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Student Name: __________________________________________________ Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth Guided Notes Introduction The __________________________ were a period in the history of Europe that lasted from ________________________ AD. Or so we think… There isn’t any one event that ______________ or ______________ the Middle Ages. But, some historians say the fall of the _______________________ ______________________________ triggered the change. The term “Middle Ages” was invented during the _________________________ (1300-1600 AD), a period that came after the Middle Ages. The term was not meant as a ___________________________. During the Renaissance, people thought that their own time and that of Ancient ________________ and ________________ were more advanced and civilized. They called the period ___________________ the Ancient world and themselves “the Middle Ages”. The Middle Ages are divided into 3 periods: ____________________________________________ (350-1050 AD) ____________________________________________ (1050-1300 AD) ____________________________________________ (1300-1450 AD) Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 1 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution Transformation of the Roman World By the 3rd Century, Rome had become _____________________. It was hard to protect its _________________. As a result, _______________ and _______________ started attacking. Rome fought for over a century… but it was simply delaying the inevitable. Roman Emperors realized it was ______________________________ to rule by themselves. A __________________________________ was created to help rule. This split Rome into 2 parts: ______________________ Roman Empire ______________________ Roman Empire This didn’t help. Rome fell in ___________ AD. The Eastern Empire was soon called the ______________________ __________________________. Its capital was in Constantinople (or ________________________ today). The East faced a new “threat” in __________ from Saudi Arabia. Heirs of the Roman World By 750 AD, the Roman Empire had given way to 3 heirs: ________________________________ – stable due to Emperors. ________________________________ – stable due to Caliphs. ________________________________ – NOT stable because it was a bunch of small kingdoms no longer unified under Rome. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 2 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The Early Middle Ages With Europe fragmented into tiny kingdoms, it was ripe for pillaging and destruction at the hands of the _______________________. To help fight back, kings began ____________________________ to assist in their defense. They paid them with _________________, not money. This started ___________________________. KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS! ___________________________ … ___________________________ … ___________________________ … oh my! Feudalism refers to __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Translated in English… ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Seignorialism refers to _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Translated in English… ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 3 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution When feudalism and seignorialism were put together, they formed the hierarchical framework called __________________________________________________. Translated in English… ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. The Crusades The Crusades were a series of bloody wars between _______________________ and ________________. Christians wanted the Holy Land (______________________) back. They lasted ________ years, from 1095-1272. In the 7th Century, _____________ conquered _________________. At the time, many Christians were not concerned with the loss of Jerusalem. They were busy fighting off the ____________________. In 1009, the Muslim ________________ (like the Catholic Pope) had the main church in Jerusalem destroyed. This church had been built on _____________________________, the hill where ____________________________ was crucified. Why were Christians angry? The Byzantine Empire rebuilt it, but Muslims attacked Christian pilgrims. In 1071, Muslims crushed the Byzantine at ____________________. The Byzantine Empire could _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 4 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The Byzantine Empire began to ask for troops and support from the __________________. For European Christians, Islam now posed a threat to their ___________________ and ___________________ … and something had to be done. The ______________ struggled with the idea of a _______________ ______________ and the shedding of blood in the name of the ______________. Eventually, they agreed on “________________________________”. What is “justified violence”? Pope _______________________ believed a Crusade would benefit Christianity. It would: _____________________________________________, _____________________________________________, and _____________________________________________. Can you say economics?!! In 1095, Pope Urban delivered a speech in France. He called for Christians to free Jerusalem. He offered incentives such as a _____________________________ _______________ if they fought (and died) in the Crusades. There were ______ major Crusades and ______ smaller ones (that go unnumbered). The Crusades got off to a bad start. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 5 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution A mob of _______________ descended on Constantinople as a general meeting place. On their way, these “peasant armies” made detours to massacre _____________… in the name of Christianity. The Crusaders _____________________ Jerusalem and won in July 1099, in which many of the ________________ were massacred. After achieving their goal of retaking Jerusalem, many were ready to _____________________________. The Pope, however, wanted a ___________________________ Christian presence in the Middle East. Why did he want this? The result was the establishment of 4 Crusader states: ___________________________ (1098-1149) ___________________________ (1098-1268) ___________________________ (1099-1291) ___________________________ (1102-1289) As these states were attacked by Muslims, more Crusades were launched. These Crusades went from _________________________________. They turned into _______________________________ by both sides. Thus, when judged by historians, the Crusades were a collective _______________________. In 1187, the Muslims again captured Jerusalem, and all 4 of the Crusader states ___________________________ by the end of the 13th Century. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 6 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The _____________________________________ (1212) is the name given to a possibly fictional story. It is about the attempt to free Jerusalem by a _______-year-old French boy named _________________________________. Stephen claimed he had been visited by Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ told Stephen to __________________________________ ____________________________. Soon, ______________ children joined Stephen’s cause. None were older than ______. Stephen led his followers to the ______________________________ __________________, which he believed would ___________ so that he and his followers could march through to Jerusalem. This did not happen. Instead, 2 ____________________ gave passage to the children on 7 boats. Two boats __________________________________________. Five boats went to ______________ where they were sold into ___________________ and ___________________________. The Crusades influenced the Middle Ages. They were part of European _____________________ and _____________________. ____________________________________ was transferred to the West during the Crusades. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 7 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The idea of ____________________________ was taken back West. The Crusades also aided the beginning of the _________________________ because Italians _____________ from visiting Crusaders and through ____________ with the Crusader states. This newfound commercial power also provoked _____________ and _____________ to seek trade routes to _____________ and _____________. Ever hear of Columbus? Europe’s focus then shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the _______________________________. The Crusaders’ atrocities against Jews left feelings of __________ between Judaism and Christianity for __________________. Anti-Jewish _______________________ (or laws) was the turning point in the Medieval history of the Jews. As for the Islamic world, the Crusades were regarded as __________ and ___________________________________. For many Muslims, the word “__________________” still conjures up images of Western violence and religious genocide. The “____________________________” was improperly referred to as a “Crusade” by President ___________________________ until the Muslim understanding of the term was pointed out. To this day, the scars of the Crusades __________________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 8 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War was fought between ________________ and ________________. It was a series of _____________________ fought from 1337-1453. So… the 100 Years’ War lasted ______ years. It resulted from disputes… (1) __________________________________________________________ (2) __________________________________________________________ (3) __________________________________________________________ England and France ________________________________________. England ____________________________________ in France. The most important of these territories was ___________________, a valuable ___________ region. England soon found itself occupied with ______________________ and the ________________. However, with Wallace __________________ in 1305, England attempted to secure its French lands through ____________________. In 1308, King _______________________ (“Longshanks”) married his son (____________________) to the king of France’s __________________. Their son, __________________, had a claim to the _____________ throne. France did not like this. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 9 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The French declared that their ________________ could only pass to a man whose claim was through his _____________ ancestors. They made a _____________ of the king their new leader in 1328. England’s Edward III did not challenge this decision… but he ______________________________________________________ to the French throne. However, when France invaded Gascony in 1337, Edward III reaffirmed his claim and ___________________ France. The Hundred Years’ War involved 3 major conflicts: ______________________________________ (1340-1360) ______________________________________ (1369-1389) ______________________________________ (1415-1435) Yes, _______________ wins this war. England faced challenges because they had to fight on ___________________ soil. It was very complicated and expensive to transport an army of heavily-armored knights to France, so the English sent ___________________________. A longbow could penetrate _____________________ and armor. Longbowmen were ____________________. France used ____________________. France’s armored knights didn’t stand a chance. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 10 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution __________________ battles were where the 2 sides decided on a ______________, ______________, and ______________. There were 3 major pitched battles during the war: Battle of ________________________ in 1346 Battle of ________________________ in 1356 Battle of ________________________ in 1415 ___________________ would win all 3. Why were only 3 pitched battles fought in 116 years? ____________. Fear that __________________________________________________ on either side. Most people back then believed history happened according to a _______________________. Battle was believed to be an institution which revealed the _____________________________. Does He like you… or not? As in the Old Testament battles, God would side with the ______________________, not always the strong (David vs. ________________). People worried that God might exact punishment for an _________________ or test one’s faith during battle. As a result, preparation for battle started with ________________. It was believed that the side that prayed the _____________ would win God’s favor. