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Impacts of Climate Change on Cycling, Accumulation
and Feedbacks of Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems
Jordi Dachs
Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya,
Spain.
.
Introduction : Definition of POPs
Some chemicals represent an environmental risk
•
1- Persistence
•
2- Bioaccumulation
•
3- Long-range transport
•
4- Toxicity and exposure routes
•
5- Quantity produced / discharged to the environment
•
6- Other adverse effects: on atmospheric chemistry,…
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Environmental fate of organic pollutants
Gas-Particle
Partitioning
Atmospheric
Transport
CA
CG
Dry
Deposition
Air-Water
Exchange
Water-Particle
Continental Partitioning
Inputs
CP
CW
Advection
Vertical
Fluxes
Degradation
Bioaccumulation
Major permanent sinks:
- Ocean interior (sediments, deep waters)
- Atmospheric OH degradation
Wet
Deposition
Concentration (ng m-3)
Influence of T on atmospheric concentrations
40
Sandy Hook E- NPs
PCBs
If temperature increases from 1 to
4°C degrees then:
30
Gas Phase
20
Aerosol Phase
10
0
Log CG ( ng m-3)
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Nonylphenols
2
Enhanced mobility and long range
transport of chemicals
1
0
-1
Gas-phase concentrations of
chemicals will increase between 20%
(PCBs) to 100% (Nonylphenols).
Log Cg = -9135/T + 31.7
R2 = 0.88
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
1/Temp (K-1)
0.0036
(IPCC
Synthesis Report 2007)
Influence of Temperature on environmental partitioning
H= K AW
 CiA, eq
Ciw, eq
air
KOA  C iO, eq
CiA, eq
octanol
water
Kow  CiO, eq
Ciw, eq
Predicted percent change in airwater (H), octanol-air (Koa) and
octanol-water partition
coefficients associated to a 5°C
increase for selected chemicals
(from Macdonald et al. 2005).
(IPCC Synthesis Report 2007)
How pollutants reach the Arctic and Antarctica?
Air-water gradient of PCB fugacity
(Gioia et al. J. Geophys. Res. 2008)
Case Study: POPs in the Arctic
(MacDonald et al. Sci. Total Environ. 2005)
Case Study: POPs in the Arctic
- MacDonald and coworkers have published the first comprehensive study
on the implications of climate change on POP cycling and impact. This will
modify:
- Atmospheric inputs of POPs/pesticides
- Atmosphere-ocean gas exchange and delivery of ice-cover content
of POPs
- Riverine inputs
- Chemical partitioning and degradation of POPs.
- These changes are also linked to:
- Altered food web structure
- Food deprivation or shifts in diet
- Altered migration pathways and invading species
-The literature suggests that there is a dynamic link between
organochlorine compounds and disease and epidemics in wildlife arctic
populations.
Environmental fate of organic pollutants
Gas-Particle
Partitioning
Atmospheric
Transport
CA
CG
Dry
Deposition
Air-Water
Exchange
Water-Particle
Continental Partitioning
Inputs
CP
CW
Advection
Vertical
Fluxes
Degradation
Bioaccumulation
Wet
Deposition
Influence of trophic status on POP accumulation by biota
(- Berglund. O. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003
- Dachs, J. Hoff,R. S.J. Eisenreich, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000.
- Berglund, O., P. Larsson, G. Ewald, L. Okla. Ecology 2001)
Climate Change and Soil Respiration
(Nature 440, 165-171, 2006)
(Nature 439, 711-714, 2006)
(PNAS 101, 423-428, 2004)
(soot responsible for a
quarter of global warming)
Atmospheric Deposition of PCBs
to European Marine Waters
(PCB 153)
Dry deposition flux [pg m-2 d-1]
Wet deposition flux [pg m-2 d-1]
Net air-water exchange flux [pg m-2 d-1]
(IPCC
Synthesis Report 2007)
Predicted precipitation changes in Europe
Wet deposition flux [pg m-2 d-1]
Importance of precipitation as a driver of water column
chemical concentration variability
(Example: Adriatic Sea)
FSINK PCB 180
precipitation
B
epth [m]
depth [m]
PCB 28
depth [m]
A
CWT [ng m-3]
PCB 28
(Jurado et al. 2006, In press)
Extreme Events and POP Remobilization
Elbe River Flood 2002
Re-distribution of
Contaminants - Dioxins
Behind broken dams
Riverbanks
Elbe River Flood 2002
Re-distribution of Contaminants – Dioxins and other POPs
-In the Elbe River Flood, no significant increase was measured in
levels of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in river and floodplain sediments,
with few exceptions.
- The 2002 flooding event did not result in a large-scale
contamination of the areas affected by the floodwaters. However,
the relatively high contamination levels in the floodplains
represent the historic dimension of repeated floods events in
upstream industrial regions.
