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MODERN METHODS OF RHENIUM DETERMINATION
O.V. Evdokimova, N.V. Pechishcheva, K.Yu. Shunyaev
Institute of Metallurgy of UB RAS,
101, Amundsen st., Ekaterinburg, Russia
[email protected]
Introduction
Rhenium due to its unique properties is the promising metal
widely used in various industries. At present day, the main areas of
application of rhenium is the production of catalysts for the petroleum
refining industry and refractory alloys, used for turbines manufacturing
[1].
The great demand for this element requires large amounts of its
production. There is a need extracting rhenium even from industrial
waste water, from plants [2] due to the high cost and its low content in
natural materials.
This situation stimulates the development (or modification) of
methods of analytical control of various nature materials.
The content of rhenium in rhenium-containing materials, both
natural and technogenic, and contect of accompanying to rhenium
elements vary in a wide range of concentrations from 10-7 to tens of
percent.
Earlier, the following methods were used for the determination of
rhenium: spectrophotometry, gravimetry, kinetic, electrochemical,
extraction-fluorimetric methods, X-ray fluorescence analysis [3]. The
main disadvantages of mostly methods for determining rhenium are the
low sensitivity, the bad reproducibility of results, the influence of
accompanying elements: Ag, W, Mo, Pt, Cu, Fe and etc.
In modern analytical practice the following methods for the
rhenium determination are used: inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectroscopy (AES ICP), inductively coupled plasma - mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS) [4], electrochemical methods [1]. X-ray
fluorescence analysis and spectrophotometric methods do not lose their
relevance [1], they have undergone significant modifications recently.
14
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
(AES ICP) is widely used for the rhenium determination in mineral raw
materials and products of metallurgy production. This method allows to
determine up to 10-4% rhenium. The advantage of AES ICP is the high
stability and reproducibility of results, absence of chemical influences.
However, analysis of more complex objects such as metallurgical
products is a not easy task, because the lines of rhenium emission are
overlaped with the lines of accompanying elements in samples. So, the
lines of Mo (221,427 nm), W (221,431 nm), Fe (227,519 nm), which
may be present in the samples in large quantities, are overlaped to the
most intense lines of rhenium (221.426 nm and 227.525 nm). This
problem requires the development of new methods of sample
preparation and selection of optimal conditions for determination of
rhenium by atomic emission spectrometres.
Also, a significant disadvantage of this method is the small range
of certificated reference materials. So there are a limited number of
Russian rhenium standard materials with certified value of the rhenium
content.
It is molybdenum and copper-molybdenum ores and
concentrates, in which the rhenium content is in the range of
concentrations from 0.00047 to 0.0221%.
In most cases, analysts develop the synthetic mixture to monitor
the rhenium content in the analysis of specific samples of complex
composition. This mixture is similar to composition to the matrix of the
analyzed samples, consisting of rhenium ions and other ions with a
given concentration. For example, the authors [5] to develop a technique
for rhenium determining together with platinum and palladium in the
samples of spent catalysts by AES-ICP applied a synthetic mixture,
prepared on the basis of aluminum oxide and standard solutions of Pt
(IV), Pd (II), Re (VII).
One of modern methods and the most sensitive methods for the
determination of rhenium is inductively coupled plasma - mass
spectrometry (ICP MS) [4, 6, 7, 8]. These days, ICP MS with
separation and concentration allows to measure rhenium at lower than
several ng/g. However, ICP MS performance in analyses of complex
samples is commonly affected by matrix effects and polyatomic
interference and signal drift. High levels of salt solutions content cause
15
plugging of sampling orifice, with decrease in analytical signal, in
addition many spectral interferences may occur [6].
For the rhenium determination in molybdenite by ICP MS should
be use large dilution of sample to reduce the matrix influence and reduce
the salts influence. However, this approach is not feasible in the case of
high levels of molybdenum and relatively low levels of rhenium in the
analyzed objects. The most effective way to minimize the matrix effects
is separation of rhenium from the matrix. Often for this purpose
extraction by organic solvents [6], sorption by anion-exchangers [8] are
used.
Recently, X-ray fluorescence analysis becomes more popular. It
is rapid and is often used for mass analysis. The advantage of this
method is the possibility of direct determination of rhenium in the solid
samples, in water solutions [9, 10], in the biological samples (plants) [2].
