Download The Americas Beginnings to the Present

The Americas
Beginnings to the Present
By: Joohyun Ha, Jiyoon Lee,
Jan Li, Danny Qiu, Devendra
Shivraj, Sunny Zhang
The Americas: North America, Mesoamerica,
South America (Andean Region)
Wake Up!
Starting at the Beginning
• Asians reached the
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"Oh, it needs to be a political map."
Western Hemisphere
through a series of
migrations.
Initially settled by
nomadic people in search
of food.
Isolated from the rest of
the world until Leif
Ericsson's voyage.
Major Ancient American Civilizations
Organization & Reorganization of Human Societies
Teotihuacan 100 C.E.-750 C.E.
Important Mesoamerican
city-state
Inhabitants built holy
sites where human
sacrifices were held.
Chinampas: "floating
gardens"
Ruled by alliances of
aristocracy and priests.
Declined probably from
mismanagement of
resources and conflicts
among elite.
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The Maya 250 C.E.-900C.E.
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City-state system
Religious rituals dominated public life
Rulers and warfare were connected with religion.
Elaborate calendar system, concept of zero,
writing system
Decline: struggle for resources, class conflicts,
warfare
Mesoamerica Postclassic Period, 9001500
-Population growth lead to
intensification of
agriculture practices
and increased warfare
-The Toltecs created a
powerful military state.
-The Aztecs (Mexica): at first
organized as altepetl and
calpolli. Serve as mercenaries
but gained power and began to
build their capital,
Tenochtitlan.
-Constant warfare: A lot of
human sacrifices, impose
tribute system.
-Merchants traded over long
distances.
-Women were highly respected
as founders of lineages,
teachers, and priestesses.
Dominate home and markets.
Andean Civilizations, 200-1500
-Harsh environments:
calendar system,
terraced farming,
irrigation to help in
agriculture.
-Ayllu & Mit'a were social
bases of civilization.
-The Moche: society based
on agriculture, trade, and
distinct social classes.
-The Inca Empire: "Land of the Four
Corners"
-Royal family descended from Sun.
-Each new king obligated to extend
imperial boundaries. Imposed
tribute system.
-Mit'a (labor conscription) provided
workers. Local Ayllu chiefs ran
governments. Heirs sent to live at
Inca capital.
-Khipus: system of knotted cords to
transmit information.
-Civil war weakened the Inca right
before the arrival of Europeans.
Europeans Arrive and Dominate:
1450 to 1750
- Europeans conquered Latin
America, ending traditional
culture in conquered areas while
leaving other, far-isolated areas
intact.
- Sacrifices, matriarchy, and
polytheism were among the old
habits to be repressed and
replaced by European ways,
including effective slavery and
Catholicism.
- Viceroys ruled Latin America for
Spanish king and queen
As part of the Catholic
Reformation, Jesuit missionaries
led by Ignatius of Loyola
established missions all over
Latin America, succeeding in
converting many natives. This
contributes to the erosion of
traditional culture.
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North America in 1750
North American countries,
the U.S., Canada, and
Mexico, were colonies of
European nations in 1750.
They mainly traded with
their mother countries and
exported raw materials.
Major exports: crops and
other raw materials
Europe provided North
American countries with
manufactured goods.
Export-based economy
1750 to 1900
American Revolution (1775-1783)
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
Influenced by the French
Revolution
Slaves rebelled against their
masters
First successful slave revolt
Revolutions in Latin America
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas,
previous revolutions, and Spain's
weakness after the Napoleonic
Wars.
Resulted in an overall left-shift in
political ideology
Resulted in some industrialization
which benefited the elite
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Buenos Aires shows heavy
European influence.
Latin American
Wars of Independence
Independence movements were created by nationalism
and resentment of foreign control.
o Simon Bolivar took control of independence
movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia,
and Ecuador.
o Brazilian Independence (1820)- Prince Pedro,
son of the king of Portugal, declared Brazil
independent. Brazil became a constitutional
monarchy.
o Mexico (1810-1823)- Led by figures who all
wanted freedom from Spain for all classes.
o José de San Martín frees Argentina, Chile,
Uruguay, and Paraguay (1816-1820). Later
joined forces with Bolivar to free Bolivia,
Ecuador, and Peru by 1825.
Latin America After Independence
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Even after independence, there were still many
problems.
o Failure of constitutional rule
o Dictatorship and military rule by caudillos
o Relative lack of industrialization from exportbased economy which lead to economic
backwardness.
o Socioeconomic inequality persists, affected by:
 Harsh labor systems such as slavery,
encomienda and hacienda systems. Elites
owned most of the land. Peasants had no
choice but to work for them.
Foreign influence from US and Spain.
