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Study Guide for the US History EOC Exam Main Topic American Eras Things You Need to Know Reconstruction The West The Gilded Age Reconstruction – ended by President Hayes in 1877 Gilded Age – 1877 – mid-1890’s; Age of industrialization, immigration, rapid growth, but also corruption, exploitation of labor, poverty Progressive Era – mid-1890’s to end of WWI; era of reform in politics and society WWI Roaring Twenties – 1920’s; Rapid growth of business; prosperity except for farmers The Great Depression – 1929 to early 1940’s; unemployment, closing of businesses & banks; the New Deal WWII The Cold War – 1945 to 1991; tensions between democratic West and Communist states 13th Amendment – freed the slaves 14th Amendment – defined citizenship and gave citizenship to former slaves 15th Amendment – granted right to vote for all men regardless of color 1877 – year that Reconstruction ended under President Rutherford B. Hayes Placer Mining – surface mining by individual prospectors or small groups using picks, shovel, pans, etc. Quartz Mining – deep earth mining by corporations using heavy machinery Boom Towns – towns that grew quickly around gold/silver strikes Vigilance Committees – civilians who took it upon themselves to enforce justice on frontier Open Range Ranching – ranching using government-owned grasslands Cattle Drives – herding cattle to northern railheads; Chisolm Trail most famous cattle trail Barbed Wire – invented by Joseph Glidden; doomed cattle drives; prohibited free movement of cattle Homestead Act 1862 – US gave away free land to homesteaders to settle West Railroad Land Grants – Used by US government to finance railroad construction; railroads sold the land to settlers (some recruited from Europe) Bonanza Farms – large mechanized farms owned by corporations 1864 Sand Creek Massacre – worst massacre of Indians by US soldiers Battle of the Little Bighorn – defeat of US cavalry (under Custer) by Indians 1887 Dawes Act – attempted to make Indians assimilate by becoming farmers; destroyed Indian culture 1890 Wounded Knee – last massacre of Indians by US soldiers “Gilded Age” Term coined by Mark Twain to describe array of problems under the surface of American prosperity Robber Barons – businessmen that gained wealth through corruption and exploitation of labor and resources Tammany Hall – NY City political machine that produced infamous Boss Tweed Rise of Monopolies & Trusts – US Steel (Andrew Carnegie), Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller), Railroads (Cornelius Vanderbilt), Banking/Railroads (JP Morgan) Bessemer Process – allowed steel to be made cheaper and mass-produced by injecting air into molten iron and burning away impurities Immigration mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe (Jews) – came into US at Ellis Island in New York Asian immigrants (mostly young males) entered through Angel Island in San Big Business The Progressive Era Age of Imperialism and Expansion Francisco Nativists – anti-immigrant group Tenements – multi-storied apartment buildings; dark, unhealthy Corporation – owned by many people but treated by law as if it were a single person Stocks – shares of ownership of a company Fixed Costs – money a company must spend regardless if it is running or not such as taxes Operating Costs – costs that occur when a company is running such as workers’ pay Monopoly – when a single company achieves control over an entire market Vertical Integration – a company owns all the different businesses on which it depends for its operation; a type of monopoly Horizontal Integration – owning many companies of the same type making one large corporation; a type of monopoly Trust – where several companies are controlled as if they were all part of one corporation (a form of monopoly) Trade Unions – limited to people with certain skills (skills = crafts, trades) Closed Shop – where workers must join a union just to apply for a job Progressive Era - Era of reform sparked by excesses of Gilded Age High railroad freight rates and problems with banks sparked radicalization of farmers – Granges established followed by the Alliance Movement which turned into the Populist Party Populist wanted gov’t ownership of railroads, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax Eugene V. Debs – leader of American Railway Union; led Pullman Strike; Socialist, ran for president multiple times; imprisoned under Sedition Act during WWI Muckrakers – journalists who exposed social and political problems; life of immigrants (Jacob Riis in How the Other Half Lives); meat-packing industry (Upton Sinclair in The Jungle); unfair competition of Standard Oil (Ida Tarbell) Knights of Labor – first industrial labor union; allowed women and minorities as members; decrease in power due to Haymarket Square Bombing American Federation of Labor – founded by Samuel Gompers; “bread and butter” goals such as pay, working conditions, 8-hour work day Social Gospel – religious groups seeking to help poor through social and political reform (YMCA and Salvation Army); Settlement Houses (model was Hull House – Jane Addams) 16th Amendment – income Tax 17th