However the method is not without disadvantages: firstly, the
detection limit of rhenium by X-ray fluorescence analysis is low and is
only 0,05-0,1%, secondly, there are only few the standard materials with
a high rhenium content, and thirdly, the influence of interfering elements
in the sample related to determination of rhenium.
Using the concentration can not only reduce the detection limit,
but also in the same time, solve and reduce the influence of interfering
ions. For the concentration of rhenium in X-ray fluorescence analysis is
often used sorption of rhenium in the form of perrhenate-ions [9, 10].
The authors [11] describes a problem related to the development
of rhenium-containing standard materials by traditional high
temperature approach for X-ray fluorescence analysis. Thus, hightemperature studies of MoO3-ReO3, which could be served as
comparison materials for the rhenium determination by X-ray
fluorescence analysis, showed that 50-90% of rhenium is lost during
calcination of mixtures, it indicates the impossibility to use them for
development of standard materials. In the paper [11] the method of
preparing rhenium glassy reference samples (1,0 - 5,0%) on the basis of
Bi2O3 and B2O3 is described. The developed method allows to determine
rhenium in the range of 0,01-10% [11]
16
Electrochemical methods, in particular the electrostripping
voltammetry (ESV), occupy a significant place in the analytical
chemistry of rhenium [12, 13]. This method allows to determine up to
10-6-10-5% of rhenium.
To avoid the effects of many electropositive components (Mo, W,
Cu, Ag, Au), which may interfere to the rhenium determination by ESV,
it has been proposed the sorption concentration of perrhenate ions on the
surface of activated charcoal (BAU) [12, 13].
The most widely used techniques determine the 10-2 - 10-5 % of
rhenium is spectrophotometric method. The advantages of this method
are simplicity, low cost equipment and a relatively high sensitivity.
Spectrophotometric method is based on the formation of colored
complex compounds of rhenium with organic and inorganic ligands [1].
Photometric methods with thiocyanate ion, thiourea are widely spread
[14, 15, 16]. Development of spectrophotometric methods for rhenium
determination is largely due to the searching and using of new reagents.
In [17] for the extraction-photometric determination of perrhenate ions
in the form of ion associates, the basic polymethine dyes, derivatives of
1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indole have been offered, but the influence of
oxyanions of tungsten and molybdenum is not excluded [17].
The disadvantage of the spectrophotometric methods is the need
for prior separation of rhenium from a number of interfering elements
(Mo, W, Cu), that it is achieved by concentrating perrhenate-ions by
sorption or extraction.
Over the past decade, main changes in the methods of rhenium
determination related with the improvement stadium of sample
preparation, transfer the sample into an analytical form, modification of
known methods and reagents (eg, creation of new facilities, development
of new reagents for measurements), and conditions of analysis.
In general, in the literature a large number of works are related
with the separation of rhenium from the analyzed solutions and the
separation of rhenium (VII) from interfering elements by using new
types of extractants and new sorbents, is given. Used extractants and
sorbents, as well as the optimal conditions for extraction and sorption of
rhenium are presented in Table 1 and 2, respectively.
17
Extraction plays a dominant role in the methods of separation
and concentration of rhenium.
In most cases in the hydrometallurgical processing of rheniumcontaining products in the acidic solutions ReO4- are formed. For
perrhenate ions extraction the anion-exchange reagents or extractants of
neutral type are often used. The literature contains information on the
extraction of rhenium (VII) by various amines and quaternary
ammonium compounds [18, 19, 20]. Efficient extractants of rhenium
from acidic solutions are neutral organophosphorus compounds (tributyl
phosphate, alkylphosphineoxides, their derivatives) [21, 22], a variety of
solvent mixtures (tributyl phosphate + trioctylamine [23]), the
extractants of neutral type, such as ketones and aliphatic alcohols [16,
24, 25].
Alcohols, ketones and ethers are more selective, having higher
speed separation of organic and aqueous phases, as well as higher
chemical resistance and lower cost compared with amines and
organophosphorus compounds, but inferior to them in the extraction
capacity for rhenium (VII) [16].
Thus, for perrhenate ions extraction aliphatic alcohols with 7-10
carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain are well proven, that can extract
more than 98% of rhenium from sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid
solutions. In the case of alcohol there is no need to use solvents and
modifiers, what simplifies their use in extraction processes [16].
