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SOL 6th Grade US History to 1877 Study Guide Africa - a continent that crosses the equator. It is south of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Antarctica - the continent that surrounds the South Pole of the Earth. Asia - a continent in the Northern Hemisphere. Asia is attached to Europe (and east of it). Australia - a continent, an island, and a country in the Southern Hemisphere. equator - an imaginary line that divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Europe - a continent in the Northern Hemisphere. Europe is attached to Asia (and west of it). North America - a continent in the Northern Hemisphere; it is north of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. North Pole - the point that is the farthest north on Earth. South America - a continent that is mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. South Pole - the point that is the farthest south on Earth. Europe is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water. The land mass is frequently called Eurasia (includes Europe and Asia). 8 Regions of the USA 58. Match the Number with the Region below: B Appalachian Mountains G Basin and Ridge C Canadian Shield A Coastal Plain H Coastal Range E Great Plains D Interior Lowlands F Rocky Mountains 1. Coastal Plain: Located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Broad lowland providing many excellent harbors 2. Rocky Mountains: Located west of the Great Plains and east of the Basin and Range. Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost to Mexico; high elevations. Contains the Continental Divide, which determines the directional flow of rivers 3. Basin & Ridge: Located west of Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Area of varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges and Death Valley, the lowest point in North America 4. Coastal Range: Rugged mountains along the Pacific Coast that stretch from California to Canada. Contains fertile valleys 5. Great Plains: Located west of Interior Lowlands and east of the Rocky Mountains. Flat land that gradually increases in elevation westward; grasslands 6. Appalachian Mountains: Located west of Coastal Plain extending from eastern Canada to western Alabama; includes the Piedmont. Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in North America) 7. Canadian Shield: Wrapped around Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape. Hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers. Holds some of the oldest rock formations in North America 8. Interior Lowlands: Located west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Great Plains. Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills. It is located around the Great Lakes. Identify and locate on a map the following major bodies of water: Oceans: Atlantic, Pacific Rivers: Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Columbia, Colorado, Rio Grande Lakes: Great Lakes Gulf: Gulf of Mexico The Atlantic Ocean served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants. The Ohio River was the gateway to the west. Inland port cities grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers were the transportation arteries for farm and industrial products. The Columbia River was explored by Lewis and Clark. The Colorado River was explored by the Spanish. The Rio Grande forms the border with Mexico. The Pacific Ocean was an early exploration route. The Gulf of Mexico provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America. Native Americans Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year. Kwakiutl inhabited the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate. Sioux inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains and characterized by dry grasslands. Pueblo inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains. Iroquois inhabited northeast North America, the Eastern Woodland, which is heavily forested. The American Indians (First Americans) fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood). Explorers NORTH AMERICA Major European countries were in competition to extend their power into North America and claim the land as their own. Reasons for exploration: ECONOMIC—gold, natural resources, and trade RELIGIOUS—spread of Christianity LAND—competitions for empire and belief in superiority of own culture Obstacles to exploration: Poor maps and navigational tools Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies Accomplishments of exploration: Exchange of goods and ideas between cultures and countries Improved navigational tools, ships and technology Claim of new territories for European countries SPAIN Francisco Coronado claimed southwest U.S. for Spain FRANCE Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec. Robert La Salle claimed the Mississippi River Valley ENGLAND John Cabot explored eastern Canada PORTUGUAL Made voyages of discovery along West Africa The interactions between First Americans and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and sometimes resulted in conflict. CULTURAL INTERACTIONS WITH FIRST AMERICANS SPANISH o Conquered and enslaved First Americans o Brought Christianity to the New World o Brought European diseases to the Indians FRENCH o Established trading posts o Spread Christianity ENGLISH o Established settlements and claimed ownership of land o Learned faming techniques from Indians o Traded Areas of cooperation between American Indians and Europeans: Technologies (transportation of weapons and farm tools) Trade Crops Areas of conflict with the American Indians: (and other Europeans): Land Competition for trade Cultural differences Disease Language differences WEST AFRICA Ghana, Mali and Songhai Each dominated West Africa in turn from 3001600A.D. Became powerful by controlling trade in West Africa African people and African goods played an important role in arousing European interest in world resources. African goods encouraged explorers to look for more in the world around them. Portuguese took metals, cloth and other manufactured goods to West Africa and traded for gold. Colonies Europeans established colonies in North America for religious and economic reasons. ROANOKE ISLAND (LOST COLONY) Established as an economic venture Present day North Carolina John White leader—grandchild was Virginia Dare, the 1st English child to be born in North America JAMESTOWN COLONY 1607 Economic venture for the Virginia Company of London 1st permanent English settlement in North America John Smith was the leader (“don’t work, don’t eat”) PLYMOUTH COLONY Settled by Separatists (a.k.a. Pilgrims) from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution (worship freely without punishment) Arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 and wrote the Mayflower Compact William Bradford was the leader MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY Settled by the Puritans who wished to worship freely John Winthrop was the leader PENNSYLVANIA Settled by Quakers who wished to worship without interference William Penn was the leader GEORGIA James Oglethorpe was the leader Settled by people who had been in debtor’s prisons in England, wishing to have economic freedom in the New World THE THIRTEEN COLONIES INTERACTIONS NEW ENGLAND MID-ATLANTIC OF PEOPLE & (MASSACHUSETTS, (NEW YORK, THE NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW JERSEY, ENVIRONMENT CONNECTICUT, & PENNSYLVANIA, RHODE ISLAND) & DELAWARE) GEOGRAPHY & --Appalachian Mountains, Boston CLIMATE Harbor, hilly terrain, rocky soil, jagged coastline --Moderate summers, cold winters SOUTH (MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA) --Appalachian --Appalachian Mountains, Mountains, coastal Piedmont, Atlantic lowlands (harbors & Coastal Plain, good bays, wide & deep harbors, rivers --Humid climate rivers), rich farmland --Moderate climate ECONOMY SOCIAL LIFE POLITICAL & CIVIC LIFE --Fishing, shipbuilding industry & naval supplies, trade & port cities --Skilled craftsmen & shopkeepers --Church and village were center of life --Religious reformers & separatists --Town meetings --Livestock and grain trading --Unskilled & skilled workers --Fishermen --Large farms/plantations, cash crops, wood products, small farms --Slavery --Villages & cities --Varied & diverse lifestyles --Diverse religions --Market towns --Plantations (slavery), mansions, indentured servants, few cities, few schools --Church of England --Counties LARGE LANDOWNERS: Lived predominately (mostly) in the South Relied on indentured servants and/or slaves for labor Some were educated Rich social life FARMERS: Worked the land according to the region in which they lived Relied on family members for labor ARTISANS: Worked as craftsmen in towns and on the plantation Lived in small villages and cities WOMEN: Worked as caretakers, house-workers, homemakers Could not vote Had few chances for an education INDENTURED SERVANTS: Men and women who did not have money for passage to the colonies and agreed to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage Free at end of contract (when debt was paid) SLAVES: Captured in Africa and sold to slave traders Shipped to colonies where they were sold into slavery (mainly on plantations of the south) Owned as property with no rights Children of slaves were born into slavery American Revolutionary War England established and attempted to maintain control over the colonies. England imposed its political and economic control over the colonies in different ways. Economic Relationships *England imposed strict control over trade *England taxed the colonies after the French and Indian War *Colonies traded raw materials for goods Political Relationships *Colonists had to obey English laws that were enforced by governors *Colonial governors were appointed by the king or by the proprietor *Colonial legislatures made laws for each colony and were monitored by colonial governors. Causes of the American Revolution England’s Reasons for England’s Reasons for Sources of Colonial Control Taxation Dissatisfaction *England desired to remain a world power. *To help finance (pay for) the French and Indian War. *England imposed *To help with the taxes, such as the Stamp maintaining of English Act, to raise necessary troops in the colonies. revenue (money) to pay the cost of the French and Indian War. *Colonies had no representation in Parliament. *Some colonists resented power of colonial governors. *England wanted strict control over colonial legislatures. *The Proclamation of 1763 hampered the western movement of settlers. Ideas of John Locke * People have natural rights to life, liberty, and personal property. * Government is created to protect the rights of people and has only the limited and specific powers the people consent to give it. Philosophies in the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence proclaimed independence from England on July 4, 1776. * People have “certain unalienable rights” (rights that cannot be taken way), life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness * People establish government to protect those rights. * Government derives power from the people. People have a right and a duty to change a government that violates their rights. Key individuals King George III: British king during the Revolutionary era Lord Cornwallis: British general who surrendered at Yorktown John Adams: Championed the cause of independence George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army Thomas Jefferson: Major author of the Declaration of Independence Patrick Henry: Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with “Give me liberty or give me death” speech Benjamin Franklin: Prominent member of Continental Congress; helped frame the Declaration of Independence Key Events Boston Massacre: Colonists in Boston were shot after taunting British soldiers. Boston Tea Party: Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes. First Continental Congress: Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with England and to promote independence. Battle of Lexington and Concord: This was the site of the first armed conflict of the Revolutionary War. Approval of the Declaration of Independence: Colonies declared independence from England (July 4, 1776). Battle of Saratoga: This American victory was the turning point in the war. Colonial advantages Colonists’ defense of their own land, principles, and beliefs Support from