- Repeated incidence of floods have the capacity to re-mobilize
and re-distribute large amounts of contaminants and cause
widespread contamination.
Soils Are an Important Environmental Reservoir of POPs
PCB usage (tn)
0
-30
30ºS
-60
60ºS
-90
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0º
90ºS
180ºW
135ºW
90ºW
45ºW
0º
45ºE
90ºE
135ºE
180ºE
S oi l c on c (p g/ g dr y wt)
120000
La titude
60
30ºN
0
60ºN
30
90
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
T ot al PC B u sag e ( to nn es )
90ºN
Soil Conc (pg g-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Inventory in soil or ocean mixed layer / Inventory in atm boundary layer
PCB 101
(Dalla valle, M., Dachs, J., Sweetman, A.J., Jones, K.C. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2004.
Dalla valle, M., Jurado, E., Dachs, J., Sweetman, A.J., Jones, K.C. Environ. Pollut. 2005.)
Soils Are an Important Environmental Reservoir of POPs
Influences of climate change
-The capacity of soils to accumulate and sequestrate
atmospheric chemicals is a strong function of organic carbon
quantity and quality, temperature, humidity….
- Changes in soil organic matter quality or quantity may affect
chemical concentrations in soils.
- Underlying climate change processes that result in a change of
soil use and management, can be expected to influence the
storage capacity of “old” and “new” chemicals.
Climate fluctuations and atmospheric occurrence of POPs
- Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and air-masses can induce
changes in POP fate and impact.
-“Inter-annual variations of POPs air concentrations from the Great Lakes
region and the arctic have been strongly associated with atmospheric lowfrequency fluctuations, notably the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the El
Niño-Southern oscillation and the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern.
This suggests interactions between climate variations and global transport
and distribution of POPs” (Ma et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004).
CONCLUSIONS
- The influence of Temperature on environmental partitioning and
rates of organic chemicals can be predicted with moderate
uncertainty. These predictions suggest higher concentrations in the
atmosphere.
- The impact of higher remobilization is complex due to multiple of
interactions of trophic and physical processes.
- Extreme events may remobilize POPs and affect their impact.
- Pristine environments far from sources may be more exposed to
anthropogenic chemicals.
- Little is known on how climate change will affect impact of
chemicals to ecosystems.
- Legislation on POPs are based on scientific criteria for
persistence, long range transport potential and bioaccumulation,
which may need to be revised under climate change scenarios.
Anthropogenic perturbations of Coastal regions
(Dachs & Méjanelle. Estuaries
and Coasts 2010)
Efecte dels contaminants orgànics en el cicle del C
- Hi ha multitud d’articles sobre efectes de contaminants individuals en
organismes
- Hi ha molt poca feina feta sobre els efectes de les mescles reals de
contaminants en els organismes
- L’ECO-toxicologia ha oblidat l’”ECO”?
- Poden els contaminants afectar el cicle del carboni mitjançant els seus
efectes en fitoplancton i bacteris?
Pollutant effects on Phytoplankton
Pollutants effects on phytoplankton: Single chemical
Cultures
Effects of phenanthrene
on cultured phytoplankton
Pollutant effects on Phytoplankton: single chemical
NE Atlantic Ocean
Effects of phenanthrene
on natural Atlantic Ocean
phytoplankton
Pollutant effects on phytoplankton: mixtures
NE Atlantic Ocean
Prochlorococcus sp
Synechococcus sp
Chlorophyll a
21 ± 6
27 ± 3
40 ± 22
23 ± 13
31 ± 12
36 ± 8
Mixtures of PAHs
661 ± 588
812 ± 262
2448 ± 8092
Phenanthrene
5020 ± 1230
5880 ± 1450
21340 ± 7090
Pyrene
3130 ± 1420
8590 ± 2110
35010 ± 16390
Non-polar organic
compounds
Polar organic
compounds
LC10 given as C/Ccontrol
(Echeveste et al. Chemosphere 2010)
LC10 (Relative concentration at which
abundance or chlorophyll a is reduced
by 10%)
Pollutant effects on Phytoplankton: Mixtures
Mixture of PAH
Non-polar Organic
Pollutants
45
30
15
1
24
16
8
Dead cells (%)
18
12
6
37
10
1
16
8
1
Prochlorococcus sp
34
31
28
1350
C/CControl
(Echeveste et al. Chemosphere 2010)
37
10
100
C/CControl
40
Prochlorococcus sp
34
31
28
25
25
0
Synechococcus sp
24
100
C/CControl
40
Prochlorococcus sp
32
0
1
1350
C/CControl
30
Dead cells (%)
Synechococcus sp
0
0
24
32
Dead cells (%)
Synechococcus sp
Dead cells (%)
60
40
40
Dead cells (%)
Dead cells (%)
75
Polar Organic
Pollutants
1
10
C/CControl
100
1
10
C/CControl
100