Download Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide World Civilization Jewish

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Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide
World Civilization
Jewish and Christian beliefs differ from the Greco-Roman
tradition in matters concerning the importance of
 The family unit
 The role of law
 Individual morality
 Belief in one God
In the Greco-Roman view, the world is governed by
natural laws that can be discovered through
 Reason
 Tradition
 Faith
 Citizenship
Who believed that in an ideal society the government
should be controlled by a class of “philosopher kings?
 _____________________________ (p 15)
He who trust any man with supreme power gives it to a wild
beast for such his appetite sometimes makes him: passion
influences those in power even the best of men but law is
reason without desire…
--Aristotle
4. Which feature of modern Western democratic
government reflects Aristotle’s views as given above?
 The requirement that government actions must
adhere to the law
 The direct election of members of legislature
 The power of the courts to review the law
 The granting of emergency powers to the chief
executive
5. Which of the following is a concept from classical Athens
that is central to Western political thought today?
 Individuals should fight against nature and society to
achieve greatness
 Individual recognition impedes societal progress
 Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of
great importance
 Individuals play an insignificant role in shaping ideas,
society, and the state
…for the administration of justice… is the principle of order in
political society.
--Aristotle, Politics
6. From Aristotle’s statement above, it can be inferred that
 Laws maintain the stability of the nation
 Monarchs protect citizens from tyranny
 Only elected officials should impose laws
 Majority rule ensures a stable government
From the Constitution of Japan
We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly
elected representatives in the National Diet, determined
that we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the
fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the
blessings of liberty throughout this land…
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Which of these is a source for the ideas outlined in the
Japanese Constitution? (p 72-73)
 Charter of the United Nations
 United States Constitution
 Legal writings of Thomas Hobbes
 Writings on constitutions by Voltaire
8. In Judeo-Christian tradition, helping others should be the
 _______________________________________________ (p 31)
9. When a country’s constitution requires the branches of
government to remain independent of each other, it is
adhering to the constitutional principle of (p 56 and 72)
 __________________________________
10. Locke and Rousseau would be most likely to support (p
55-56)
 A return to feudalism in Europe
 A government ruled by a divine right monarch
 A society ruled by the Church
 The right of citizens to decide their form of
government
11. The English philosopher John Locke argued that life,
liberty, and property are (p 55)
 ____________________________________
Use the information to answer the question below
…all men are by nature equally free and independent and
have certain inherent rights of which when they enter
into a state of society they cannot by any compact deprive
or divest their posterity; namely the enjoyment of life and
liberty with the means of acquiring and possessing
property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and
safety.
–Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776
12. Which philosopher’s ideas were the basis for this
quotation from the Virginia Declaration of Rights?
 ______________________________________
13. The European intellectual movement that emphasized the
responsibility of the government to protect people’s
natural rights was called the (p 54)
 _______________________________
14. Both the United States Declaration of Independence and
the French Declaration of the Rights of Man emphasized
the idea that governments must (p 73)
 Guarantee economic prosperity
 Protect the rights of people
 Support established religious beliefs
 Operate on a system of checks and balances
15. Unlike the French Revolution, the American Revolution
produced (p 73)
 Women’s suffrage
 Short term military rule
 Strategic alliances
 A lasting constitution
Use the following information to answer the question below.