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 11 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution The winner was expected to stay and pray for _______ more days after the battle. The Battle of Crécy: Fought on August 26, 1346. The battle began at ____________ pm. England had ________________ troops. France had ________________ soldiers. France used _______________; England used __________________. England also used ___________________ that could lame and bring down horses. England introduced their new “____________________________”. England wins and fired more than ___________________ arrows. England had __________ killed. France had ________________ killed. The victory essentially ended the effectiveness of knights on the battlefield. The Battle of Poitiers: Fought on September 19, 1356. “Scheduled” for the 18th… but this was a ________________, so it was pushed to ________________. The battle began at ____________ am. England had ________________ troops. France had ________________ soldiers. _______________ wins easily. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 12 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution England had ________ killed. France had ______________ killed. England proves their longbowmen are again superior. The Battle of Agincourt: Fought on October 25, 1415. The battle began at ____________ pm. England had ________________ troops. France had ________________ soldiers. England wins; __________ killed. France loses ________________ soldiers. H-BOMB – Topic: Did the F-bomb originate during this war? NO! But it makes for a good story. So, of course, Mr. Hartnell has to tell you about it. France was favored to win the Battle of Agincourt. They threatened to cut off the middle finger of all English soldiers. Why would this prevent them from fighting? Without the middle finger, it would be impossible to draw back the longbow. This weapon was made of the English yew tree. The act of drawing the longbow was known as “plucking yew”. So, after the English were victorious, they waved their middle fingers at the defeated French. As they did this they said:“See, we can still pluck yew! PLUCK YEW!” Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 13 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution Since “pluck yew” contains a consonant cluster at the beginning, when it is said repeatedly it gradually changed to an “f”. Thus, the word is often used in conjunction with the one-finger-salute. And by the way… It is also because of the pheasant feathers on the arrows that we get the symbolic gesture known as “giving the bird”. Joan of Arc: With France ____________ in the pitched battles, it was in desperate need of some help. This came in the form of a peasant girl from the small French village of _____________________. Her name was ___________________________. She witnessed her older sister’s _____________ and _____________ at the hands of the English. At the age of 12, she heard voices and claimed that the angel _______________________ came down to see her… telling her to aid ______________________and _____________. In 1429, she went to see the ___________________ (heir to the throne) Charles VII. To see if she was truly sent by God, Charles ___________________ ______________________________________________________. She did and explained her message. Though hesitant to accept, Charles agreed and sent a relief expedition with Joan. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 14 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution She dressed as a ________________ with her hair cut like a ___________ and carried a white banner that said “______________________”. She helped the French recapture ____________________________. Despite her numerous victories, King Charles VII soon lost interest in the war because it was __________________ and stopped sending Joan supplies. With no additional supplies, she was captured by the ___________________________, a country who fought for both sides. France made no attempt to pay her __________________. But ______________ did. Joan was interrogated by the Church for _______ months. In the end, she was __________________________________________ for _________________________________and for believing she was _______________________________________________ rather than to the Catholic Church. Joan was _____ at her death. Only 25 years after her death, the Church ___________________ its ruling and pronounced her ____________________. In 1920, she was _________________________ as ________________ Joan of Arc. Despite losing Joan, the __________________ gained momentum. Burgundy dropped __________________ and joined France. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 15 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution France acquired the use of __________________, which equalized England’s longbow. Running out of _______________, England _____________________. New weapons also proved that the old feudal knight was dead. The _________________________, _________________________, and _________________________ have since revolutionized warfare. The Black Death The Edwardian War phase of the war came to a halt due to the ________________________________. It ravaged Europe from ______________________. Over ________ million Europeans, (one-third) were killed. Also called: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ The Plague originated in _________________. The culprits were _______________ living on black rats that got aboard _______________________________. These ships then sailed from China to _____________ and _____________. After the rats died, the fleas found new hosts… _______________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 16 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution In under 4 years, the plague swept across all of Europe. There are ____________ documented cases of the plague each year… __________ prove fatal. The plague came in 3 forms (all are still around today): (1) ________________________ plague (2) ________________________ plague (3) ________________________ plague (1) Bubonic Plague: Best-known form. Characterized by __________________. Buboes are enlarged, inflamed __________________________ in the groin, armpit, or neck. Transmitted by the bite of _________________________________. Symptoms include: Headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general feeling of ______________________. The lymph nodes become painful and swollen. The temperature rises to between _________ and _________. Pulse rate and respiration rate are increased, and the victim becomes exhausted. The buboes swell to the size of a _______________________. Untreated bubonic plague is fatal in _____________ of all cases. Left alone, death results in ______ days. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 17 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution (2) Pneumonic Plague: The _____________ is the site of infection. This plague is most often transmitted by _________________ sprayed from the _____________ of infected persons. The mucus is at first slimy and tinted with ___________. The blood later becomes free-flowing and bright red. It is _______ fatal. Death occurs in _____ or _____ days. (3) Septicemic plague: An infection of the ________________. Contracted by __________________________ of contaminated hands, food, or objects with the mucous membranes of the nose or throat. A sudden high fever, person turns deep purple/black due to respiratory failure. The name “____________________________” is derived from this symptom. It is _________ fatal. Death occurs within ______________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 18 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution H-BOMB – Topic: Is “Ring Around the Rosies” about the plague? NO! But it makes for a good story. And, like the “FBomb” story, Mr. Hartnell has to tell you about it. “Ring around the rosy, Pocket full of posies, Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down!” Supposedly, this childhood song Death. is about the Black “Ring around the rosy” refers to the round red rash that broke out on the skin of plague victims. It can also refer to when a black ring was branded on an infected person’s right arm. “Pocket full of posies” refers to the pockets of victims filled with flowers to conceal the smell. Also, fresh flowers were used to purify the air around the sick, thus warding off disease. Also, “posies” are derived from an Old English word for pus. The pocket referred to the sores. Also, doctors wore masks with snouts stuffed with posies. They kept a pocket full to refresh their masks. “Ashes! Ashes!” may refer to when people dead (and alive) were gathered up into piles and lit on fire… in a belief that burning the diseased bodies would not allow the disease to spread. (Thus just made the plague airborne and deadlier.) Also, prior to death, the aviolae sacs in the lungs rupture and the lungs are coated with blood. This clots and dries. Before the victim died, they had a coughing fit. The person coughed up flecks and particles of the dried black-colored blood. Doctors believed these were “ashes”. This was a sure sign of death. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 19 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution “We all fall down!” refers to the fact that everyone is dying. Some versions had the line as “We all gonna die!” Ever seen Children of the Corn? The first time the nursery rhyme was suggested to be “plague-related” came in 1961 with the publication of the book The Plague and the Fire by James Leasor. The rhyme was first published in Kate Greenaway’s Mother Goose and Old Nursery Rhymes (1881), centuries after the plague swept through Europe. There is no evidence of an earlier version. Initial versions do not contain the lines that reference the plague. Most historians see the whole thing as FALSE. Two terms are often applied to the Black Plague: (1) ________________________ (2) ________________________ Epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads within ____________________________. Pandemic is a widespread epidemic that affects people in many __________________________. _________ is a pandemic today because it is no longer confined just to Africa. Because there was _____________ (and no one knew it was from ___________ until the 1890s), people believed it was a _________________________________. Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 20 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution People often shut themselves inside and _____________________ (which didn’t help). __________________ could offer no answer as many clergymen died or left the cities. The ______________________ were so convinced that God was angry that they walked around whipping themselves to atone for mankind’s sins. Almost as quickly as it came, the plague was gone. Many villages lost all of their populations in a _________________. China lost ______ million people (30%) while Europe lost ______ million (33%). The plague dropped Europe’s population to the same number it was at in 1100, ________ years prior. In fact, it wouldn’t be until the 1800s that the population totals surpassed those from 1347. Why did the plague leave? __________________ were replaced by larger __________________ that did not carry the infection. The most likely reason is human intervention and the furthering of ___________________. Whatever the reason, the Black Plague certainly capped off the “________________________” in a fashion one hopes never happens again. THE END! Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth ** Page 21 ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution