Download File 3rd quarter review

Regents Earth Science
Mrs. Mannarino
REGENTS EARTH SCIENCE EXAM REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses. Ex: The book is yellowish.
In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations. Ex: The rock is old.
Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments. Ex: The book is 22cm.
Classification is organizing observations in a meaningful way. Ex: The book is science fiction.
Mass- the amount of _______________in an object.
Volume- the amount of _____________ an object occupies.
The __________ of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the sample.
As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will _____________.
As the temperature increases, the density _____________.
Water expands when it ______________ causing density to ______________.
Most changes are _____________, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
Dynamic Equilibrium means ________ are occurring but overall they __________ out.
Most substances are densest as a _____________.
Water is densest at _____ degrees Celsius, when it is a ____________.
Objects more dense than water ____________, less dense will _____________.
Because the Earth bulges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an __________
______________.
The equatorial diameter is _____________ than the polar diameter.
A person would weigh slightly _______ at the poles because he/she is __________ to the center of the Earth.
The best model of the Earth’s shape is a ___________.
Evidence for a round earth: photos from space (best evidence), ships disappear slowly over the horizon, Earth’s shadow
on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse), Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.
The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer’s _____________.
Polaris is located above the Earth’s __________ of _____________.
You can only see Polaris in the __________ hemisphere –always have to look _______ to see Polaris.
As a persons latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris ___________.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
If you’re at 90°N, then Polaris is ___ above the horizon- If you are at 0° then Polaris is ___° .
_____________ Lines run left to right (horizontal) but measures distances ________ and ________ of the equator.
_____________ Lines run up and down (vertically) but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian.
Approximate latitude of NY is ____ to 45°N, 72 to ____°W.
Longitude is based on earth’s rotation of 15°/hr and the sun’s apparent motion.
If you travel west time becomes less, if you travel east, time will increase!
The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the ______________ the slope (gradient).
32.
33.
34.
35.
Contour lines always bend at a stream forming a “V” that points in the opposite direction of flow.
Contour Interval – the elevation increase between two contour lines, Ocean/ sea level = 0.
Streams always flow from _________to_________ elevation.
Hydrosphere = water (oceans) Lithosphere = Crust (continental/oceanic) Atmosphere = Layers of gasses.
17.
18.
19.
20.
36. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when ____________ to earth.
37. The red shift (Doppler Effect) and cosmic background radiation is evidence for the Big Bang Theory
38. Light from distant galaxies show a shift to the __________ end of the visible spectrum, which is evidence that the
universe is _______________.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Our sun is a medium size (Main Sequence) star in the galaxy called the _________ __________.
Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average _________ ________ star. P. 15
Our sun will eventually swell up to be a red giant then shrink down into a white dwarf.
Star get their energy from _________ _________(4 hydrogen into 1 helium)
The theory of the formation of the universe is called the _______ ________ theory.
The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of ____________and have __________ average density.
The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are composed of __________ and have _________ average density.
Stars like the Sun appear to move at ______ per hour because the earth _________ 15 degrees per hour.
The only star that does not appear to move is ____________ because it is located directly above the Earth’s
_______of___________.
48. The earth ____________ from west to east (24 hours) at a rate of ___ degrees per hour.
49. The earth ____________ around the sun (365 1/4) days.)
50. All celestial objects appear to move from ________ to ________.
51. The moon has phases because it _________ around the __________.
52. Eclipses only occur at the __________ and full moon phases.
53. A lunar eclipse is when the _________ is blocked out.
54. A solar eclipse is when the __________ is blocked out.
55. Earth’s seasons are caused by 1. ___________________
2.___________________ of the Earth’s Axis
3.___________________ of the Earth’s Axis
56. Evidence of Earth’s revolution around the Sun is the changing ___________ and _______________ throughout the year,
57. Summer solstice is on __________.
 The ___________ hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.
 The direct (perpendicular) rays of the sun hit the tropic of ____________.
 Sun rise is _______ of east, and sunset is ________ of the west.
58. Winter solstice is on ________.
 The _______ hemisphere is tilted towards the sun.
 The direct (perpendicular) rays of the sun hit the Tropic of ____________.
 Sun rise is _______ of east, and sunset is ________ of west.
59. Equinoxes are ________ and ________.
 The direst (perpendicular) rays hit the _______________.
 The sun rise____________ and sets ____________ on the equinoxes.
60. Duration of insulation = ________hours on the equinox.
61. The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are:
_________________,_____________________,__________________
62. Greatest angle of insolation/perpendicular/vertical rays of the Sun (overhead sun) can only occur
between _______°N & _______°S.
63. The maximum duration of insolation is ______ hrs.
64. The greatest duration of insolation can only occur at _____°N or _____°S
65. The largest angle of insolation is ______ degrees.
66. As the sun’s angle of insolation increases, the sun’s intensity __________.
67. The equator always has ______ hours of daylight.
68. The higher the altitude of the sun, the ______________ the shadow.
69. Shadows are the longest at _________ (time of day). And the shortest at __________.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on ________(date). Longest on _______(date)
In NY, an observer must always look ________ to see the sun at noon.
The sun is _________ at an observer’s zenith in NY.
Winds, ocean currents and anything else moving across Earth are deflected (curve) because of the __________
________.
Foucault’s pendulum and Coriolis effect is evidence that the Earth ____________.
Changing Seasons ands Constellations is evidence that the Earth __________.
The Earth is closer to the sun during the __________ season.
Preihelion – earth is __________to the sun.
Aphelion – earth is __________ to the sun.
The closer a planet is to the sun, the _____________ its velocity as its orbits.
The closer a planet is to the sun, the _____________ the gravitational attraction.
Gravity is greatest when the mass of objects are ____________ and the distance between them is __________.
Tides are caused by the __________ gravitational attraction.