France and Spain Strong leadership THE CONSTITUTION WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: Weak national government Congress had no power to tax or regulate commerce (trade and business) among the states No common currency provided Each state had one vote regardless of size (population) No executive or judicial branch FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: A system that divides governmental powers between national government and state governments. PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION: Structure based on James Madison’s VIRGINIA PLAN (3 separate branches of government). SEPARTATION OF POWERS; Legislative Branch: (Congress)-makes laws—two house legislature SENATE ---2 senators per state HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—number of representatives based on population of each state Judicial Branch: (Supreme Court)—determines if laws made by Congress are Constitutional Executive Branch: (President)—carries out laws CHECKS AND BALANCES: Each branch can check the power of the other Checks keep any one branch from gaining too much power BILL OF RIGHTS: Author = James Madison First 10 amendments to the Constitution Provide a written guarantee of individual rights (ex. Freedom of speech, freedom of religion) MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON: Alexander Hamiliton leader of the Federalists (Democratic Party today) favored strong national government favored limits on states’ powers Thomas Jefferson leader of the DemocraticRepublicans (Republican Party Today) favored weak national government supported states’ powers favored a national bank favored development of industry on a national scale opposed a national bank favored small business and farmers The first five presidents **ALL OF THE FIRST FIVE PRESIDENTS WERE VIRGINIANS EXCEPT JOHN ADAMS!! Congress and the first 5 presidents made decisions establishing a strong government that helped the nation grow in size and power. NATIONAL ISSSUES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS: GEORGE WASHINGTON: Federal court system was established Political parties grew out of disagreements b/w Hamilton and Jefferson over the proper role of the national government Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution Plans for the development of a national capitol in Washington, D.C. were initiated. BENJAMIN BANNEKER (an African American astronomer and surveyor) helped complete the design for D.C. JOHN ADAMS: A two-party system emerged during his administration NOT A VIRGINIAN THOMAS JEFFERSON: Bought Louisiana from France (LOUISIANA PURCHASE) Lewis and Clark explored this new land west of the Mississippi River JAMES MADISON: The war of 1812 caused European nations to gain respect for the U.S. JAMES MONROE: Wrote the Monroe Doctrine warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere (U.S.) WESTWARD MOVEMENT & TECHNOLOGY TERRITORIES ADDED TO THE U.S. 1801 – 1861: LOUISIANa PURCHASE: Jefferson bought land from France (the Louisiana Purchase) which doubled the size of the U.S. LEWIS & CLARK EXPEDITION-Meriwether Lewis & William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean FLORIDA: Spain gave Florida to the U.S. through a treaty TEXAS: Texas was added after it became an independent republic OREGON: Oregon Territory was divided by the U. S. and Great Britain CALIFORNIA: War with Mexico resulted in CA and the southwest territory becoming part of the U.S. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED WESTWARD MIGRATION: Geographic and economic factors influenced westward movement: Population growth in the eastern states crowded people out Availability of cheap, fertile land in the west Economic opportunity in the west (gold i.e. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH, logging farming, freedom for runaway slaves Cheaper and faster transportation (rivers and canals i.e. ERIE CANAL, steamboats which helped people move from one place to another Knowledge of overland trails—Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail— encouraged travel Belief in the right of MANIFEST DESTINY—the idea that expansion was good for the country and was the right of the country THE EFFECTS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON THE LIVES OF AMERICANS: COTTON GIN: Invented by Eli Whitney Increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton REAPER: Invented by Jo Anderson ( a slave ) and Cyrus McCormick Increased the productivity of the American farmer STEAMBOAT: Invented by Robert Fulton Provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations and farms to Northern industries STEAM LOCOMOTIVE: Provided faster land transportation (railroad system) SUFFRAGE AND ABOLITION STUDY GUIDE ABOLITIONISTS WORKED TO END SLAVERY!! ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT: Most abolitionists demanded immediate freeing of slaves Abolitionists believed that slavery was WRONG: --morally --cruel and inhumane --violation of the principles of democracy Abolitionist leaders included men and women: --Harriet Tubman --William Lloyd Garrison --Frederick Douglass SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT HELPED WOMEN GAIN EQUAL RIGHTS!! SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT: Supporters declared” ALL MEN AND WOMEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.” Supporters believed that women were deprived basic rights: --denied right to vote --denied equal educational opportunities , especially higher education --denied equal opportunities in business --limited in rights to own property Movement was lead by strong women who began their campaign before the Civil War and continued after the war had ended: --Isabel Sojourner Truth --Susan B. Anthony --Elizabeth Cady Stanton ISSUES THAT DIVIDED THE NATION: SLAVERY---issues related to slavery increasingly divided the nation and led to the Civil War. --Southerners believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region’s economy. --Northerners believed slavery should be abolished for moral reasons. CULTURAL—The North was mainly an urban society in which people held jobs. ---The South was primarily an agricultural society in which people lived in small villages and worked on farms and plantations. ---Because of cultural differences, people of the North and the South found it difficultto agree on social and political issues. ECONOMIC---The North was a manufacturing region and its people favored tariffs that protected factory owners and workers from foreign competition. --The Southerners opposed tariffs that would cause prices of manufactured goods to increase. Planters were concerned that England may stop buying cotton from the South if tariffs were added. CONSTITUTIONAL—A major conflict was states’ rights versus a strong central government. ---Southerners felt that they had the power to declare any national law illegal. ---Northerners believed that the national government’s power was supreme over the states. COMPROMISES THAT ATTEMPTED TO RESOLVE DIFFERENCES : MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820—Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state COMPROMISE OF 1850—California a free state. territories would decide about slavery. Southwest KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT—People decide the slavery issue (popular sovereignty) SOUTHERN SECESSION: Following Lincoln’s election, the southern states seceded from the Union. Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, SC, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln and many Northerners believed that the U.S. was one nation and could not be separated or divided. Most Southerners believed that states had freely created and joined the Union and could freely leave it. NORTH= UNION CAPITAL=WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN *LINCOLN EMANCIPATED (FREED) SLAVES WITH THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION OF 1863 SOUTH= CONFEDERACY CAPITAL+ 1ST MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA 2ND RICHMOND, VIRGINIA PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS SECEDED: Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia 4 SLAVE STATES REMAINED IN UNION: Delaware Kentucky Maryland Missouri FREE STATES California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont West Virginia (western counties that refused to secede from the Union) Wisconsin ROLES OF CIVIL WAR LEADERS: ABRAHAM LINCOLN --President of the US --opposed the spread of slavery --issued the Emancipation Proclamation --determined to preserve the Union—by force if necessary --believed the US was one nation, not a collection of independent states --wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” JEFFERSON DAVIS --President of the Confederate States of America ULYSSES S. GRANT --General of the Union army that defeated Lee (at Appomatox, VA) ROBERT E. LEE --Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate) --Offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war but chose not to fight against Virginia (his home state that had seceded) --Opposed secession but did not believe that the Union should be held together by force --Urged Southerners to accept defeat at end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on THOMAS “STONEWALL” JACKSON --Skilled Confederate General from VA FREDERICK DOUGLASS --A former slave who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist MAJOR BATTLES & EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR: The firing on Fort Sumter, SC began the war. The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), VA was the first major battle. The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the war. Many freed slaves joined the Union army. The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South—The North controlled the Mississippi River. The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war—the North repelled Lee’s invasion. Lee’s surrender to Grant at the Appomattox Court House (VA) in 1865 ended the war. WAYS THAT LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENTS & BATTLES OF THE WAR: The Union blockade of southern ports (ex. Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans) Control of the Mississippi River (ex. Vicksburg) Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (ex. Richmond, Washington, DC) Control of the high ground (ex. Gettysburg) GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR: Families and friends were often pitted (fought) against one another. Life on the battlefield was extremely harsh and many died from disease and exposure. Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed as the war went on. Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (ex. Burning of Atlanta and Richmond). Disease was a major killer. Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross. Combat was brutal and often man-to-man. Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless. EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR ON AFRICAN AMERICANS: African Americans fought in both the Confederate and the Union armies. The Confederacy often used slaves as naval crew members and soldiers The Union moved to enlist African American sailors early in the war. African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. Robert Smalls, a sailor and later a Union naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War. BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE AMENDMENTS: THE 13TH, 14TH, AND 15TH AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION ADDRESS THE ISSUES OF SLAVERY AND GUARANTEE EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW FOR ALL CITIZENS. TH 13 AMENDMENT: Bans slavery in the US and any of its territories. 14th AMENDMENT: Grants citizenship to all persons born in the US and guarantees them equal protection under the law. 15th AMENDMENT: Ensures all citizens the right to vote, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROBLEMS: RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES WERE HARSH AND CREATED PROBLEMS IN THE SOUTH. RECONSTRUCTION ATTEMPTED TO GIVE MEANING TO THE FREEDOM THAT THE FORMER SLAVES HAD ACHIEVED. Southern military leaders could not hold political office. Southerners resented Northern “carpetbaggers” who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction. African Americans held public office. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement. Northern soldiers supervised the South.