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U.S. History Study Guide IN THE BEGINNING – Geography There are many important river systems in the US examples being the Mississippi River, the Missouri River, the Ohio River, the Colorado River, & the Hudson River The US also contains 5 Great Lakes, which received their name due to their large size. They include Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, & Ontario (last 2 in New York) The US also possesses 2 major mountain ranges the Appalachians in the East & the Rocky mountains in the West The US capital is located in Washington D.C. New York state’s capital city is located at Albany Three major mountain ranges are located in New York the Adhirondacks, the Catskills, & the Allegheny Mountains – all are part of the Appalachian chain The major rivers in the state of New York are the Hudson, Mohawk, & the St. Lawrence NATIVE AMERICANS – America’s First Inhabitants 1 Geographers study the interaction between people, their environments, and their resources Historians study what has happened in the lives of different people in our past The five themes of geography help to illustrate the relationship between geography and history Political science is a field in which researches study how people set up and maintain governments Archeologists are individuals who study the past by examining artifacts Some examples of artifacts which archeologists study are arrowheads, pottery, tools, and buried animal bones Longitude and latitude help to determine absolute or exact location of places on the earth. Latitude lines measure North and South distances from the equator The equator is an imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude Longitude lines measure East and West distances from the Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian lies at 0 degrees longitude A people’s way of life can be defined as their culture The Incan civilization was located high in the Andes Mountains in South America The Aztec people were located in central Mexico with their capital city of Tenochtitlan Many scientists believe that the first people arrived in the Americas by crossing a land bridge from Siberia in Asia Native Americans developed different cultures based upon where the settled in the Americas Native Americans kept their history alive by storytelling to future generations, this is known as an oral tradition The buffalo provided the food, shelter, and clothing for the plain’s hunters Native-Americans were polytheistic, which means that they believed in many gods The Iroquois of New York were perhaps the strongest of the Eastern Woodland tribes Native Americans had a strong respect for nature and for land, which they believed cold not be sold or owned The Iroquois formed a league, which they believed would end wars amongst its members and provide a defense against potential Examples of how Native Americans adapted to their environment include the foods they ate, the homes in which they lived, and the clothes they wore U.S. History Study Guide THE AGE OF EXPLORATION – “The Americas, who put that there?” Europeans became interested in trade for many reasons including new inventions, spices, exotic goods, and earlier exploration voyages In order to increase trade profits Europeans looked for new sea routes to Asia Prince Henry the Navigator helped to increase European interest in exploration by establishing a school of navigation Vasco da Gama became the 1st Portuguese sailor to reach India/Asia by sailing around the tip of Africa Although Columbus is widely believed to be the first European to discover the Americas, it is now proven that the Vikings arrived centuries earlier The Columbian Exchange is the name given to the transfer of good, ideas, animals, and disease between the Old World and the New World Millions of Native Americans would die as a result of the disease brought to the New World by the Columbian Exchange Millions more Native Americans would die from being forced to labor for the Spanish in mines and on plantations. These plantations were called encomiendas. The Spanish came to the New World seeking the 3 G’s: Gold, G_d, and Glory Spanish Conquistadors conquered the Native-Americans of the New World, including the Incas (Pizarro) and the Aztecs (Cortes) Bartholome de Las Casas was called the “Protector of the Indians” for speaking on behalf of Indians and Indian rights in the New World The Spanish created the empire of New Spain which was locate predominantly in Central and Southern America The Middle Passage was the horrific journey where Africans were brought across the Atlantic to the Americas as slaves Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and set up Quebec as a fur trading post. The colony of New France was established along the St. Lawrence River in present day Canada (eh?) and focused on the trapping and trading of furs with Native Americans A Northwest Passage was important to Europeans because it would supposedly provided a quick all water route to Asia through the North American Continent The Dutch became the first major European group to settle in New York (New Amsterdam) and around our present state capital of Albany (Fort Orange) AMERICAN COLONIZATION – A New Land 2 The colony on Roanoke Island (present day North Carolina) was England’s first attempt at colonization in the Americas, which was along the Atlantic Coast of North America Jamestown was England’s first permanent colony in the Americas, but was plagued by disease, hunger, hostile Indians, and lazy workers Jamestown grew because of John Rolfe’s success planting tobacco as a cash crop. The House of Burgesses was the colony’s first representative body in the New World, and helped pave the way for representative government in all the colonies. The New England colonies (Plymouth Pilgrims & Massachusetts Bay Puritans) were founded for RELIGIOUS FREEDOM The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by the Pilgrims, which promised to set up a government, which received its power from the people. U.S. History Study Guide The Puritans left England to build a religious society in America so they could practice their religion freely Thomas Hooker (a Puritan dissenter) founded Connecticut because he feared that the Massachusetts government was too powerful Roger Williams founded Rhode Island because he fled Massachusetts due to religious differences with Puritans New Englanders fought King Phillip’s War against Native Americans (Metacom) who were fearful of the growth of the colonies, and the lose of tribal land The colonists at Plymouth were helped to survive and adapt to the Americas, because Native Americans taught them to plant corn and fish Despite this, the soil of New England was rocky, and was hampered by a short growing season. The Middle Colonies (Breadbasket Colonies) were known for both their farming and their trading success New Netherland, which was controlled by the Dutch, became New York after it was taken over by the English The Triangular Trade was a informal trading route between North America, Europe, and Africa, which involved such items as sugar, rum, molasses, slaves, manufactured goods, and iron The triangular trade was a colonial shipping route between New England, the West Indies, and Africa The backcountry was an inland area at the base of the Appalachian Mountains Many British settlers moved to the backcountry because of the free land which was available for farming and settlement This westward movement caused increased tension between white settlers and Native-Americans, which led to Bacon’s Rebellion In the colonies only white Christian males, who owned land, and were 21 years of age, could vote. The colony of Georgia was established for debtors who were jailed in England William Penn was the founder of Pennsylvania, a religious haven for Quakers John Winthrop helped to found the Massachusetts Bay colony for the Puritans Cecilius Calvert, (Lord Baltimore) helped establish Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics Roger Williams established Rhode Island to escaper religious persecution as the hands of the Puritans Indentured servants were those who agreed to work without wages for a length of time in exchange for passage on a ship to the Americas A plantation was a large self-sufficient farm and estate, which utilized slave labor to produce