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Unit 2: Collapse & Rebirth Guided Notes
Introduction
The __________________________ were a period in the history of
Europe that lasted from ________________________ AD.
Or so we think…
There isn’t any one event that ______________ or ______________
the Middle Ages.
But, some historians say the fall of the _______________________
______________________________ triggered the change.
The term “Middle Ages” was invented during the
_________________________ (1300-1600 AD), a period that
came after the Middle Ages.
The term was not meant as a ___________________________.
During the Renaissance, people thought that their own time
and that of Ancient ________________ and
________________ were more advanced and civilized.
They called the period ___________________ the Ancient world
and themselves “the Middle Ages”.
The Middle Ages are divided into 3 periods:
____________________________________________ (350-1050 AD)
____________________________________________ (1050-1300 AD)
____________________________________________ (1300-1450 AD)
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Transformation of the Roman World
By the 3rd Century, Rome had become _____________________.
It was hard to protect its _________________.
As a result, _______________ and _______________ started
attacking.
Rome fought for over a century… but it was simply delaying the
inevitable.
Roman Emperors realized it was ______________________________
to rule by themselves.
A __________________________________ was created to help rule.
This split Rome into 2 parts:
______________________ Roman Empire
______________________ Roman Empire
This didn’t help.
Rome fell in ___________ AD.
The Eastern Empire was soon called the ______________________
__________________________. Its capital was in
Constantinople (or ________________________ today).
The East faced a new “threat” in __________ from Saudi Arabia.
Heirs of the Roman World
By 750 AD, the Roman Empire had given way to 3 heirs:
________________________________ – stable due to Emperors.
________________________________ – stable due to Caliphs.
________________________________ – NOT stable because it was a
bunch of small kingdoms no longer unified under Rome.
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The Early Middle Ages
With Europe fragmented into tiny kingdoms, it was ripe for
pillaging and destruction at the hands of the
_______________________.
To help fight back, kings began ____________________________
to assist in their defense.
They paid them with _________________, not money.
This started ___________________________.
KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS! KEY TERMS!
___________________________ …
___________________________ …
___________________________ … oh my!
Feudalism refers to __________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Translated in English…
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Seignorialism refers to _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Translated in English…
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
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When feudalism and seignorialism were put together, they
formed the hierarchical framework called
__________________________________________________.
Translated in English…
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of bloody wars between
_______________________ and ________________.
Christians wanted the Holy Land (______________________) back.
They lasted ________ years, from 1095-1272.
In the 7th Century, _____________ conquered _________________.
At the time, many Christians were not concerned with the loss
of Jerusalem.
They were busy fighting off the ____________________.
In 1009, the Muslim ________________ (like the Catholic Pope)
had the main church in Jerusalem destroyed. This church
had been built on _____________________________, the hill
where ____________________________ was crucified.
Why were Christians angry?
The Byzantine Empire rebuilt it, but Muslims attacked Christian
pilgrims.
In 1071, Muslims crushed the Byzantine at ____________________.
The Byzantine Empire could _________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
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The Byzantine Empire began to ask for troops and support from
the __________________.
For European Christians, Islam now posed a threat to their
___________________ and ___________________ … and
something had to be done.
The ______________ struggled with the idea of a _______________
______________ and the shedding of blood in the name of
the ______________.
Eventually, they agreed on “________________________________”.
What is “justified violence”?
Pope _______________________ believed a Crusade would
benefit Christianity.
It would:
_____________________________________________,
_____________________________________________,
and _____________________________________________.
Can you say economics?!!
In 1095, Pope Urban delivered a speech in France.
He called for Christians to free Jerusalem.
He offered incentives such as a _____________________________
_______________ if they fought (and died) in the Crusades.
There were ______ major Crusades and ______ smaller ones
(that go unnumbered).
The Crusades got off to a bad start.
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A mob of _______________ descended on Constantinople as a
general meeting place.
On their way, these “peasant armies” made detours to
massacre _____________… in the name of Christianity.
The Crusaders _____________________ Jerusalem and won in July
1099, in which many of the ________________ were
massacred.
After achieving their goal of retaking Jerusalem, many were
ready to _____________________________.
The Pope, however, wanted a ___________________________
Christian presence in the Middle East.
Why did he want this?