The efficiency of rhenium extraction into organic phase by amines
decrease as follow: quaternary> tertiary>secondary>primary. Among
them, secondary and tertiary amines are widely used as efficient
extractants of rhenium from acidic solutions. Perrhenate ions are
extracted by amines in a wide range of pH. For systems of amine - lowpolar diluent - H2SO4-ReO4-H2O the formation inverse micelles is
typical in the organic phase. Acid ions and anionic complexes are
located inside the aqueous core of the micelle, with the metal ion
coordinates the polar functional group of amine [19, 20].
It should be noted that the extraction by amines is complicated by
the use of solvents, the nature of which depends on the solubility of
amines and their extraction capacity. So, low-polarity solvent toluene, in
contrast to the non-polar kerosene, enhances the polarity of anionic salts
of amine, which increases the reactivity of the extractant to the anion
18
exchange of inorganic acid to extractable anionic rhenium complexes
[18].
Tertiary amines are the most effective extractants for rhenium
(VII). However, in paper [18] it is shown that the secondary amine
(diisododecylamine) gives advantage to the tertiary amines on the
rhenium extraction efficiency from sulfuric acid media. It can be
explained by the influence of steric factors and smaller rival extraction
of mineral acids by secondary amines [1].
Most papers are related to the rhenium extraction from acidic
solutions, but the extraction of rhenium from alkaline medium, which
are formed after leaching of ores, concentrates, also represents a difficult
problem. In the paper [23] rhenium extraction from alkaline solutions
containing also molybdenum by solvent extraction using a mixture of
tributylphosphate (TBP) and trioctylamine (N235) is described.
Molybdenum, which is also extracted by solvents in small amounts,
interferes to the extraction of rhenium
Over the last decade most works refer to the development of
fundamentally new classes of extractants for perrhenate ions [26, 27,
28, 29], such as encapsulating ligands (cryptands and podands),
macrocycles , crown ethers. These ligands can interact with ReO4− by
both the electrostatic interaction between ReO4− and protonated ligand
and the hydrogen bond formation, compared with simple open-chain
ligands. If the complex between ReO4− and ligand has high
hydrophobicity, ReO4− in an aqueous solution may be separated
effectively by a solvent extraction technique [30].
Crown ethers extract rhenium (VII) in the presence of potassium
or sodium in the form of K(Na)LReO4 (L-crown-ether) into the organic
phase (1,2 - dichloroethane, chloroform) [31, 32]. In the paper [31] the
extraction perrhenate-ions by 3m-crown-m-ethers (m = 5,6) ether and its
mono-benzo-derivatives in 1,2-dichloroethane are described.
Podands are analogues of crown ethers, containing terminal
phosphoryl ligands in their polyether chains, they are used for the
extraction of rhenium (VII). The efficiency of extraction by phosphoryl
podands depends of the following factors: the number of oxygen atoms
in the polyether chain molecules, the number of donor centers in the
molecule of podands, hydrophobicity of the reagent molecule, the size of
forming cycles, the nature of substituent at the phosphorus atom. Studies
19
have shown that phosphoryl podands with three oxygen atoms in the
aromatic polyether chain, combined with the phosphoryl group by
dimetilen or o-phenylene fragments, have high extraction ability for
rhenium from sulfuric acid solutions [32].
In the paper [30] authors mark another type of podands, such as
podands with nitrogen donor ligand -N, N, N `,N`-tetrakis (2pyridymethyl) -1,2-ethylendiamine (TREN) and its hydrophobic
analogs, which also allow to extract perrhenate ions from highly acidic
environments.
Perrhenate is characterized by its ability to undergo a change in
geometry, specifically from tetrahedral to hexagonal, in the presence of
donor ligands (e.g., acetonitrile, triphenylphosphine). Protonation
changes the electron density present on the oxygen atoms. Beer et al.
[33] suggested that the tripodal ligand L1 would be suitable for the
binding and extraction of perrhenate anion. This ligand (Fig. 1), based
on the combination of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and crown ether motifs,
was found to complex sodium cations and to extract perrhenate anions
from aqueous solutions into an organic phase.
Atwood and co-workers developed calixarene-type ligand L2
(Fig. 1) that specifically extracts perrhenate from water solution into an
organic phase. The selectivity for extractions decreases as follow:
TcO4− ≥ ReO4− > ClO4−>NO3− >SO42− >Cl−. This selectivity pattern is
attributed to a combination of charge, size and shape. Efficient
extraction is observed at high and neutral pH, the molar ratio of
ligand:perrhenate ion = 1:4 [33].