cash crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, or cotton Mercantilism is an economic theory, which stated that a nation becomes strong by building up its supply of gold, and by expanding its trade, at the expense of its colonies. “mother” England The Great Awakening was a religious movement, which spread throughout the English colonies The Salem Witch Trials caused the unwarranted death of many of Salem’s citizens, and illustrated how religious fanaticism can be harmful The Peter Zenger case helped to establish the idea of Freedom of the Press in the English colonies, by allowing the press to criticize colonial governments THE ROAD TO & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION – A New Nation Emerges 3 The conflict over land led to the French and Indian War in colonial North America The Albany Plan of Union was the idea of Ben Franklin, in which he called for the colonies to unite to defend themselves against French and Indian attacks The British military and the colonists won the French and Indian war, and as a result, gained all the French lands in North America U.S. History Study Guide The British government was left with a huge monetary debt following the French and Indian War, which they wanted the colonists in America to shrink by paying taxes The Proclamation of 1763 forbade the colonists from settling on land west of the Appalachian Mountains, in an effort to avoid the settlers conflict with Native Americans “Salutatory Neglect” is the term given to the time period when Britain largely left the colonies to govern themselves, and where the colonists ignored British mercantilism laws (smuggling & trading with other European powers) A boycott was a non-violent form of protest where colonists refused to buy British trade goods The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to help raise money to repay the debt left from fighting the French and Indian War Colonists in Massachusetts staged the Boston Tea Party to protest the British tax on tea Colonists began to debate if it was fair for the British Parliament to tax them since the colonists did not have elected representatives in the English Parliament The Sons of Liberty were colonists who staged protests against British colonial policies “No Taxation without Representation” was a colonial response to British economic policies toward the economy The Boston Massacre resulted in the unfortunate death of 5 colonists after an altercation with British Troops Thomas Paine’s Common Sense made many colonists support the idea of independence from Britain John Locke was a British political theorist who stated that the power to govern came from the people Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776 The Declaration of Independence was based on the idea of natural rights, or rights that belong to all human beings (these rights are acquired at birth) The colonists viewed the idea of unity (oneness) as a strong defense against Great Britain The Revolutionary War began with the Battles at Lexington (Shot Heard Round the World) and Concord Supporters of Great Britain were known as Loyalists or Tories Supporters of independence were known as Patriots George Washington of Virginia was granted control of the Continental Army The Americans had the advantage of knowledge of the American terrain, and leadership of George Washington In the winter of 1777, the Continental Army spent a long harsh winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Saratoga was a colonial victory, and proved to be the turning point of the war because the victory helped to secure France as an ally (Scary thought, I know!) France aided the colonies by providing money, supplies, and military assistance The Revolution came to an end with the surrender of General Cornwallis and his British forces at Yorktown, Virginia The Treaty of Paris (1783) established the United States of America as a free and independent nation THE CONSTITUTION – We the PEOPLE 1. The constitution is a bundle of compromises and a living document. Great Compromise Representation Virginia Plan James Madison 4 William Patterson Bicameral House Senate Slave Population Slave Trade Slave Trade Compromise Fugitive Slave Law Federalist Anti-Federalist Bill of Rights Amend U.S. History Study Guide NJ Plan 3/5 Compromise Ratification Amendment 2. The constitution is broken down into 7 parts called Articles and an introduction called the Preamble. 3. The constitution limits the power of the federal government through the principles of popular sovereignty, separation of powers, and checks & balances. ***Main Principles of the Constitution*** 1. Popular Sovereignty (through indirect democracy) 2. Separation of Powers 3. Checks & Balances 4. Federalism (division of power into state and federal with federal power being supreme) 5. Flexibility (ability to amend) Separation of Powers Legislative Congress Make laws Bill Approve/Reject 5 Impeach Secretary Interpret Indirect democracy Override Executive President Vice Pres. Cabinet Veto Pocket Appoint Judicial Supreme Court Constitutional Unconstitutional Popular Sovereignty John Locke Social Contract Electoral College Checks & Balances State Powers Federal Powers Term/Term Limits Shays’ Rebellion was one of many factors which illustrated the weaknesses and ineffectiveness of the nation’s first constitution, the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation gave too much power to the state governments because Americans feared a tyrant (strong ruler) following their experiences with King George III of England The initial purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was to revise the Articles One of the main beliefs of the framers of the Constitution is that the government should have limited powers, so an not become tyrannical James Madison is known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his role in helping to create the document The goals of the nation’s Constitution are listed in the Preamble At the convention in Philadelphia many debates about representation arose, and were settled by several compromises The Great Compromise created a 2 house (BICAMERAL)legislature: one based on population, the other gave each state 2 officials The Great compromise was a blend of both the New Jersey (small state) and Virginia (large state) plans The 3/5 Compromise helped to answer how slaves would be counted in a state’s population for governmental representation The Constitution created 3 branches of government (the legislative, the executive, and the judicial), which is also known as the separation of powers The legislative branch writes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets the law. The executive branch is headed by the President of the United States The division of power between the national, state, and local government is known as federalism U.S. History Study Guide Under the system of federalism, delegated powers are left to the national government, reserved powers are left to the states, while concurrent powers are shared between both levels The Constitution also created a system of checks and balances, which allows one branch to check the power of the other two braches to make sure they do not become too powerful Be sure to understand some of the governmental checks (veto, override, impeachment, judicial review, etc.) Judicial Review is the idea that the Supreme Court can decide whether a law violates the Constitution Federalists are those individuals who wanted to support the ratification (pass) of the Constitution Federalists believed in a strong central government, which would provide stability and order. The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, which helped to give support for the cause for the ratification of the Constitution. Antifederalists were those individuals who were against the ratification of the Constitution Antifederalists believed that the national government was too strong, and that the Constitution needed a Bill of Rights added to protect the basic rights (natural or unalienable rights) of the nation’s citizens The Elastic Clause gives Congress the right to make all laws it deems “necessary and proper”, which allows the Constitution to adjust to situations that the framers were not anticipating when the Constitution was written The Constitution, is a “living document” which can be changed either