The result was the establishment of 4 Crusader states:
___________________________ (1098-1149)
___________________________ (1098-1268)
___________________________ (1099-1291)
___________________________ (1102-1289)
As these states were attacked by Muslims, more Crusades were
launched.
These Crusades went from _________________________________.
They turned into _______________________________ by both sides.
Thus, when judged by historians, the Crusades were a
collective _______________________.
In 1187, the Muslims again captured Jerusalem, and all 4 of the
Crusader states ___________________________ by the end
of the 13th Century.
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The _____________________________________ (1212) is the name
given to a possibly fictional story.
It is about the attempt to free Jerusalem by a _______-year-old
French boy named _________________________________.
Stephen claimed he had been visited by Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ told Stephen to __________________________________
____________________________.
Soon, ______________ children joined Stephen’s cause.
None were older than ______.
Stephen led his followers to the ______________________________
__________________, which he believed would ___________
so that he and his followers could march through to
Jerusalem.
This did not happen.
Instead, 2 ____________________ gave passage to the children
on 7 boats.
Two boats __________________________________________.
Five boats went to ______________ where they were sold into
___________________ and ___________________________.
The Crusades influenced the Middle Ages.
They were part of European _____________________ and
_____________________.
____________________________________ was transferred to the
West during the Crusades.
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The idea of ____________________________ was taken back West.
The Crusades also aided the beginning of the
_________________________ because Italians _____________
from visiting Crusaders and through ____________ with the
Crusader states.
This newfound commercial power also provoked _____________
and _____________ to seek trade routes to _____________
and _____________.
Ever hear of Columbus?
Europe’s focus then shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the
_______________________________.
The Crusaders’ atrocities against Jews left feelings of __________
between Judaism and Christianity for __________________.
Anti-Jewish _______________________ (or laws) was the turning
point in the Medieval history of the Jews.
As for the Islamic world, the Crusades were regarded as
__________ and ___________________________________.
For many Muslims, the word “__________________” still conjures
up images of Western violence and religious genocide.
The “____________________________” was improperly referred to
as a “Crusade” by President ___________________________
until the Muslim understanding of the term was pointed
out.
To this day, the scars of the Crusades __________________.
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The Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years’ War was fought between ________________
and ________________.
It was a series of _____________________ fought from 1337-1453.
So… the 100 Years’ War lasted ______ years.
It resulted from disputes…
(1) __________________________________________________________
(2) __________________________________________________________
(3) __________________________________________________________
England and France ________________________________________.
England ____________________________________ in France.
The most important of these territories was ___________________,
a valuable ___________ region.
England soon found itself occupied with ______________________
and the ________________.
However, with Wallace __________________ in 1305, England
attempted to secure its French lands through
____________________.
In 1308, King _______________________ (“Longshanks”) married
his son (____________________) to the king of France’s
__________________.
Their son, __________________, had a claim to the _____________
throne.
France did not like this.
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The French declared that their ________________ could only pass
to a man whose claim was through his _____________
ancestors.
They made a _____________ of the king their new leader in 1328.
England’s Edward III did not challenge this decision… but he
______________________________________________________
to the French throne.
However, when France invaded Gascony in 1337, Edward III
reaffirmed his claim and ___________________ France.
The Hundred Years’ War involved 3 major conflicts:
______________________________________ (1340-1360)
______________________________________ (1369-1389)
______________________________________ (1415-1435)
Yes, _______________ wins this war.
England faced challenges because they had to fight on
___________________ soil.
It was very complicated and expensive to transport an army of
heavily-armored knights to France, so the English sent
___________________________.
A longbow could penetrate _____________________ and armor.
Longbowmen were ____________________.
France used ____________________.
France’s armored knights didn’t stand a chance.
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__________________ battles were where the 2 sides decided on
a ______________, ______________, and ______________.
There were 3 major pitched battles during the war:
Battle of ________________________ in 1346
Battle of ________________________ in 1356
Battle of ________________________ in 1415
___________________ would win all 3.
Why were only 3 pitched battles fought in 116 years?
____________.
Fear that __________________________________________________
on either side.
Most people back then believed history happened according
to a _______________________.
Battle was believed to be an institution which revealed the
_____________________________.
Does He like you… or not?
As in the Old Testament battles, God would side with the
______________________, not always the strong (David vs.
________________).
People worried that God might exact punishment for an
_________________ or test one’s faith during battle.
As a result, preparation for battle started with ________________.