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Natural Rights Philosophy
Emphasize individual rights to life, liberty, and
property
16. What document best exemplifies the natural rights
philosophy described above? (p 69)
 The Declaration of Independence
 Plato’s Republic
 The Communist Manifesto
 Luther’s Ninety –five Theses
17. How did the Magna Carta (1215) contribute to the
development of the English government? (p 42)
 _____________________________________
18. In which of the following documents is the principle of
limitation of governmental power first stated? (p 42)
 Declaration of Independence
 English Bill of Rights
 Magna Carta
 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
19. The idea that governments get their power from the
people they govern is called (p 70)
 ____________________________________________
20. List four causes of the French Revolution.(p 108-111)
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
21. Which leader was inspired by the ideas of the American
Revolution and the Enlightenment to lead the liberation of
much of South America from Spain? (p 158-159)
 ____________________________________
22. The term “unalienable rights” refers to rights
 ______________________________________________
23. The principles of American Revolution and the French
Revolution are similar in many ways. Which of the
following best summarizes their similarities? (p 115)
 Both favored representative governments
 Both limited voting rights to an economic elite
 Both retained certain hereditary rights for aristocrats
 Both supported equal rights for women
24. When members of the Third Estate took the Tennis Court
Oath (1789) at the start of the French Revolution, they
were attempting to (p 112)
 ____________________________________
25. Which of these first demonstrated that popular protest
would play a role in the French Revolution? (p 113)
 The trial of Louis XIV
 The reign of the Committee of Public Safety
 The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
 The fall of the Bastille
26. What was on factor that enabled Napoleon to seize
control of France (p 125)
 The strong democratic reforms Napoleon advocated
 The support Napoleon received from French
aristocrats
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 The endorsement by foreign governments
 The weakness of the French government
How did the Napoleonic Code reflect Enlightenment
principles? (p 129)
 It valued the state over individual liberty
 It guaranteed women equal rights
 It valued individuals above all else
 It guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law
What was the tactic used by the Russians to slow
Napoleon and his 400,000 troops invading their country?
(p 133)
 ___________________________________________
Between 1815 and 1848, the Congress of Vienna and the
Concert of Europe suppressed nationalism by (p 135-136)
 Promoting democratic institutions
 Sharing colonies among the great powers
 Ensuring a balance of power between nations
 Establishing international economic ties
Germany and Italy became two unified nation-states as a
result of (p 226, 237)
a. ______________________________________
The agricultural changes which took place in England
during the 1600s contributed to England’s later industrial
development by (p 171-172)
 Strengthening the importance of the family farm
 Producing more food with fewer workers
 Breaking large estates into smaller farms
 Encouraging city dwellers to return to farming
Louis Pasteur’s research into germ theory in the 19th
century is significant because it (p 203)
 _________________________________
Use the information to complete the statement
The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day. Stokers
emerged from low underground doorways into factory yards,
and sat on steps and posts, and palings, wiping their swarthy
visages, and contemplating coals. The whole town seemed to
be frying in oil. There was a stifling smell of hot oil
everywhere. The steam-engines shone with it, the mills
throughout their many stories oozed and trickled it.
–Charles Dickens, Hard Times, 1854
33. The historical era most likely referred to in this quotation
is the
 _____________________________________________________
34. An important social aspect of the early part of the
Industrial Revolution in England was the (p 178)
 Removal of the class system
 Acceptance of rebellious religious groups
 urbanization of factory workers.
 Development of government-funded housing and
medical care programs
35. In what ways were railroads and improvement over
canals? (p 177)
 Railroads could connect and inland town to a coastal
port
 Railroads did not have to follow the course of a river
 Railroads could connect two rivers
 Railroads were the only form of overland
transportation
36. List two geographical advantages for England in the
Industrial Revolution? (p 174)
 ___________________________________
 ___________________________________
37. How did the steam engine effect industrial growth? (p
173)
 Goods could be transported to new markets.
 Rail transport came to replace sea transport
 It reduced pollution from oil and coal.
 It offered a more source of power.
38. Which inventor created a more efficient steam engine?
 ___________________________________ (p 173)
39. Identify the inventor of the phonograph, the light bulb,
and many other important inventions.
 ___________________________________
40. A major result of the Industrial Revolution in Western
Europe was that
 The population in cities declined
 The middle class increased in number and power
 Mercantilism replaced capitalism as the dominant
economic system
 Traditional attitudes and values were strengthened
41. What was the main reason the population of England
nearly tripled between 1750-1850 (p 172)
 ______________________________________
42. In the 19th century, labor unions developed mostly in
response to (p 180)
 _______________________________________
43. During the Industrial Revolution in England, the failure of
social advances to keep up with technology advances led
to
 An increased demand by the working class for
reform.
 change in government from monarchy to a republic.
 The reinforcement of mercantile polices to increase
industrial production.
 the adoption of right-to-work laws.
44. Most early factory workers were women because (p 181)
 ____________________________________
45. What were the three factors of production required to
drive the Industrial Revolution?