by the amendment process, or through its interpretation by the Supreme Court The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights, which protect the basic rights of all Americans The Bill of Rights protects such things as freedom of speech, religion, the right to bear arms, the right to trial, and the right of due process of law. The Constitution is based on the principle of Popular Sovereignty, which means that “The People” have the final say in government. The ultimate authority from our form of government comes from the people (We the People …) The government of the U.S. is a representative democracy, which means that citizens elect representatives to serve office for them. WAR of 1812, JACKSONIAN AGE, & MANIFEST DESTINY - Life in the New Nation 6 The supreme court received the right of judicial review in the Marbury vs. Madison case (1803), which allowed them to decide the Constitutionality of laws The United States doubled the size of the nation when President Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, and expanded the United States west of the Mississippi River The U.S. purchased Louisiana from Napoleon for 15 million dollars because France needed money to fight Great Britain and Spain in a war in Europe President Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to Louisiana to gather information about resources available, and also to explore and map the region Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian, helped Lewis and Clark on their expedition to Louisiana Impressment is the act of forcing foreign sailors to work on warships of the British Navy President Jefferson’s Embargo Act weakened the U.S. economy by hurting both American merchants and sailors War Hawks were Congressmen who wanted to wage war with Britain to seize Canada, take Spanish Florida, stop Britain from impressing our sailors, and stop Native American attacks on the Frontier U.S. History Study Guide The U.S. fought the War of 1812 (nicknamed the Second War for Independence) against Great Britain The U.S. and Native Americans came into conflict because white settlers threatened the Native Americans way of life (culture) The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which basically returned things to the way they were before the war was fought The war ended in a tie, but helped increase U.S. nationalism, or pride in one’s nation Following his lopsided victory at the Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson became a national hero Following the War of 1812 sectional differences began to emerge in the nation Sectionalism is the idea that one favors the needs of one's area of the country over the needs of the entire country The invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 helped industrialization because it allowed cotton to be cleaned quicker making it more profitable; however, this would mean southern plantation owners would expand the slave system to keep up with the demand for cotton Early industrialization began in the textile mills of New England in the due to the abundance of waterpower. These mills employed mostly young women and children Steamboats helped to revolutionize travel on waterways in the early 19th century The development and construction of the Erie Canal allowed western farmers to ship goods cheaply and quickly to New York City, which became a center of commerce (trade) The Erie Canal allowed farmers to ship and sell their goods to many markets along the east coast The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European powers to not colonize the Americas The Monroe Doctrine reinforced George Washington’s idea of American neutrality by attempting to avoid armed conflict with Europe John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson in the election of 1824. The election was nicknamed the “Corrupt Bargain” because the election had to be settled by the House of Representatives When elected to the Presidency in 1828 Andrew Jackson gave his supporters and loyal party member’s jobs in the government. This was known as the Spoils System. Nullification is the idea that a state can veto (abolish) or cancel a law of the federal government. The Nullification Crisis results from Southern hatred of a tariff passed by the U.S. government. President Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the relocation of the 5 civilized tribes of Native Americans from the Southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) President Jackson was the hero of the common man, and helped increase democracy in the United States by extending the right to vote to many Americans (not females, African-Americans, Native-Americans – well you get the idea) A NATION DIVIDED AND THE CIVIL WAR – Brother fights brother 7 As the nation grew due to expansion & manifest destiny many Americans feared the expansion of slavery A series of compromises attempted to cure the slavery vs. free state issue The Missouri Compromise of 1820 tried to keep the balance of free & slave states in the Union The Compromise of 1850 left the issue of slavery up to residents in the newly settled territories This idea was called popular sovereignty, where territory citizens voted for or against slavery The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin was important because illustrated to many Americans the evil of slavery The Dred Scott decision of 1857 decided that slaves were property & not citizens of the US The Republican Party was founded to rid the US of slavery & became the party of Abe Lincoln John Brown led a raid to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia to seize weapons to start a slave rebellion The election of Abraham Lincoln led many southern states to decided to leave the Union U.S. History Study Guide Sectionalism, states’ rights, & slavery caused the US to fight a civil war between north (free) vs. the south (slave-owning) The secession of many southern states from the Union & the attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina started the war The Confederacy was created & Jefferson Davis became its president The primary goal for Lincoln in fighting the war was to preserve the Union Initially, the Union planned on capturing Richmond, blockading southern ports, and controlling the Mississippi River The South planned on winning the war by fighting a defensive war and wearing down the Union desire to fight the war For the south, the Civil War was a fight to keep their traditional ways of life & secede from the Union. For the north, it was a fight to preserve the Union & rid the nation of slavery The North had the advantages of its large industrial centers, large railroad network, natural resources, & money. The south had the advantage of knowing the land, fighting a defensive war, & the great military leadership of Robert E. Lee Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation following the Battle of Antietam, which broadened the purpose of the war, which would now be to free or emancipate southern slaves The Emancipation Proclamation freed all the slaves in the Confederacy, which really freed no slaves because the Union did not control the Confederate states Gettysburg and Vicksburg (1863) were both Northern victories, and marked the turning point of the Civil War in the North In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln stated that the purpose of the Civil War was to defend democracy and spread freedom President Lincoln appointed as his chief general Ulysses S. Grant, who planned to fight a total war with the South by destroying their ability to fight As a result of the war, slavery was abolished, the south had to rejoin the Union, more Americans died than in any other American war since then American fought Americans America would struggle to rebuild the nation after the destruction of so much property RECONSTRUCTION – The Nation Heals its Wounds 8 Total war is the idea of destroying your enemy’s economy by destroying all of their food and equipment Following the Civil War the South was destroyed both physically and economically Reconstruction was the period in which the South was rebuilt, and restored to the Union Carpetbaggers were northerners who moved south during Reconstruction to gain wealth or power Scalawags were southerners who supported the Radical Republicans who were viewed as traitors by fellow southerners A positive effect of