It was believed that the side that prayed the _____________
would win God’s favor.
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The winner was expected to stay and pray for _______ more
days after the battle.
The Battle of Crécy:
Fought on August 26, 1346.
The battle began at ____________ pm.
England had ________________ troops.
France had ________________ soldiers.
France used _______________; England used __________________.
England also used ___________________ that could lame and
bring down horses.
England introduced their new “____________________________”.
England wins and fired more than ___________________ arrows.
England had __________ killed.
France had ________________ killed.
The victory essentially ended the effectiveness of knights on the
battlefield.
The Battle of Poitiers:
Fought on September 19, 1356.
“Scheduled” for the 18th… but this was a ________________, so it
was pushed to ________________.
The battle began at ____________ am.
England had ________________ troops.
France had ________________ soldiers.
_______________ wins easily.
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England had ________ killed.
France had ______________ killed.
England proves their longbowmen are again superior.
The Battle of Agincourt:
Fought on October 25, 1415.
The battle began at ____________ pm.
England had ________________ troops.
France had ________________ soldiers.
England wins; __________ killed.
France loses ________________ soldiers.
H-BOMB – Topic: Did the F-bomb originate during this war?
NO!
But it makes for a good story. So, of course, Mr.
Hartnell has to tell you about it.
France was favored to win the Battle of Agincourt.
They threatened to cut off the middle finger of all
English soldiers.
Why would this prevent them from fighting?
Without the middle finger, it would be impossible
to draw back the longbow.
This weapon was made of the English yew tree. The
act of drawing the longbow was known as “plucking
yew”.
So, after the English were victorious, they waved
their middle fingers at the defeated French.
As they did this they said:“See, we can still pluck
yew! PLUCK YEW!”
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Since “pluck yew” contains a consonant cluster at
the beginning, when it is said repeatedly it
gradually changed to an “f”.
Thus, the word is often used in conjunction with
the one-finger-salute.
And by the way…
It is also because of the pheasant feathers on the
arrows that we get the symbolic gesture known as
“giving the bird”.
Joan of Arc:
With France ____________ in the pitched battles, it was in
desperate need of some help.
This came in the form of a peasant girl from the small French
village of _____________________.
Her name was ___________________________.
She witnessed her older sister’s _____________ and _____________
at the hands of the English.
At the age of 12, she heard voices and claimed that the angel
_______________________ came down to see her… telling
her to aid ______________________and _____________.
In 1429, she went to see the ___________________ (heir to the
throne) Charles VII.
To see if she was truly sent by God, Charles ___________________
______________________________________________________.
She did and explained her message.
Though hesitant to accept, Charles agreed and sent a relief
expedition with Joan.
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She dressed as a ________________ with her hair cut like a
___________ and carried a white banner that said
“______________________”.
She helped the French recapture ____________________________.
Despite her numerous victories, King Charles VII soon lost
interest in the war because it was __________________ and
stopped sending Joan supplies.
With no additional supplies, she was captured by the
___________________________, a country who fought for
both sides.
France made no attempt to pay her __________________.
But ______________ did.
Joan was interrogated by the Church for _______ months.
In the end, she was __________________________________________
for _________________________________and for believing
she was _______________________________________________
rather than to the Catholic Church.
Joan was _____ at her death.
Only 25 years after her death, the Church ___________________
its ruling and pronounced her ____________________.
In 1920, she was _________________________ as ________________
Joan of Arc.
Despite losing Joan, the __________________ gained
momentum.
Burgundy dropped __________________ and joined France.
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France acquired the use of __________________, which
equalized England’s longbow.
Running out of _______________, England _____________________.
New weapons also proved that the old feudal knight was
dead.
The _________________________, _________________________, and
_________________________ have since revolutionized
warfare.
The Black Death
The Edwardian War phase of the war came to a halt due to
the ________________________________.
It ravaged Europe from ______________________.
Over ________ million Europeans, (one-third) were killed.
Also called:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
The Plague originated in _________________.
The culprits were _______________ living on black rats that got
aboard _______________________________.
These ships then sailed from China to _____________ and
_____________.
After the rats died, the fleas found new hosts… _______________.
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In under 4 years, the plague swept across all of Europe.
There are ____________ documented cases of the plague each
year… __________ prove fatal.