Amendment – direct election of senators 18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol 19th Amendment – women’s right to vote Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan – theorized that to be great, a nation needed a strong navy with its own overseas coaling stations 1898 – Spanish-American War; sparked by sinking of USS Maine; cavalry regiment called “Rough Riders” organized by T. Roosevelt; beginning of US Imperialism Defeat of Spain gave US Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines Teller Amendment – US would NOT take Cuba as a colony Foraker Act – made Puerto Rico territory of US Platt Amendment – US control over Cuban Constitution: Cuba could have no treaties w/Europe, US could intervene, US got bases in Cuba (Guantanamo) Filipinos conducted guerrilla war against US; led by Emilio Aguinaldo World War I The Roaring Twenties Overthrow of Hawaiian queen by American planter class led by Sanford Dole; Hawaii later annexed by US; Dole first governor of Hawaii US under TR instigated Panamanian Revolution against Colombia to secure land for Panama Canal President T. Roosevelt’s policy towards Latin America endorsed use of force if necessary (“Speak softly but carry a big stick”) – called Roosevelt Corollary Open Door Policy – US trade policy with China; wanted all powers to respect territory and gov’t of China and engage in free trade; authored by Secretary of State John Hay Dollar Diplomacy – President Taft’s policy that pushed the idea of using businesses to gain influence in Latin America Election of 1912- three-way race between Taft (Republican), Wilson (Democrat), and TR (Bull Moose/Progressive party); Wilson won election 1914-1918 Sparked by assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Ferdinand 1914 Stalemate caused trench warfare; new weapons such as tanks, flamethrowers, and chemicals developed to break stalemate President Wilson tried to negotiate end to war based on his Fourteen Points peace plan US entered war in 1917 / Reasons include: unrestricted submarine warfare (Freedom of the Seas), financial ties to Allies, Zimmerman telegram, Allied propaganda Espionage & Sedition Acts – severely limited American rights to free speech and free press; Schenck v. United States upheld law’s constitutionality American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by General Pershing Biggest Battle: the Argonne Forest; biggest hero: Alvin York War ended with Treaty of Versailles negotiated by Wilson; included League of Nations US Senate (led by Henry Cabot Lodge) rejected treaty and League of Nations First Red Scare – radicals, anarchist bombings, and Russian Revolution prompted public hysteria against “Reds;” Palmer Raids - mass arrests and deportations of radicals by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer 1920 - Harding elected based on “Normalcy” Teapot Dome – political scandal in Harding administration; Sec of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased US oil reserves to private companies Calvin Coolidge – pro-business president; “The business of this country is business” National Origins Act – dramatically decreased immigration through quota system The Flapper – young women that showed disdain for conventional dress and behavior Volstead Act – gave “teeth” to the 18th Amendment Speakeasies – secret bars used to get around Prohibition laws Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – people believed defendants convicted b/c they were Italian immigrants and Anarchists Scopes “Monkey” Trial – trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in school; Prosecution led by William Jennings Bryan; Defense led by Clarence Darrow Eugenics – pseudo-science advocating against immigration of inferior races, calling for selective abortion, breeding of human race Henry Ford – mass production of cheap automobiles; assembly line Charles Lindbergh – first solo flight from US to Europe in Spirit of St. Louis Glenn Curtiss – Father of naval aviation; helped develop modern airplanes The Great Depression World War II President Herbert Hoover elected 1928 – blamed for Depression 1929 – Stock Market Crash; beginning of Great Depression Hoovervilles – shanty towns formed when people evicted from homes Bonus Army – WWI veterans marched on Washington DC to demand bonus payments promised by gov’t; troops burned Bonus Army camp; American public turned against Hoover Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) elected president in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944 Bank Run – people withdrew all their money causing the bank to financially collapse; Bank Holiday – US closed banks to make sure they were stable 20th Amendment – moved inauguration day forward from March to January 21st Amendment – repealed Prohibition Hundred Days – first months of FDR’s new administration; first New Deal programs FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; protects bank accounts in case bank fails SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission; reformed ways in which stocks are bought/sold CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps; young men hired to work in National Parks TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority; dams created electric power AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Administration; raised crop prices by limiting production WPA – Works Progress Administration; gave jobs to many groups including artists, actors, writers Social Security Administration – set up Social Security system under which Americans live today (Second New Deal program) Fireside Chats – FDR connected with public via radio broadcasts 1939-1945 Began in Europe with German invasion of Poland US supplied Great Britain (and later Russia & China) with military supplies under Lend-Lease Act US entered war after Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 Bataan Death March - Japan invaded Philippines; US and Filipino POWs forced to march to prison camps; thousands died A. Phillip Randolph – head of black porter’s union; threatened march on Washington if gov’t jobs not opened to minorities; FDR complied Double V Campaign – black soldiers fighting nation’s enemies but also racism at home Executive Order 9066 – authorized internment of Japanese Americans Korematsu v. United States – upheld internment of Japanese-Americans North Africa – first place US troops fought w/German Army US strategy in Pacific – “Island Hopping” Turning point in Pacific was Battle of Midway; US put Japan on defensive Turning Point in Europe was D-Day (invasion of Normandy, France); put Germany on defensive Oveta Culp Hobby – First director of the Women’s Army Corps General Omar Bradley - Commander on ground on D-Day General Dwight Eisenhower - Commander of all Allied forces in Europe General George Patton - Most effective US battle commander in Europe Tuskegee Airmen – all black fighter squadron in Europe General Douglas MacArthur - Commander of all US Army in Pacific Admiral Chester Nimitz - Commander of all naval forces in Pacific The Cold War Navajo Code Talkers (aka “Wind Talkers”) – US Army used Native-Americans to operate radios because Japanese could not translate Indian language Flying Tigers – US volunteer fighter pilots who supported the Chinese Nationalist Army Battle of the Bulge – largest battle US fought in Europe; last offensive in West by Germany FDR died April 1945; WWII in Europe ended May 1945 (V-E Day) US developed atomic bombs in Manhattan Project US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki WWII in Pacific ended August 1945 (V-J Day) 22nd Amendment – limited presidents to only two terms (because of FDR) Cold War - era of tension between Western nations led by US and communist nations led by Soviet Union Containment – policy in which US attempted to stop expansion of communism Truman Doctrine – containment policy in which US provided $ and arms; first used in Greece Berlin Airlift – Soviet Union blockaded Allied-occupied sectors of Berlin hoping to get them to leave; Allies responded by airlifting supplies to Berlin Marshall Plan – Sec of State George Marshall plan to rebuild Europe to keep it from turning to communism US and Western nations established NATO (military alliance) to protect against USSR 1950-1953 – Korean War – UN/US war with communist North Korea and China McCarthyism – second Red Scare; Senator McCarthy led hearings on communist influence in gov’t; hearings derided as a “witch-hunt” HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee; investigated communists in America; Venona Papers declassified in 1990s confirmed some of the accusations 1957 – Soviet Union launched Sputnik, world’s first satellite; sparked space race between US and USSR; US responded by establishing NASA Bay of Pigs – US trained/armed anti-Communist Cuban force attempted landing in Cuba; defeated by Communists 1961 – communists erected Berlin Wall 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba prompting US blockade of Cuba; closest world has come to nuclear war; USSR removed missiles in return for US promise not to invade Cuba Vietnam War o Communist North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam o US began supplying and advising South Vietnamese Army o President Johnson vastly increased numbers of US troops in South Vietnam after Congress passed 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution o Draft – young men drafted into army for service in Vietnam o 1968 Tet Offensive caused many in US to turn against the war o Anti-war protests surged; 4 students killed by National Guard at Kent State University due to US invasion of Cambodia o 26th Amendment – lowered voting age to 18 years old o President Nixon began to withdraw US troops under “Vietnamization” program (US supports but South Vietnam fights for itself) o My Lai – massacre of Vietnamese civilians by US troops o Last US combat troops out of Vietnam in 1973 o South Vietnam capital city (Saigon) fell to communists in April 1975 Domino Theory – belief that if one nation fell to communism others would also Civil Rights fall (after South Vietnam fell so did Laos and Cambodia) 1972 President Nixon visited communist China; began new era of Détente (lessening of tension) “Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative) – President Reagan’s plan for a spacebased anti-missile program; arms race broke