Reconstruction was that new constitutional amendments expanded the political and civil rights of African-Americans Black Codes were laws which restricted the rights of African-Americans in the South Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clauses, and Jim Crow Laws were all tools used by Southern governments following Reconstruction to deny rights to African-Americans The Ku Klux Klan was a group, which terrorized African-Americans in the South and attempted to maintain segregation in the South, as well as preventing African-Americans from exercising their right to vote. U.S. History Study Guide Segregation is the process of separating the races in society (keeping whites and blacks separated) African-Americans in the South (freedmen) were extremely poor following the war, and many became sharecroppers Sharecropping was virtually a new form of slavery where freedmen were taken advantage of by rich landowners The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help former slaves by providing food, job training, and an education Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws were both southern attempts to deny African-Americans their political and civil rights Segregation became legalized in 1896 following the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision, which stated that segregation was legal if “separate but equal” facilities were provided to both whites and blacks. The facilities were rarely if ever “equal.” Impeachment is when a public official is accused of committing a crime or some other wrongdoing Carpetbaggers were northerners who moved south during Reconstruction to gain wealth or power Scalawags were southerners who supported the Radical Republicans who were viewed as traitors by fellow southerners THE AMERICAN WEST – Americans move West, but at what cost? People moved to the West for a variety of reasons – gold, land, and opportunity A. How did mining contribute to the settlement of the West? B. How did homesteaders contribute to the settlement of the West? C. Describe the role ranchers played in the settlement of the West. The U.S. government supported the settlement of the west through: A. Homestead Act (What was it? How did it contribute to the settlement of the western frontier?) B. Granting land to railroad companies land to build the transcontinental railroad. The Transcontinental Railroad contributed to the settlement of the West and helped provide a boost (helped) the economy grow A. What were the economic benefits of the railroad? B. More people moved West – towns in the west became populated-more states applied from statehood C. How did the railroad negatively impact Native Americans Native Americans suffered because of the settlement of the West. A. B. C. D. E. How did Native Americans view land and the environment Why were buffalo important to the Plains Indians What are reservations? Why were they established? What was assimilation? What was the Dawes Act? How did it attempt to assimilate Native Americans? Farmers on the Great Plains had to adapt to their new environment. Technology was used to help farmers on the Plains (windmills, barbed wire fences, steel plows). Farmers also united by forming the Grange and the Populist Party to bring about change. A. What hardships did farmers encounter on the Great Plains? B. What economic problems did farmers experience? 9 U.S. History Study Guide Some Other Important Facts Manifest destiny was the desire of Americans to expand from the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans In the early 1850’s many people were drawn to the West & particularly California to mine gold and silver Americans were drawn to the Black Hills, Rocky, & the Sierra Nevada Mountains due to the rich mining areas The Homestead Act gave settlers 160 free acres of land to farm if they agreed to settle on it for five (5) years Homesteaders were farmers (Sodbusters) who settled on the Great Plains One problems homesteaders had on the plains was a lack of rainfall and hot summers Homes on the plains were made of sod because there was little wood available to build with The transcontinental railroad stretched across the North American continent from the eastern to western coast of the United States One result of the completion of the transcontinental railroad was that supplies and people could be moved quickly and easily to the American West A Indian reservation was an area of land set aside specifically for Native Americans to live upon The Dawes Act passed in 1887 attempted to make Native Americans become farmers & give up their traditional way of life based upon buffalo hunting Broken treaties between the U.S. government & Native Americans caused many wars between the two Most Indian wars occurred over conflict over the usage of land Most land given to the Native Americans by the U.S. government was located on reservations, which had often poor, unusable land Indian tribes which moved from one area to another area following the buffalo were known as nomads INDUSTRIALIZATION – From farmers to machine operators 10 The railroad helped fuel the growth of industry by linking the eastern and the western parts of the U.S. Factories in the east now had additional markets in which to sell their goods. In addition, railroads brought raw materials found in the west to eastern cities to be utilized by the factories. The growing number of immigrants to the United States provided factories with a cheap source of labor. During industrialization, products were no longer made by individual artisans or craftsmen; instead, factories used machines and the assembly line to mass-produce goods. The assembly line was used by Henry Ford to mass produce automobiles. Workers on an assembly line have one specialized task they complete all day. The product moves along a conveyor belt and each worker completes his/her task. Mass production caused factory owners to make larger profits and gave consumers cheaper prices. Industrialization changed the way businesses were organized. Corporations began to grow and there were fewer single owned businesses. Corporations are able to raise more capital (money) through the sale of stocks (shares in a company). They used this capital to expand the size of their companies. Rockefeller controlled the oil industry (Standard Oil), Carnegie controlled the steel industry (US Steel) Vanderbilt controlled railroads, and J.P. Morgan was a wealthy financier (banker). Rockefeller, Carnegie, and other leading industrialists were often criticized for their ruthless business actions. Critics considered them robber barons. They were also considered by some as captain of industries and philanthropists for the charitable donations they made. U.S. History Study Guide Competition is good for consumers. When monopolies (one company controls and entire industry) emerged, consumers suffered from high prices. Without competition, the price of goods increase and the quality may decrease. Monopolies were also criticized for using their wealth to influence politics and the government through large financial contributions. Railroad companies offered rebates to their largest customers, which hurt many small businesses and farmers. The rapid industrialization of the United States led to poor working conditions for laborers. Workers suffered a lack of job security, long hours, low pay, and dangerous working conditions. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire was an example of the deplorable, overcrowded and unsafe working conditions laborers (workers) were forced to endure. Children played a large, yet unfortunate role in the industrialization of the United States. The economy of the United States is based on the Free Enterprise System or capitalism, the belief that private citizens should own businesses and profit from the business. Workers united to try to cure the problems caused by industrialization by forming labor unions. Labor unions hoped to receive better pay, eight-hour work day, and better working conditions. The tools used by labor unions include collective bargaining, strikes, slow downs, and picketing. Tools used by factory owners included injunctions, lock outs, scabs, blacklist (list of union members sent to other industries so the people on the list are not hired). Early labor unions faced resistance from the government and the public. The Knights of Labor allowed both skilled and unskilled workers to join, while the American Federation of Labor set up by Samuel Gompers, only allowed skilled workers to join. The AFL was a union of unions. Individuals joined a trade union and then the union joined the AFL. The government’s laissez faire attitude of not getting involved in business contributed to the growth of industry in the late 1800s – early 1900s and the problems that resulted from industrialization. IMMIGRATION & URBANIZATION – City Life & “New” Americans 11 Immigrants came to the United States for different reasons and in different waves. Old Immigrants came from areas of northern and western Europe before 1880. (English, French, Germans, Dutch, and Scandinavians Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland) New immigrants were those from Southern and Eastern Europe who came to the US after 1880. (Italians, Hungarians, Rumanians, Russians, the Polish, Bulgarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Yugoslavians, Greeks, etc.) Push factors were conditions that caused people to leave their homeland. Push factors include famine (ex: Irish potato famine), religious persecution, political persecution, lack of land, lack of freedom, lack of jobs, and overpopulation. Pull factors attract people to an area. Pull factors include the desire for religious freedom, political freedom, job opportunities, land, and hopes of a better life. European immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island. Asian immigrants entered the United States through Angel Island. Most immigrants traveled to the United States aboard a ship in the vessel’s steerage. Steerage conditions were difficult (crowded, dirty, lack of food, disease spread easily, etc.) Immigrants went through tough medical, mental, and legal inspections (questioning) before being allowed to enter the country. Most immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos, which were located in cities. (Little Italy and Chinatown are examples) U.S. History Study Guide Ethnic neighborhoods are areas in which people of the same culture lived together. Ethnic neighborhoods provided a level of comfort for immigrants because they had the same language, culture, and traditions. Urbanization (the movement from rural areas to the cities) was the result of industrialization and immigration. Factories, located in the cities, provided jobs for recent immigrants. The immigrants’ experiences were very different from the reality of their life in the United States. Immigrants worked in factories with poor conditions for little pay. Many lived in tenements (dirty and crowded apartments). Many of their children were forced to work to help with the cost of living. Immigrants also faced opposition from many Americans. These individuals were called Nativists. Nativists believed in limiting immigration to the United States and the influence these immigrants had on Americans. Some Americans feared they would lose jobs to immigrants. Because of anti-immigration attitudes, immigrants faced discrimination and prejudice. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed to limit the number of Chinese entering the United States. The Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 limited the number of Japanese citizens entering the United States. Quotas were created to limit the number of immigrants entering the United States from other countries. Some Americans believed immigrants should be forced to assimilate into the American culture. Assimilation means immigrants were forced to give up their ways of life and become part of the American culture. This is also called the melting pot theory. The salad bowl theory is the belief that different cultures could live together while still holding on to their own traditions, beliefs, and language. As more people flocked to the cities, they became overcrowded and problems arose. Problems included poor living conditions, unhealthy and unsanitary conditions, crime, pollution, traffic, etc. PROGRESSIVISM – “Cure the Ills of Industrial America” 12 Progressive reformers sought to improve American life and society Progressives believed the government should look out for and protect the good of the people (public interest). Some reforms of the Progressive movement were women’s suffrage, prohibition of alcohol, and food and drug inspections Progressives were very concerned with overcrowded slums & the conditions in the nations’ cities Many muckrakers wrote about the evils and abuses of child labor The main purpose of the Federal Reserve System is to regulate the US banking system The efforts of authors and social activists were primarily responsible for reforms during the Progressive Era The direct election of Senators, national primaries, and the income tax all came during the Progressive Era Improving social and economic conditions were the major concerns for Progressives The word reform usually referred to achieving greater equality and justice The following were reforms designed to make the government more democratic: initiative, recall and the referendum Progressives wanted the government to abandon its laissez faire attitude and begin regulating business. People who exposed corrupt practices in business and government were called Muckrakers Presidents during the Progressive era generally tried to prevent unfair business practices DuBois and Washington responded differently to racial inequality. Washington believed African Americans should focus on education and jobs to gain economic equality. DuBois believed African Americans should demand their rights (using peaceful tactics). He especially believed African Americans needed the right to vote. U.S. History Study Guide There was a movement of African Americans from the south to the north (The Great Migration) to work in the factories. Job discrimination, low pay, long hours, unsafe conditions were experienced by African Americans in the factories. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was formed and is still working for civil rights today. Women headed the temperance movement because they feared the effects alcohol could have on their families Upton Sinclair a muckraker who wrote The Jungle addressing the horrors in the meatpacking industry resulted in the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Lincoln Steffens a muckraker who wrote The Shame of the Cities, which illustrated the effects of corruption & boss politics in city governments Political corruption was rampant in the cities. NYC's corrupt political boss was Boss Tweed. The goal of regulating monopolies or trusts was a response to corporations who cheated the public by limiting competition President Theodore Roosevelt believed that big business should be watched and monitored by the government Progressives largely wanted to reform corruption in politics Thomas Nast used political cartoons to expose the corruption of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. Suffragists fought for women's right to vote. Their actions help get the Nineteenth Amendment ratified. Democracy expanded during the Progressive Era with the creation of secret ballots, primaries, Seventeenth Amendment, and the Nineteenth Amendment. The temperance movement sought to bring about the prohibition of alcohol in the nation The Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Federal Reserve Act, and Interstate Commerce Act allowed the government to regulate different aspects of business and the economy. The Civil Service Act required people to take an exam before certain jobs. This was created to eliminate the use of the spoils system. 16th Amendment – Passage of a graduated income tax, which meant that people were taxed based upon their ability to pay 17th Amendment – provided for the direct election of US Senators by eligible voters, which had previously been elected by state assemblies 18th Amendment – Passage of prohibition, which disallowed the sale & manufacture of alcoholic beverages 19th Amendment – Granted universal suffrage (voting) to women IMPERIALISM – Why not all the other industrial nations have EMPIRES! 