The plague came in 3 forms (all are still around today):
(1) ________________________ plague
(2) ________________________ plague
(3) ________________________ plague
(1) Bubonic Plague:
Best-known form.
Characterized by __________________.
Buboes are enlarged, inflamed __________________________ in
the groin, armpit, or neck.
Transmitted by the bite of _________________________________.
Symptoms include:
Headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general
feeling of ______________________.
The lymph nodes become painful and swollen.
The temperature rises to between _________ and _________.
Pulse rate and respiration rate are increased, and the victim
becomes exhausted.
The buboes swell to the size of a _______________________.
Untreated bubonic plague is fatal in _____________ of all cases.
Left alone, death results in ______ days.
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(2) Pneumonic Plague:
The _____________ is the site of infection.
This plague is most often transmitted by _________________
sprayed from the _____________ of infected persons.
The mucus is at first slimy and tinted with ___________.
The blood later becomes free-flowing and bright red.
It is _______ fatal.
Death occurs in _____ or _____ days.
(3) Septicemic plague:
An infection of the ________________.
Contracted by __________________________ of contaminated
hands, food, or objects with the mucous membranes of
the nose or throat.
A sudden high fever, person turns deep purple/black due to
respiratory failure.
The name “____________________________” is derived from this
symptom.
It is _________ fatal.
Death occurs within ______________.
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H-BOMB – Topic: Is “Ring Around the Rosies” about the plague?
NO!
But it makes for a good story. And, like the “FBomb” story, Mr. Hartnell has to tell you about it.
“Ring around the rosy,
Pocket full of posies,
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down!”
Supposedly, this childhood song
Death.
is about the Black
“Ring around the rosy” refers to the round red rash
that broke out on the skin of plague victims.
It can also refer to when a black ring was branded
on an infected person’s right arm.
“Pocket full of posies” refers to the pockets of
victims filled with flowers to conceal the smell.
Also, fresh flowers were used to purify the air
around the sick, thus warding off disease.
Also, “posies” are derived from an Old English word
for pus. The pocket referred to the sores.
Also, doctors wore masks with snouts stuffed with
posies. They kept a pocket full to refresh their
masks.
“Ashes! Ashes!” may refer to when people dead (and
alive) were gathered up into piles and lit on fire…
in a belief that burning the diseased bodies would
not allow the disease to spread. (Thus just made
the plague airborne and deadlier.)
Also, prior to death, the aviolae sacs in the lungs
rupture and the lungs are coated with blood.
This clots and dries. Before the victim died, they
had a coughing fit. The person coughed up flecks
and particles of the dried black-colored blood.
Doctors believed these were “ashes”. This was a
sure sign of death.
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“We all fall down!” refers to the fact that
everyone is dying.
Some versions had the line as “We all gonna die!”
Ever seen Children of the Corn?
The first time the nursery rhyme was suggested to
be “plague-related” came in 1961 with the
publication of the book The Plague and the Fire by
James Leasor.
The rhyme was first published in Kate Greenaway’s
Mother Goose and Old Nursery Rhymes (1881),
centuries after the plague swept through Europe.
There is no evidence of an earlier version.
Initial versions do not contain the lines that
reference the plague.
Most historians see the whole thing as FALSE.
Two terms are often applied to the Black Plague:
(1) ________________________
(2) ________________________
Epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads within
____________________________.
Pandemic is a widespread epidemic that affects people in
many __________________________.
_________ is a pandemic today because it is no longer confined
just to Africa.
Because there was _____________ (and no one knew it was from
___________ until the 1890s), people believed it was a
_________________________________.
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People often shut themselves inside and _____________________
(which didn’t help).
__________________ could offer no answer as many clergymen
died or left the cities.
The ______________________ were so convinced that God was
angry that they walked around whipping themselves to
atone for mankind’s sins.
Almost as quickly as it came, the plague was gone.
Many villages lost all of their populations in a _________________.
China lost ______ million people (30%) while Europe lost ______
million (33%).
The plague dropped Europe’s population to the same number
it was at in 1100, ________ years prior.
In fact, it wouldn’t be until the 1800s that the population totals
surpassed those from 1347.
Why did the plague leave?
__________________ were replaced by larger __________________
that did not carry the infection.
The most likely reason is human intervention and the furthering
of ___________________.
Whatever the reason, the Black Plague certainly capped off
the “________________________” in a fashion one hopes
never happens again.
THE END!
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