 Road, railway and water transport
 Raw materials, natural resources, man-made goods
 Government, military, colonies
 Land, labor, capital
46. To increase production output during the Industrial
Revolution, businesses primarily invested in
 Machinery
 Training
 Workers’ wages
 Marketing
47. According to socialist, the solution to poverty and
injustice was (p 187)
 Armed revolution to overthrow the proletariat.
 Shared ownership by the people of the means of
production
 The charity and good works of the religious
community.
 Individual ownership of the means of production.
48. Population Graph
49. Which statement best reflects the theories in The
Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels? (p 187)
 Workers can expect that working conditions will
improve as a result of government legislation.
 Owners of businesses will eventually realize that
conditions for workers must be improved
 Workers will experience an improved standard of
living as capitalism matures.
 Workers will change working conditions by
revolutionary means.
50. What is the difference between capitalism and socialism?
(p 187)
 ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________
51. What late 18th century European artistic movement arose
as a reaction against Classicism's emphasis on reason? (p
217)
 ___________________________________
52. Socialist writers in 19th century Europe were chiefly
concerned with (p 187)
 ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________
“All forms of life developed from earlier forms. In every case
the fittest survived and the weak died out. It is the same for
people and nations.”
53. The passage above expresses a view most found in…
 _______________________________________ (p 216)
54. At the end of the 1800s, colonies were generally seen as a
 _______________________________________ (p 286)
55. Economically, what allowed Japan to become a colonial
power after 1894? (p 324-325)
 Agricultural advances increased the population and
forced Japan to look for new land
 Industrialization allowed Japan to use resources for
military and colonial expansion
 Japanese trade wars against the US removed regional
competition for colonies
 The Japanese were forced to acquire colonies in Asia
when European trade was banned
56. Both, the French and the British were interested in
controlling Egypt in the mid 19th century because Egypt
had (p 301)
 ________________________________________
57. Throughout the 1900s, an increase need for both raw
materials and new markets for manufactured goods led
various European nations to pursue policies of (p 286)
 ________________________________________
58. The 19th century term “white man’s burden” means (p
286)
 Imperialism was opposed by most Europeans
 Asians and Africans would be grateful for European
help
 Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans
 Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of
their colonial peoples
59. In 1900, anti-foreign sentiment in China led to an uprising
known as the (p 312-313)
 ________________________________________
60. The collapse of the last Chinese Empire in 1912 was
caused by the imperial government’s failure to (p 313)
 Control foreign influence
 Educate the masses
 Enter into alliances with other nations
 Repel communist guerillas
61. In the late 19th century, the British commonly referred to
the Suez Canal in Egypt as the “Lifeline of the Empire”
because it (p 301)
62. By 1914, Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two African
countries to (p 293)
 ______________________________________
63. Map: In which part of Africa did France have most of its
colonies? (p 293)
 ________________________________________
64. Map: Which country had the largest empire by 1900?
 ______________________________________
65. Why did Great Britain, France, and Russia form the Triple
Entente in 1907? (p 352)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
66. In what ways were the nations of Europe competing for
domination of Europe and the world? (p 353-354)
 Control of sea lanes for purposes of trade
 Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and competition
for resources
 Creation of powerful armies to control continental
Europe
 Forcing European states to become tributaries to
dominant European powers
67. The assassination of __________________ of Austria and his
wife by ____________________, a member of the terrorist group
“Black Hand”, led to the start of World War I? (p 355)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
68. According to some historians, Europe’s system of
alliances prior to 1914 increased the likelihood that (p
352)
 ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
69. The Schlieffen Plan was designed by the German military
to (p 356)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
70. Why was the 1914 Battle of the Marne significant to an
Allied victory over Germany? (p 358)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
71. What type of warfare developed as a consequence of the
stalemate on the Western Front in 1914? (p 358)
 _________________________________________
72. Which new weapons were used during World War I?
(360-361)
 _________________________________________
73. Why did most combat on the Western Front in World War
I take place in a relatively small area? (p 358)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
74. What was the consequence of Russia’s withdrawal from
World War I? (p 368)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
75. What event most affected the course and outcome of
World War I? (p 368)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
76. How did Russia’s participation in World War I affect its
empire? (p 367 and 376)
 Economic hardships brought on by the war resulted in
the downfall of the czar
 A string of decisive military victories gained land from
the Central Powers
 Russia’s sale of supplies to its western allies
strengthened its economy
 The czar adopted the reforms necessary to win the
support of the Russian people
77. What incident during World War I created extreme
mistrust and ultimately helped to force America into the
war? (p 368)
 ________________________________________
78. What is Total war? (p 365)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
79. The book “All Quiet on the Western Front” dealt with life
on the front lines from the perspectives of which people?