13 Isolationism is the idea of remaining neutral and having little to do with the affairs of other nations The desire for Americans to expand westward in the 1840’s and later to spread her boundaries overseas was called Manifest Destiny. The purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 became one of the first major overseas acquisitions by the U.S. following the Civil War Under imperialism, a stronger country attempts to control a weaker one, gain natural resources, and sell its products in their markets The causes of the Spanish American were “Yellow Journalism”, the harsh Spanish treatment of the Cuban people, and the sinking of the battleship Maine U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War showed that our government can be affected by the actions of the press (yellow journalism) U.S. History Study Guide The “Open Door Policy” prevented European nations from dividing up China as colonies, and allowed all nations equal trading privileges or spheres of influence, which were exclusive areas of trade in China The Panama Canal was built to increase U.S. security and trade in the Caribbean and around the world The U.S. showed interest in Asia and the Pacific by annexing Hawaii, the Philippines, Samoa, and by supporting the Open Door Policy Manufacturers wanted the U.S. to acquire overseas colonies in the late 19th century as a cheap source of raw materials, and as a market for industrial goods The U.S. occupied Midway Island and Guam in the Pacific to set up a naval refueling and repair station for its ships. Between 1900 – 1920, the basic goal of U.S. policy toward the nations of Latin America was to increase American political and economic interests. American newspapers utilized sensational, often untrue headlines and half-truths (Yellow Journalism) to help sell newspapers and helping lead to the Spanish-American War The immediate spark of the Spanish-American war was the explosion of the battleship Maine. Dollar Diplomacy was President Taft’s policy to bring peace to Latin America by helping financial investments in Latin America. Many anti-imperialists (people against imperialism) believed that imperialism was founded on the idea of racism The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was passed to help keep European nations from interfering in the affairs of the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine gave the U.S. the authority to interfere in the affairs of the countries of Latin America (Central America, South America, and the Caribbean), and act as an international policeman White Man’s Burden was the idea of the United States to occupy colonies to better, westernize (modernize), and Christianize the native inhabitants of the lands occupied by the U.S. Big Stick Diplomacy was the unofficial name of President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy toward Latin America, which called for strong actions to keep Europeans out of Latin America; however, these actions damaged the U.S. relationship with Latin American countries The isthmus of Panama, was an area of land which was suitable for the construction of a canal The Boxer Rebellion occurred in China, and was an effort by Chinese citizens to protest against foreign imperialism The rise in imperialism changed the U.S. foreign policy advice George Washington had given America in 1796, which stated to remain out of the affairs of the world (remain neutral) WORLD WAR I – The Great War in Europe becomes ours 14 Militarism, the alliance system, nationalism, and imperialism all caused tension in the early 20th century amongst European nations The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was the immediate spark of World War I in Europe. The Central Powers or Triple Alliance included the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Italy was a member until 1915) Russia, France and Great Britain were members of the Triple Entente. (The US joined these nations in 1917) Germany’s Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico gave the US reason to consider fighting a war with Germany In 1914, the US adopted a policy of neutrality, or the policy of non-involvement when war erupted in Europe Woodrow Wilson was the US President during the First World War, and was re-elected in 1916 by promising to keep the US out of World War I U.S. History Study Guide The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were established to keep the military balance of power in Europe As a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russia decided to withdraw from World War I The US government sold liberty bonds to help raise money for the war effort Trade with the Allied powers during the war helped the US economy grow tremendously The rights of freedom of speech and the press were restricted during the First World War in the US – The Sedition and Espionage Acts Through President Wilson’s Fourteen Points he hoped to set up democratic governments in Asia and Europe American opponents of World War I most often protested being drafted into the military to fight the war in Europe One portion of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points which was included into the Treaty of Versailles was his idea of a League of Nations, which had the goal to prevent all future world wars The US did not join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to ratify (pass) the Treaty of Versailles The US Senate did not want the US to be dragged into any future European wars, which the League of Nations would pledge to protect The Supreme Court of the US ruled in the case, Schenck vs. US, that free speech can be restricted and limited if it creates a clear and present danger to the US (as in times of war) The status of women changed during the war because with the absence of men greater job opportunities were suddenly available for women A blockade is an attempt by a country to stop all types of shipping from entering another country’s harbors or ports France, Britain, Italy, and the US were known as the Allied Powers The Zimmerman Note was a German message sent to Mexico trying to lure Mexico into the war on the side of Germany by attacking the US The Sedition and Espionage Acts were laws which tried to limit opposition to the war by placing opponents in jail Reparations are payments made by one nation to another for damages caused by a war The Selective Service Act required all men between the ages of 18 – 45 to register for the draft The nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were known as the Central Powers due to their location in Europe Trench Warfare was developed to try to combat the use of machine guns and other devastating weapons Woodrow Wilson’s idea for a League of Nations was a peace making body whose goal was to avoid future war through discussion The proceedings at the Versailles peace conference would have real important consequences on the events of Europe in the decades to come. (1930’s and 1940’s) The terms of the Treaty of Versailles would cause resentment and bitter feelings amongst the defeated nation of Germany. THE ROARING 20’S – Let the Good Times Roll 15 America followed the advice given by George Washington in 1796 and returned to isolationism following World War I The United States in the 1920s refused to join to the League of Nations to avoid foreign entanglements or alliances The Jazz Age and the “Roaring Twenties” were other names given to the 1920s due to the cultural activities which occurred during those years U.S. History Study Guide 16 New fads and ways to have fun swept across the nation, which helped to give the era the nickname, the “Roaring Twenties.” Jazz, the blues, prohibition, speakeasies, and flappers were all characteristics of the “Roaring 20s” Flappers were young females who broke against traditions in terms of fashion and behavior. The automobile is the invention which led to the greatest change in lifestyles during the 1920s by providing Americans with more leisure time Henry Ford’s assembly line only helped to make cars more affordable to the average American family. Women’s role in society changed during the 1920s because women began to become more involved in the workforce than in previous periods The 19th Amendment gave women the right to suffrage (voting), which helped to expand democracy in the United States During the “Great Migration” many African-Americans moved to northern cities to seek better economic opportunities and to escape discrimination, racism, and Jim Crow laws; however, discrimination still awaited in the north African-Americans experienced a growing rebirth of culture, pride, and