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Monroe Doctrine
• Spain maintained control of Puerto
Rico and Cuba until the late 19th
Atlantis
Trade in North America
United State
Slave trade flourished legally until 1808, and
illegally until the 1860s.
After independence, the United States traded
freely with European nations other than
Britain.
Technology dramatically improved since 1790,
increasing the amount of manufactured
products.
Railroad network expanded dramatically from
1840s to 1900s.
Overall, the Industrial Revolution changed the
United States from export-oriented to importoriented.
Mexico
Followed suit and underwent industrialization,
also developing a strong petroleum extraction
industry.
Railroad network expanded rapidly.
Canada
Began exporting coal and iron; remains a
dominant exporter of these resources to this
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American Policies
- Monroe Doctrine (1823)
o The US would intervene with any
European efforts to colonize land
or interfere with American politics
- Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
o This expanded the Monroe
Doctrine to the use of US military
to keep the Europeans out
o Justified US intervention in Cuba,
Nicaragua, and Haiti
- These policies were later renounced in
favor of the "Good Neighbor Policy"
(1933)
o US would not interfere with what
was going on in Latin America
1900 to 1945
- The Mexican Revolution's success resulted in reforms, greater
socioeconomic equality, and reduced foreign ownership.
- In Brazil, Vargas increased centralization and created an
authoritarian regime after rising to power in a revolution.
- In Argentina, the Peróns fought for social benefits for the people
and spent a lot to improve the welfare of the nation along with
industrializing.
- New art trends arise as mural art mixed romanticism of the
Indian heritage with Christian and communist ideas.
Additionally, Kahlo and others reacted to industrialization with
discontent.
- Latin American intellectuals lost faith in democracy, contributing
to the rise of socialist political parties.
The Great Depression Hits Latin
America
• The world economy collapsed, and the
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demand for raw materials (especially
in industrialized nations) declined.
The industrialization of relatively
modernized countries like Argentina
and Brazil were set back "a decade or
more".
Leaders attempted to create selfsufficient economies supported by a
large middle class.
"Disenchanted with liberal politics",
military officers seized power in many
areas.
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Cold War Relations
Cold War politics spilled into Latin
America as U.S. supported revolutions
took place in the effort to contain
communism and maintain economic
ties.
Successful changes in government
occurred in Guatemala, Brazil, Chile,
and Nicaragua.
Fidel Castro took over Cuba and
establishes reforms.
Cuban Missile Crisis increased Latin
America's significance in the Cold
War.
In Argentina, right-wing forces
successfully overcame left-wing
opposition in the Dirty Wars.
Changes in the 1980s
• With the revival of religion in Latin
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America, a new political party
called the Christian Democrats rises
to power.
Countries are again stable
democracies due to dissatisfaction
with dictators and opposition to
right-wing dictators.
Countries enter an era of prosperity
and become more involved in the
global trade.
Social Changes
• Current governments are beginning to foster of human rights,
in light of what happened several decades previously.
• Population growth, urbanization and worker migration are still
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continuing problems. There is still discrimination held within
Latin American society towards Indians and Blacks.
The role of women gradually progresses as most women
achieve suffrage in the 1950s.
Population expansion leads to a large percentage of
unemployment as the industrial sector can not provide enough
jobs.
Living conditions are deteriorating and many people are forced
to move into shantytowns.
Connection to Today
• Countries in North America export large amount of crops
and livestock to foreign markets due to their vast arable
territory such as the Great Plains in the U.S., the Canadian
prairie, and parts of northern Mexico.
• The United States produced 32% of corn in the world in
2011, being the largest producer of corn.
• In 1994, Mexico, the United States, and Canada made the
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), eliminating
tariffs and increasing trade.
In 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was
established by 153 major trading countries in the world to
foster international trade.
Bonus Change
Works Cited
ABC News. (2013, July 2). Timeline of Atlantic Slave Trade. Retrieved from
_____http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96659 on May 2nd, 2013.
Ag 101. (2013). Major Crops Grown in the United States. Retrieved from
_____http://tinyurl.com/cxycbrw on May 2nd, 2013.
"AP World History: Course and Exam Description." College Board. The College Board, n.d.
_____Web. 3 May 2013. <http://tinyurl.com/3gl3okc>.
Bulliet, Richard W., Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, and
_____David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. 5th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. Print.
The Geography of Transport Systems. Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century.
_____Retrieved from http:/tinyurl.com/cerg2j5 on May 2nd, 2013.
McCannon, John. Barron's AP World History. 4th ed. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 2010. Print.
Norbury, K. (2013, March 7). Canadian exporters ready for shifts in the international coal
_____trade. Retrieved from http://www.canadiansailings.ca/?p=6272 on May 2nd, 2013.