 ________________________________________ (p 364)
80. One contribution of overseas colonies to the Allied effort
during World War I, was that they provided (p 363)
 Protected sites for new Allied industrial factories
 Large numbers of soldiers to reinforce the Allied
armies
 Most of the agricultural labor in the Allied nations
 Places of refuge for displaced allied civilian
population
81. Ottoman Turk oppression and persecution of Armenian
Christians during World War I resulted in (p 362-363)
 ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
82. Which World War I military tactic of Germany was seen
internationally as an atrocity and crime of war? (p 361)
 ____________________________________________
83. American President Wilson stated that his Fourteen
Points would provide a framework for (p 369)
 ____________________________________________
84. Of the nations that signed the Treaty of Versailles, which
one failed to join the League of Nations? (p 374)
 ____________________________________________
85. A major goal of both France and Britain at the Conference
of Versailles was to (p 372)
 ____________________________________________
86. The harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles imposed
on Germany after the war helped lay the foundation for
the (p 373)
 ______________________________________
87. What aim did Italian leader Vittorio Orlando have during
the creation of the Treaty of Versailles (p 372)
 To gain territory from Austria-Hungary
 To assume control of Austria’s industries
 To guarantee the partition of Germany
 To gain possession of Austria’s overseas colonies
88. By the end of the World War I, what political tradition had
essentially ended in Europe? (p 373)
 Totalitarian government
 The democratic tradition
 Competition among political parties
 Rule by the old empires
89. Who was the Premier of France who rejected the
Fourteen Points and wanted to punish Germany for World
War I? (p372)
 ______________________________________
90. During World War I, US propaganda posters portrayed
German soldiers as (p 366-367)
 Honorable opponents
 Violators of human rights
 Unbeatable enemies
 Liberators of oppressed peoples
91. One major reason for the tension between France and
Germany before World War I was that (p 354 and 356)
 France had begun to surpass Germany in industrial
output
 Germany wanted to join the Triple Entente
 Germany controlled French access to the North Sea
 France wanted to regain lands previously seized by
Germany
92. After WWI, European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the
Pacific (p 373-374)
 Were relieved that their affairs would continue to be
handled by the imperial powers
 Strongly supported the mandate system established
by the leaders at Paris
 Gained newfound respect among Europeans
 Felt betrayed by the outcome of the Paris Peace
Conference
93. How did the Cheka (secret police) help Lenin gain control
of Russia? (380)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
94. Lenin hoped that the Russian Revolution of 1917 would
(ch 11-5)
 Inspire the Russians to continue the European war
effort
 Counter the US military presence in Eastern Europe
 Persuade the combatants in Western Europe to sign an
armistice
 Incite similar socialists rebellions throughout Europe
95. Lenin’s New Economic Policy was designed to (p 381)
 End all traces of capitalism
 Rebuild the Soviet economy
 Make the Soviet Union into an agricultural state
 End state control over agriculture and industry
96. Upon V. I. Lenin’s death in 1924 at the age of 54, who
were the 2 chief contenders for leadership of the Soviet
Union? (p 381)
 ________________________________________
97. What basic idea was shared by both Britain and France at
the Paris Peace Conference in 1919? (p372)
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
98. Great Britain’s stated reason for declaring war on
Germany in 1914 was (p 356)
 ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Use the information to answer the question below
Particular obstructive workers who refuse to submit to
disciplinary measures will be subject, as non workers, to
discharge and confinement in concentration camps.
–Vladimir Lenin, Decree of November 14, 1919
99. The excerpt above describes Lenin’s method for dealing
with those who opposed
 Russian involvement in World War I
 The establishment of a communist government
 Technological advances in industry
 The implementation of a market economy
100.
Map of Europe before and after WWI (p 373)