heritage during an theatrical, artistic and literary movement known as the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance produced outstanding works of literature (Langston Hughes) and music (Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington) The Scopes Monkey trial resulted from teaching the theory of evolution and tested the clash of ideas of science versus religion in public schools The temperance movement greatest achievement was the legalized prohibition of alcohol, which began with the passage of the 18th Amendment. Prohibition led to an increase in the growth of organized crime in America’s largest cities. Prohibition was largely a failure because laws which are not popular with Americans and challenge morality are hard to enforce Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator who became a hero after being the 1st person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean The use of installment plans or credit had a huge impact on the growth of the US economy of the 1920s because it gave people money to buy products they previously could not afford. (It helped fuel economic growth) Buying stock “on margin” and installment purchases helped the economy to expand rapidly in the 1920s The overextension and usage of purchasing on credit led to a major economic downturn at the end of the 1920s Nativists are those who favor the interests of native born Americans (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) over those of immigrants Communists and anarchists were blamed for many of the problems America experienced during the “Red Scare” During the Red Scare many Americans believed that communists would overthrow the U.S. government Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer deported (sent back to their home countries) those immigrants who were viewed to be potential communists The Sacco and Vanzetti trial illustrated how the Red Scare helped frighten Americans and resulted in a backlash against Communists, radicals, and anarchists The Ku Klux Klan was once again popular in the 1920s because of the fear of rapid immigration and cultural change The immigration acts of the 1920s, placed severe limits or quotas on immigrants coming to the US, but were designed to discriminate against people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe U.S. History Study Guide Immigration quotas placed limits on the number of foreign born individuals who were allowed to enter the US, and illustrated America’s rise in Nativism as a result of the “Red Scare” THE GREAT DEPRESSION – Americans & our Economy Suffer 17 The stock market crash, known as Black Tuesday, on October 29, 1929w as one of the main causes of the Great Depression Overproduction, the overuse of credit, and a lack of demand for goods were also causes of the Great Depression A depression is a severe economic downturn, which is characterized by large-scale unemployment, low industrial production, and poverty President Hoover was blamed by Americans for the Great Depression because he did not take actions to attempt to cure the problems it caused “Hoovervilles” was a term given to the primitive shelters built by homeless Americans, which sprang up in parks and vacant lots all across America The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who traveled to Washington to attempt to receive money promised for past military service President Roosevelt was elected in 1932 by promising the American people a “new deal” in which he promised to help cure the nation’s injured economy The New Deal was FDR’s plan to help America claw out of the Great Depression, and was characterized by the 3 R’s relief, recovery, and reform The most severe problem that FDR faced in 1932 was widespread unemployment, thus the main goal of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to end unemployment FDR utilized deficit spending (spending more money than the government collects in taxes) to fund public works and other projects aimed at helping the nation Public works projects are government funded jobs to build public facilities, such as parks, airports, and roads The “Hundred Days” was a term utilized to describe a period when FDR and Congress passed many laws in a short period to help the poor, and also adopted many work relief programs to reduce unemployment FDR’s bank holiday was designed to help restore the American public’s confidence in the banking system The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was designed to help protect the savings of Americans who kept their money in banks The massive government spending of the New Deal provided some small economic gains during the Great Depression The “Dust Bowl” was a drought stricken area of the Great Plains, which was no longer suitable for farming. Many of the farmers (Okies and Arkies) who lived there migrated west to California seeking new opportunities. FDR established the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to help farmers by paying them not to grow certain crops designed to increase farm prices, & by providing loans. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provided flood control, cheap hydroelectric power and new jobs to many Americans during the Great Depression The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a program, which employed young Americans, who planted trees, built parks, and stopped soil erosion around the U.S. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was created to employ artists and writers, as well as to build schools and hospitals Social Security provided pensions to the elderly and retired workers, unemployment insurance, and other benefits to the American people. U.S. History Study Guide Social Security was passed to help Americans who could not support themselves by providing them economic assistance it created pensions and unemployment insurance to attempt to prevent future depressions FDR tried to “pack” the Supreme Court because the existing justices were enemies of many of the New Deal programs. The Constitutional idea of checks and balances was threatened by FDR’s plan to add more justices to the Supreme Court The Wagner Act was a law which legalized unionism, collective bargaining, and set up a National Labor Relations Board Radio and the movies were popular methods used by Americans to attempt to escape the harsh reality of the depression Many Republicans in Congress feared programs such as Social Security gave the government too much power and responsibility Republican opposition to President Roosevelt stated that New Deal reforms went too far in trying to fix the government and economy The New Deal expanded the role and power of the federal government in the economy, as well as in the life of American citizens. The government now assumed some responsibility for the welfare of the American people The main result of the New Deal and the F.D.R. presidency was that it increased the size, power, and the role of the federal government. WORLD WAR II –Take two, the World is bleed & Horrific deeds are done 18 Dictators controlled the nations of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union in the years prior to and during World War II Dictatorships are characterized by a lack of person freedoms (such as speech, religion, and assembly) and political rights A major cause of World War II was the expansion and aggressiveness of Germany and Japan A major factor in Hitler and the Nazi Party’s rise to power in Germany was the resentment towards the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I. British and French appeasement was shown towards Germany by allowing Hitler to seize the Sudetenland at the Munich Conference America adopted a policy of isolationism during the 1930’s when it failed to join the League of Nations The Neutrality Acts illustrated the belief that the US should not get involved in the affairs of Europe World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following the invasion of Poland When the war began, the U.S. maintained a policy of isolationism and neutrality The U.S. became the “Arsenal of Democracy” by providing war supplies and equipment to the Allied powers through the Lend-Lease Act Japanese aggression in the Pacific was aimed at acquiring raw materials and labor for it’s nation The U.S. entered World War II following Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 