L1
L2
Fig. 1. Tripodal ligand L1 and calixarene-type ligand L2 for perrhenate
extraction.
20
Schiff-base macrocycles are used as a new conjugated
macrocycles for perrhenate ions. Thus, a series of amino-azacryptands
(L3–L16) for encapsulation and extraction of the oxoanions perrhenate
(Fig. 2) from aqueous solution were proposed by the authors [34].The
complexation amino-azacryptands L to ReO4- is via hydrogen-bonded
interactions.
Fig.2. Amino-azacryptands (L3–L16) for encapsulation and extraction of the
oxoanions perrhenate.
Thus, the main characteristics of the compounds for the effective
perrhenate ions extraction as follows:
 Energy coordination of ligand with ReO4- should be higher than
the energy of perrhenate ion hydration
 The interaction between the ligand and perrhenate ions: an
electrostatic interaction or the formation of hydrogen bonds.
 Functional ligands to be a suitable size (volume of the cavity
should be more than 73,6 Å3), shape, electronegativity, and
hydrophobicity.
 Ligand should be protonated.
21
Table 1. Characteristics of extractants for rhenium extraction
№
1
Extractant
Analysis object
Composition of
the initial
solution
Aliphatic alcohols
with C 7-10
1-Heptanol, 4Heptanol, 1-octanol, 1decanol, 4-decanol, 2Heptanol, 3-Heptanol,
3-octanol
back-extractant
NH4OH
Solutions HCl
and H2SO4
Octanol
Solutions of
HNO3 and
H2SO4
2
Basic polymethine
dyes (derivatives of
1,3,3-trimethyl-3Hindole) astrazon violet
3
Secondary
(diisododecylamine)
and tertiary amines
(dioctylamin and
trioctylamine)
Solutions H2SO4
4
N-benzoyl-N –phenylhydroxylamine
Molybdenite,
dissolved in
HCl, HNO3
Aqueous and
aqueous-organic
solution
22
Extracton
conditions
Т=293К
Time of phase
contact
tex = 5 min
organic phase to
aqueous
(O:L = 1:1)
4 steps of
extraction, 2
stripping
Т=286-290К
tex = 10 min O:L
= 1:1
Т=293К
рН=6
tex = 10-30 sec
extractant: mixture
toluene +
dichloroethane
(1: 1)
Т=293К
A wide range of
pH.
tex=5-7 min
diluent - toluene
HCl 0.5 mol/l
tex=15 min
diluent chloroform
Interfering
influences
Coextraction
of mineral
acids,
incomplete
re-extraction
of Re (VII)
Coextraction
of HNO3,
H2SO4
do not
interfere:
3000-5000
fold excess of
S042-, CO32-,
300- HPO42-,
MoO42-,
WO42-,
10-20 S2O32-.
Cr2O72-. IO3-;
metal ions as
sulfates
-
-
Table 1 (continued)
№
Extractant
Phosphoryl podands
5
6
back-extractant H2O
Triotylamine (N235)+
tributyl phosphate(TBP),
back-extractant
18% NH4OH
Analysis
object
Composition
of the initial
solution
СReinitial=
2·105 mol/l;
aqueous
solutions of
salts of alkali
metals,
solutions of
mineral acids
Alkaline
solutions
after
leaching,
containing
Mo
СRe 0,1-16,5
g/l
Extracton
conditions
Т=286-291К
О:L=1:1,
tex= 60 min
diluent:
nitrobenzene,
1,2dichloroethane,
chloroform,
toluene
T=293 К,
рН =9.0,
O:L=1:1
tex=10 мин
20%
triotylamine+
30% tributyl
phosphate,
diluent
kerosene
Interfering
influences
-
-
7
Podand-type nitrogen
donor ligand –N,N,N`,N`tetrakis(2-pyridymethyl)1,2-ethylendiamine (TREN)
Aqueous
solution
NH4ReO4
С =10-4 M,
Ionic strength
0.1M
pH=1-6.5
diluent
chloroform
О:L=1:1,
tex=24 h
-
8
3m-crown-m-ethers
(m=5,6), mono-benzoderivates
1,2-dichloroethane
СReO4-=
0.057-0.060
М
T=291-295K
tex=2h
-
23
Table 1 (continued)
The range of Re concentrations
Recovery
Methods for determination
Ref.
Recovery >99%
Determination from back-extract.
