.
Kornilov Coup
o General Lavr ________ attempted to march on the Winter Palace in Petrograd.
o Kerensky released the Bolsheviks from jail to help crush the coup – Lenin hurried back to
Russia.
Lenin Returns
o Lenin and his comrade Leon _______ seized control of the Petrograd Soviet
o Lenin and Trotsky began planning a ____ of their own.
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November 6-7, 1917.
o Bolsheviks forces easily seized control of the Winter Palace and the Provisional Government
_________.
All Russian Congress
o Lenin proclaimed the power of government was in the hands of the new Parliament
o In reality he controlled to government through the Council of ________ __________.
The Constituent Assembly
o The Congress called for an election to establish a new parliament to meet in _______ 1918.
o The Bolsheviks failed to gain a ________ of the seats.
o Lenin shut down the parliament by _____.
The Communists
o The Bolsheviks, now calling themselves __________, began to fulfill the promises made to the
masses.
o ____ was nationalized
o Factories were turned over to the _______.
Alexandra Kollontai
o Communist woman that instituted a series of welfare programs and social reforms.
o ________ was made a civil act
o _______ was legalized as was abortion
o Men and women were equal under the law.
o __________Program was developed to inform the people about the laws.
o Many women that tried to liberate other women were attacked and killed.
Treaty of _____-_______
o Lenin made a separate peace with Germany, ending Russian involvement in WWI.
o Russia _______ claims to Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic.
Russian Civil War
o Many people were upset over the Communists programs and the changes taking place.
o Anti- Communist Armies calling themselves the _____ Armies began to attack the Communist
Red Army.
The War
o Between 1918 and 1921 the Red Army was surrounded by the White Army and fought on many
fronts.
o The Whites were led by Generals _______, _______ and Yudenich.
White Successes
o At first the war went badly for the Red Army and by late 1919 the Reds were on the verge of
collapse.
Foreign Involvement
o French, British and American forces came to the aid of the White Army, but their efforts
ultimately ______________ the White Army.
Leon Trotsky
o By 1920, the Red Army, under the leadership of Leon _______, had defeated the Whites and
regained control over all of the territory of Russia.
Reasons for Red Victory
o The Communists instituted strict __________.
o ___ _________ – take over of all means of production.
o Terror – the _____ secret police used the Red Terror to crush internal opposition.
o The White Army was unable to mount a ______ and coordinated offensive against the Red’s
internal lines of defense.
o The Whites did ___ _____ on a common goal and were often at odds with each other.
o Foreign intervention was used as a __________ tool by the Reds to appeal to Russian patriotism.
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The End of the War to End All Wars
The Last Year of the War
o With Russia out of the war, Germany launched a major _________ to defeat the Allies before
America could get into the conflict.
o 140,000 ________ troops landed in France, turning the tide in the battle.
o By the summer the _____ _______ forest counter-offensive had Germany in retreat.
The Final Days
o The German High Command announced in September that they could not ___________.
o Ludendorf demanded that the government begin negotiations for an armistice.
o Knowing that the Allies were reluctant to deal with the __________ government of the Kaiser, a
new liberal government was established.
The Kiel Mutiny
o On November 3, 1918 sailors in the naval yards at ____ rose in Mutiny.
o Germany erupted in revolution – ______ style committees were formed.
The Kaiser Abdicates
o On November 9, 1918 the German Kaiser _________ and leaves for Holland.
o An agreement was now reached for an end to hostilities.
Armistice
o _________ was signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of November 1918 in a railway car at
Compiègne in the north of France.
November Revolution
o _____ and demonstrations rock Germany in November.
o The ______ _________ began to bring order to the chaos.
o The SD was split between revisionist and more radical elements.
The German Communists
o The German _________ Party was founded under Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg.
o When the Communists tried to seize control of ______ in December, Friedrich Ebert and the
conservative ________ crushed the rebels and murdered Luxembourg and Liebknecht.
o A similar rebellion in Munich will also be crushed by the conservatives – leading to a deep ____
of communism in the hearts of the German middle class.
Versailles Conference
o U.S. President Woodrow ______ called for a war to end war.
o Crusade to “make the world safe for democracy.”
Wilson’s 14 Points
o End ______ treaties
o Freedom of the ____.
o Remove economic barriers.
o ______ armaments.
o Adjusts colonial claims.
o Promote “____ _____________”
o Evacuation of occupied land
o European boundaries drawn along national lines.
o Creation of an International peace organization - the ______ of _______.
The Big Four
o The Versailles conference is dominated by
o Woodrow Wilson of the US.
o David Lloyd ______ of Britain
o George __________ of France
o Vittorio _______ of Italy
Business as Usual.
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o European Imperialists agreed to a League of Nations - but divided up imperial control under
League ________.
The Treaty of Versailles
o February 1919 - European powers signed the League Covenant - to make the League of Nations
a part of the Treaty of Versailles.
o The Big Four pressed for a treaty that would ______ _______ and give territories to the victors.
o France got a ________ Treaty that would ensure aid in case Germany ever invaded again.
The Treaty of Versailles signed - June 1919.
o Only included ____ of Wilson’s _________.
o ___________ “The War Guilt Clause” blamed Germany and forced reparations and the
occupation of German territory.