Soviet Union – helped in US win of Cold War 1989 – Fall of the Berlin Wall 1991 – Fall of the Soviet Union (USSR) – end of Cold War; Mikhail Gorbachev last leader of USSR 1896 Plessey v. Ferguson – established “Separate but Equal” standard; allowed segregation Booker T. Washington – advocated that blacks raise themselves up through education; Atlanta Compromise Jim Crow Laws – laws or statutes that enforced segregation Ida B. Wells – led crusade against lynching in the South Harlem Renaissance – flowering of black culture; music, literature, art, poetry Marcus Garvey – advocated separatism and then the Back-to-Africa Movement The Great Migration – migration of blacks from the South to the North during WWI; better jobs and conditions; work in munitions factories 1947 – Mendez v. Westminster – successfully challenged segregation (of Hispanic children) in schools 1947 – President Truman desegregated the US military and Civil Service 1948 – Delgado v. Bastrop ISD – made segregation of Mexican-American children illegal Norris v. Alabama – blacks allowed to serve on juries Morgan v. Virginia – interstate busses desegregated 1950 Sweatt v. Painter – ruling that UT’s law school did not meet separate but equal standard, Sweatt won right to attend UT 1954 Brown v. Board of Education – desegregated public schools Little Rock Nine – black students prevented from attending Little Rock high school; Eisenhower sent US Army to escort them Civil Rights Act of 1964 – made discrimination by sex, race, and religion illegal; landmark legislation 24th Amendment (1964) – prohibited poll taxes 1965 Voting Rights Act – peak of Civil Rights movement; prohibited all restrictions on voting Rosa Parks – 1955 – refused to give up bus seat to white man; arrest sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott; propelled Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence “Letter from the Birmingham Jail” – famous letter by MLK protesting racial discrimination Malcolm X – advocated separation from whites and violence in pursuit of civil rights; changed his views and was assassinated by Black Muslim Movement 1965 Watts Riot – first great race riot of 1960s in Watts section of L.A. Affirmative Action – schools and businesses allowed to discriminate in favor of minorities; racial quotas sometimes set 1968 – MLK assassinated Thurgood Marshall – first black justice of the US Supreme Court George Wallace – white supremacist and segregationist; governor of Alabama in 1960’s; shot and paralyzed while running for president in 1972 Shirley Chisholm – first black woman elected to Congress; first woman to run for Women’s Issues Sixties to the Present President Busing – method used to racially balance schools Susan B. Anthony – leader of Women’s Suffrage Movement 19th Amendment – gave women right to vote “Rosie the Riveter” – symbol of women in industry and other work normally done by men during WWII The Feminine Mystique – book written by Betty Friedan advocating feminism NOW – National Organization for Women; pushed for passage of Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly – conservative women’s leader; fought against ERA Roe v. Wade – Supreme Court ruled that abortion was legal in first 3 months of pregnancy Sandra Day-O’Connor – first female justice on Supreme Court Sally Ride – first female astronaut Geraldine Ferraro – first woman to run for vice-president Watergate – Democratic Party National Headquarters burgled by “plumbers” sent by CRP and were caught; President Nixon involved in cover-up; major evidence against Nixon were audio tapes; Nixon resigned rather than be impeached Camp David Accords – 1978 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Jimmy Carter Iran Hostage Crisis – when US refused to turn over the Shah of Iran who was in US for medical treatment, Iranians took over US embassy in Tehran and kept US citizens hostage for 444 days; hostages released after Reagan inaugurated president Iran-Contra Affair – members of Reagan administration secretly selling weapons parts to Iran and using that money to support anti-communist guerrillas (Contras) in Nicaragua; illegal under law passed by Congress 1991 Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) – US and coalition of other countries went to war with Iraq after it invaded Kuwait; President George H. W. Bush led coalition The Balkan Crisis 1990s – Civil war in Yugoslavia resulted in the ethnic cleansing of Muslims and others (Bosnia/Kosovo) causing US and NATO allies to intervene; Clinton president Impeachment of President Clinton – Clinton impeached for perjury (lying under oath in a court) & acquitted by the Senate Election of 2000 – Bush v. Gore; Florida recount Ted Turner – established 1st cable television station (TBS), TNT, and 1st 24-hour news station (CNN) Robert Johnson – established first black cable station (BET) Bill Gates – developed software for computers 9-11 – terrorist attack on US; resulted in Patriot Act and invasion of Afghanistan 2003 Iraq War – US and coalition of other countries invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein after he refused to give up weapons of mass destruction (WMD); George W. Bush led coalition