Spectrophotometric method with
thiourea, reductant-Sn (II);
wavelength of 390 nm.
[16, 24]
>98%
Spectrophotometric method
[25]
2
The range of Re concentrations
0,01-5,50 mcg/ml
Determination from extract.
Spectrophotometric method;
wavelength of 540 nm
[17]
3
-
AES-ICP
Spectrophotometric method
with thiourea
[18, 19,
20]
4
Mo, W, Fe are extracted 97%
into the organic phase
Determination from aqua phase
after extraction
ICP-MS
[6]
5
-
AES-ICP
Spectrophotometric method
[21, 22]
6
96,8%
Spectrophotometric method with
butyl rhodamine
[23]
7
-
AES-ICP
[30]
8
-
AES-ICP
Spectrophotometric method
[31]
9
-
ICP-MS
[32]
№
1
24
Table 2. Characteristics of sorbents for rhenium sorption
№
Sorbent
Activated carbons
(BAU)
Analysis object
Composition of the
initial solution
static conditions,
а)рH =2-3,
б) рH =1,5-2,5
nitrate media
1
Eluent;
hot soda solution
2
3
Activated carbons
- CN-G, CN-P,
CU, developed
from waste wood
and grain
processing
industries
2. Carbon fibrous
materials
modified with
chitosan
4
3. Weakly basic
anion-exchangers
АН-105, Purolite
A 170
5
Strongly-basic
anion-exchangers
АВ-17
(sorbent PAN-АВ17)
6
Lignin anionexchangers
Conditions of
sorption
gold ore raw
sulfuric acid
solutions with CRe
= 0,02 g/l, pH =2
volume of
solution 10 ml,
mass of sorbent
0,3 g
(S:L=1:33,3)
t=10 min UV
solid phases:
liquid S:L==1:0,5
t=5-7 days
Interfering
influences
a) electropositive
components
(Mo, W, Cu,
Ag, Au).
b)1000 fold
excess of
Mo, W do
not interfere
-
neutral aqua
solutions of
rhenium
static conditions
Т=286-289 К
S:L=1:1000
-
mineralized
sulphite solution,
simulating rinsing
water
(С Re=0,01-0,02
g/l, Mo, Cu, Fe, As)
static and
dynamic
conditions
S:L = 1:500
t = 150-200 min
-
neutral or slightly
acid
solutions
solutions NH4ReO4
25
dynamic
conditions
t = 20 min
The disks of
polyacrylonitrile
fiber filled resin
static conditions
S:L=1:400,
t=15min-2 h.
1000 fold
excess of
Fe, Cu, Zn,
Pb, Cd do
not interfere
-
Table 2 (continued)
№
Notes
Methods for
determination
Ref.
a) Electrostripping
voltammetry.
b) X-ray fluorescence
analysis
a) [12]
b) [9, 10]
а) Sorption capacity of BAU for
Re СЕ=14,175 mg/g AC.
Detection< 10%
1
б) СЕ=0,0763 mmol/g or 14,2
mg/g.
The concentrations range of Re
0,50 ... 100 mg/L in standard
solutions,
0,25 ... 5,0 mg/l in the presence
of Mo and W (1:1000).
Spectrophotometric
method
2
-
3
СЕ=17,9-18,5mg/g
4
Full dynamic exchange capacity
11,4 mg/g
5
-
6
СЕ=34,27-232,8 mg/g
Spectrophotometric
method with ammonium
thiocyanate
Spectrophotometric
method with ammonium
thiocyanate,kinetic
method
Determination of Re by
the diffuse reflectance
spectra at 420 nm;
rhenium thiocyanate
complex; in the presence
of tin (II).
Traditional polarography
[35]
[38, 39]
[36]
[15]
[37]
Sorption is one of the methods for separation of rhenium from
various solutions.
Sorption of rhenium or perrhenate-ions often occurs on solid
sorbents from the liquid phase. The presence of a large specific surface
area and a large number of functional groups of the sorbent determines
its high sorption properties with respect to rhenium (VII). Sorbents
contain the same functional groups (amino groups, hydroxyl groups,
26
phosphorus groups) as extractants for the selective extraction of
rhenium, but these groups are fixed on solid carriers or support.
Activated carbons (AC) of various brands are used the most
widely [9, 10]. The use of activated carbons as sorbents due to the fact
that they have a whole set of valuable properties: highly polydisperse
porous structure, a complex but relatively easily controlled surface
chemistry and specific physical properties. Activated carbons, like many
other carbon materials exhibit high selectivity to perrhenate ions that
explains the increased interest to this type of sorbents [12].