Following the attack on the U.S. by Japan, the United States joined the Allied Powers. The Allied powers consisted of Britain, the Soviet Union, the U.S. and what was left of the French forces following their surrender to Germany in June 1940 The Allies were opposed by the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan Rationing, the planting of victory gardens, and rubber and scrap drives were efforts made by Americans to aid the war effort on the Homefront The goal of the government’s rationing program was to make sure that everyone received an equal amount of scarce items U.S. History Study Guide Sacrifices were demanded from all classes and age groups of Americans on the Homefront As a result of World War II the Great Depression ended and unemployment decreased due to the huge increase in employment opportunities in industry, agriculture, and the military World War II affected women because many took jobs in war-related industries “Rosie the Rivetor” was the nickname given to females who worked in the defense industry producing war materials during World War II During the war, Japanese-Americans were forced from the West Coast of the U.S. and made to move into internment camps for fear that they might act as spies or saboteurs The strategy of island hopping, used by American forces in the Pacific occurred when the U.S. attacked the Japanese forces on selected islands in their approach to Japan D-day was the code name for the Allied invasion by air and sea forces of Europe at Normandy, France on June 6, 1944. D-Day was significant because it surrounded the Germans between the Americans and British in the west, and those of the Soviet Union in the east One of the Nazi Germany’s main goals was to eliminate all of the Jews from Europe, and expand their borders into Eastern Europe Germany’s attempt to kill all European Jews and other minorities was known as the Holocaust Nuremberg was the place where German government officials and soldiers were put on trial for committing crimes “against humanity” from the Holocaust President Truman decided to use the atomic bomb because he wanted to reduce the loss of American lives in the Pacific The cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the targets of America’s atomic bombs Japan finally surrendered after the US used atomic bombs against them A major result of World War II was that the United Nations was created, which was designed to help prevent future wars THE COLD WAR – the US squares off Against the Soviet Union 19 Following World War II the United Nations was formed to help solve world conflicts peacefully The Cold War was both a military and political struggle between communism (USSR) and capitalism (USA) which occurred after World War II when the Soviet Union occupied the countries of Eastern Europe. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined the term the “Iron Curtain”, which was the invisible political barrier that divided communist Eastern and democratic Western Europe The Soviet Union dominated and controlled the Eastern European nations, which were referred to as satellite nations The Marshall Plan was the American idea to help European nations rebuild their economies after WWII to make democracy look more attractive than communism The Truman Doctrine was the Presidential plan to give American aid to countries threatened by Communism Containment was the policy of trying to prevent the spread of Soviet or communist influence beyond where it already existed (This led to U.S. involvement in both the Korean and Vietnam wars) The Berlin Blockade was a Soviet effort to gain control of West Berlin by starving the population. The U.S. responded to the Berlin Blockade by launching the Berlin Airlift to provide food, medicine, and fuel to democratic West Berlin Senator Joseph McCarthy spread panic that the US was going to be taken over by Communists, and as a result the constitutional rights of many Americans were violated U.S. History Study Guide Americans who spoke out against McCarthy were often accused of being communists themselves or placed on blacklists (which prevented their employment) The Korean War was the first test of the United Nations, and pitted the Communist nations of North Korea and China, versus the forces of the United Nations, comprised mainly of US servicemen The United Nations forces were able to stop a communist takeover of South Korea, but only after a three-year stalemate. The Cold War in Europe was waged between the U.S.S.R. with its East European communist allies (Warsaw Pact satellite nations) against capitalist West Europe (NATO) and its ally the United States Sputnik was a Soviet satellite launched into space in 1957, which led to the founding of NASA and expansion of the US space effort The only visible symbol of the “Iron Curtain” was the Berlin Wall which was built in 1961 and was constructed to keep communist East Germans from escaping to the Democratic West Berlin The Bay of Pigs was the site of a failed armed invasion of Fidel Castro’s Cuba by anticommunist forces, who were supported by the United States. The goal of the invasion was to remove Castro from power, which did not work The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the Soviet Unions was found by the United States to be placing nuclear missiles in Cuba, which put the nations on the brink of war. (The USSR withdrew its missiles) The Cuban Missile Crisis ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba (The U.S. agreed to remove their missiles from their Asian ally, Turkey) The Domino Theory was a belief that if South Vietnam became communist, other countries in Southeast Asia would become communist too The United States sent troops to South Vietnam to attempt to prevent a communist takeover North Vietnamese communists and Vietcong forces used guerilla tactics to combat massive American firepower As a result of the Tet Offensive, many Americans now believed that they could not win the war in Vietnam The Vietnam War ended when North Vietnamese troops defeated those from the South. President Richard Nixon’s policy of Détente was the term coined for the easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR). This idea was illustrated with Nixon visiting communist China and improving relations with the Soviet Union. The policies of Mikhail Gorbachev (Glasnost & Perestroika) led to better relations between the United States and Soviet Union The Cold War ended in when communism collapsed in the Soviet Union, and when Europe when the Warsaw Pact disbanded in 1991. The policies enacted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR in the late 1980s helped to end the Cold War by providing greater openness & relations with the US & Western Europe 1945 to PRESENT – America as we see it today 1940s United Nations formed to prevent future wars Marshall Plan established by US to loan money to the nations of Europe to rebuild after World War II Cold War begins with US and USSR (Soviet Union) attempting to spread their ideology and economic system are around the world 1950s Economic Prosperity & Growth People move from the cities to suburbs “Levittown” – model communities 20 U.S. History Study Guide US and United Nations wage war in Korea to slow spread of Communism President Eisenhower establishes the Interstate Highway system and road building skyrockets 1960s – Turbulent times Assassination of President Kennedy Civil Rights Protest Anti-war movement to protest US involvement in Vietnam 1970s President Nixon resigns as President due to Watergate Scandal as a result Americans lose faith in government Roe vs. Wade decision legalizes abortion rise of inflation illustrates weakening economy Rise in oil prices causes energy crises, and lines at the gas pumps 1980s During Reagan Presidency the national debt soars into the trillions of dollars President Reagan calls out Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, and asks him “to tear down” the wall 1990s Cold War ends when communism in Eastern Europe collapses Berlin Wall torn down US (Pres. Bush Sr.) wages Gulf War with Iraq (Saddam Hussein) to liberate the country of Kuwait Bill Clinton elected President and the US economy grows 2000s President Bush Jr. wins disputed election with Al Gore US attacked 9/11/01 by terrorists US begins war on terror first in Afghanistan, and then in Iraq 21