There are ________ high tides, and _________ low tides per day (12 hours apart)- a cyclic pattern.
Our solar system is located ¾ the way down one of the spiral arms of our galaxy- the ___________ ________.
A ___________ is a cluster of 100-200 billion stars.
The following is in __________ size and age order: Universe, Galaxy, Solar system, Earth.
____________ model is earth centered. Everything revolves around the earth.
____________________ model is sun centered. Planets revolve around the sun.
All planets orbit in ________________ (shaped) orbits with the ___________ at one foci.
The farther from the Sun the ____________ the orbital path.
As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity ___________.
The more ________ the orbit the less eccentric/elliptical it is.
The closer the eccentricity is to 0 the more ___________, the closer it is to 1 the more ___________ the orbit is.
The earth’s orbit is extremely round, almost perfect, but it is slightly elliptical, see ESRT pg 15.
The color __________ absorbs, while _________ reflects energy.
Smooth/shiny surfaces __________ more radiation, and rough dull surfaces ____________more radiation.
______________ transfers energy by direct contact (molecules collide).
98. Convection- heat transfers due to ____________ differences. (gases and liquids.)
99. Hot air and liquids __________ because they are ________ dense and _________.
100.
When air is heated it becomes ____________ dense and _____________.
101.
Radiation – transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic _____________.
102.
Electromagnetic energy is categorized based on __________________. (pg 14 ESRT)
103.
The portion of the sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth’s surface with the maximum intensity is
____________ _______________.
104.
The ozone is found in the ________ layer of the atmosphere and absorbs harmful rays known as __________.
105.
When electromagnetic waves are bent due to density differences its called ____________.
106.
As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth
_____________.
107.
Earth received mainly short wave __________ _________ during the day and later reradiates this energy back
into space as ______________waves (heat energy).
108.
Infrared heat energy is absorbed by two gases _____________ and ____________ (green house gasses).
109.
As the amount of Carbon dioxide increase, the temperature of the earth ______________.
110.
Objects radiate the most amount of energy when their temperatures are _______________.
111.
Energy moves from the source to sink, or from ____________ to _____________.
112.
Most of the energy that drives surface process come from the ____________.
113.
_______________ energy is energy of motion.
114.
_______________ energy is stored energy or “energy of position”..
115.
There is NO _____________ change during a phase change.
116.
Use the ESRT to see which process release energy and which processes gain energy (front page.)
117.
__________________ is heat energy that is re-radiated by the earth.
118.
Land heats up _________ than liquid water because it has a __________ specific heat.
119.
The higher the specific heat the ______________ it takes to heat up and cool down.
120.
Good absorbers of radiation are also good _______________________.
121.
The hottest time of the year is _____________(approx date), which is after the angle of insolation (6/21)
122.
Hottest part of the day is ____________(approx time) which is after the greatest angle of insolation (noon).
123.
As altitude increases, air pressure ______________.
124.
Air Pressure or Barometric Pressure is caused by weight of the air (Barometer measures Air Pressure.)
125.
As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor _______________.
126.
The greatest amount of water vapor is found in the _________________ (layer of atmosphere.)
127.
The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the ________________ (layer of the atmosphere.)
128.
As temperature increases, density of air ________________.
129.
As temperature increases, air pressure ________________________.
130.
As moisture content increases (humidity), air pressure _________________.
131.
AS temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air ________________.
132.
High pressure systems are associated with ___________ weather conditions.
133.
Low pressure systems are associated with __________ weather conditions.
134.
In Low pressure systems Lows blow ______________ and _______________ ____________ (L.I.C.C.)
135.
In high pressure systems winds blow ___________ and ____________ (H.O.C.)
136.
At the center of a low pressure center, air ___________ and ___________ (Low-CO)
137.
At the center of a high pressure center air ____________ and ____________ (High-DI)
138.
The highest pressure is ____________ and __________. Air pressure is lowest when it is ____________ and
____________.
139.
Winds blow due to difference in _____________ ________________.
140.
The more closely spaced the isobars the ______________ the wind speed.
141.
Wind blows from regions of ___________ to ______________ pressure.
142.
Winds are named for the direction the _______________________.
143.
Weather patterns (in the U.S.) move from ____________ to _______________, because we are located in the
___________ planetary wind belt.
144.
(
145.
Fronts are associated with ___________ pressure. Clouds and precipitation.
146.
A front is a boundary between 2 air masses.
147.
When warm air rises, it ______________, _______________ and ______________. (R.E.C.C.)
148.
In order for clouds to form, the air needs to be __________ and __________ __________ must be available.
149.
The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the _____________ the relative humidity and the greater the
chance for ________________.
150.
Air mass characteristics (temp. moisture) are determined by the ______________ _____________.
151.
The mT air mass that affect NY’s weather is ______________ and ____________ and forms over the
_____________ of ____________.
152.
cP air masses are ______________ and _________ and form over ___________________.
153.
Relative humidity – a percentage of the amount of moisture in the air to the maximum amount it can hold.
154.
Saturation – When the air is holding the ______________ amount of water it can hold.
155.
Dew Point temperature – Temperature at which _____________ occurs (air is saturated.)
156.
When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature relative humidity is _____________.
157.
When the air temperature approaches the dew point temperature relative humidity is __________.
158.
Precipitation ___________ pollution and ___________ atmospheric transparency.
159.
Dry, hot and windy conditions _____________ the rate of evaporation.
160.
Tornadoes – short lived (a minute or less) small in size- get in the basement!
161.
Hurricanes – Low Pressure systems- last days, very large, high winds, - evacuate – stock pile food/ water,
batteries, etc.
162.
163.
Hurricanes get their energy from warm ocean water mT air mass, die over land, know hurricane track.
The rate of evaporation increases when surface area __________________.