The characteristic distinction of carbonaceous materials is that the
sorption of rhenium is not only due to complexation with surface
functional groups (containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur atoms), but also
due to the interaction with carbon matrix.
AC can act as anion-exchanger in acidic media, and the
mechanism can be described by the following scheme:
[C2+ ... OH-] + ReO4-= [C2+ ... ReO4-] + OH-.
On the other hand the AC have significant reduction properties,
the reaction of the electrochemical reduction of perrhenate ions in the
methods of rhenium determination by voltammetry is based on this it
[12]
It has been established [9, 10] that ReO4- is sorbed from nitric
acid solutions almost entirely (95-99%) by 10 minutes of UV irradiation,
while without irradiation, this process takes up to 60 minutes. Increased
sorption by UV authors attribute to the fact, when UV radiation
solutions of rhenium (VII) salts rhenium (VI) and rhenium (V) are
formed which are considerably faster adsorbed on AC.
Extensive use of the AС is also associated with their low cost.
Activated carbons - CN-G, CN-P, CU, developed from waste wood and
grain processing industries have a low cost, and their capacitance and
kinetic characteristics slightly inferior to conventional AC (FAC) [35].
However, from acid solutions together with rhenium molybdenum
can also be sorbed by the AC. Furthermore, perchlorates, nitrates and
other oxidants can reduce the adsorption capacity of coals by oxidation.
The disadvantage of rhenium sorption by activated carbons is as follows:
a decreasing in their activity after 4-6 cycles of sorption-desorption [1],
low mechanical strength [35].
27
Anion-exchange resin is the next width of use, which have
greater selectivity and capacity, compared with activated carbons. These
anion-exchangers synthesized on the basis of the gel and porous
copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene. From the neutral and acidic
solutions rhenium is adsorbed by low-basicity anion-exchangers with the
functional groups of primary and tertiary amines. In recent studies
conducted on the use of weakly basic macroporous anion-exchangers
with a more developed specific surface area (20-100 m2/g), such as
Purolite A170 with secondary amino groups [36].
Sorption by strongly-basic anion-exchangers, compared to weakly
basic anion-exchangers, has several advantages, firstly, they are almost
quantitatively and selectively extract rhenium from solutions, and
secondly, work in a wide range of pH [15]
The rapid technique for perrhenate ions determination is
developed, which allows to find their content directly on the site of
sampling, for example, in lake water using strongly-basic anionexchangers AB-17 with the sensitivity of the technique is 2-3 orders
lower than the best conventional spectrohotometric methods with
thiocyanate [15].
Recently, the authors of paper [37] synthesized new highly
permeable lignin anion-exchangers, on the basis of lignin, a natural
polymer, a component of terrestrial plants. It is noted that the exchange
capacity of anion-exchangers for rhenium in lignin is much higher (EC =
34,27-232,8 mg/g), compared with conventional anion-exchangers.
However, the time to reach equilibrium sorption by some anionexchangers can reach from 2 up to 12 hours.
Carbon fibrous materials modified with chitosan have
improved kinetic (time and rate of sorption) characteristics compared
with activated carbon and ion-exchange resins [38, 39]. Carbon fibrous
materials modified with chitosan contain amino groups, including
protonated. The increasing of the number of protonated groups
causes the increasing of sorption capacity of the material with
respect to the negatively-charged perrhenate-ions. However, the
sorption capacity for rhenium (17,9-18,5 mg/g) still yields to lignin
anion, in addition, investigations were carried out of neutral aqua
solutions of rhenium without interfering influences.
28
Conclusion
In this review, the methods for rhenium determination which over
the last decade have acquired great fame, are presented. A large number
of works related to improving methods for rhenium determining points
to the increased interest to this metal. The majority of the studies aimed
to the selective extraction of rhenium from the analyzed complex objects
and the separating it from interfering elements in the matrix to increase
the sensitivity of the methods. Most of the work related to the searching
of various organic reagents selective to rhenium (V, VII) ions and used
in extraction and sorption processes. In general, the development of
rapid, selective methods that can determine the content of rhenium in a
wide range of concentrations in various materials, remains an actual
problem nowadays.
The work is supported by grants of Presidium of UB RAS
(program 09-P-3-1022).
Reference
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