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CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE ROARING TWENTIES Fear of Radicals Red Scare General strike in Seattle led to federal troops called in to end the “anarchy of Russia” Rev. “Billy” Sunday helped spread fear Attor. Gen. A Mitchell Palmer Palmer Raids mail bombs led to arrest of thousands and deportation of hundreds of radicals Criminal Syndicalism Laws – arrest for speech advocating violent overthrow for social change 4 members of NY legislature denied seats because were Socialist Ku Klux Klan anti-foreign, Catholic, Jewish, Communist, pacifist, revolutionary, gambling, adultery, bootlegger, birth control pro- Anglo Saxon, Protestant, American 5 million members by 1925 March on Washington Governors in across country Anti-Immigration Laws Emergency Quota Act – 1921: 3% from 1910 Immigration Act – 1924: 2% from 1890, no Japanese ethnic variety undermined class and political solidarity! Prohibition 18th amendment – 1919 Volstead Act speakeasies bootlegging gangsterism esp. popular in South and mid-west defined alcohol & enforced prohibition Al Capone St. Valentine’s Day massacre Scopes Trial Butler Law in Tenn. forbid teaching anything but Creationism Scopes indicted for teaching evolution Darrow defending Scopes, Bryan defending Tenn. ** showed Fundamentalism vs. modern science Education Progressive ideals compulsory attendance until 16 or 18 Dewey – learn by doing ECONOMY Mass consumption advertising Bruce Barton – The Man Nobody Knows Jesus the best advertiser ever assembly line perfected = mass production buying on credit installment buying Sec. of the Treasury – Andrew Mellon Tax Cuts: abolish gift tax, reduce excess profits tax, excise taxes, income & estate taxes National Debt increased to $23 billion Wall Street Bull Market speculation in stocks buying “on margin” Industry Frederick Taylor Scientific Management – time/motion studies Ford Model T ($260) 1 car for every 5 Americans Automobiles spurred rubber, glass, fabric, highways, service stations, gasoline, etc. completely changed life: leisure time spent joyriding suburbs created deaths and injuries immoral youth families split up improved air & environment Airplanes Wright brothers Kitty Hawk, NC 1903 Transcontinental air mail route NY to San Francisco – 1920 Charles Lindbergh flew Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris solo Radio 1920 first station opened in Pittsburgh, broadcasting election results helped standardize cultures, educate with news Hollywood Thanks to Thomas Edison First film: The Great Train Robbery First feature length film: The Birth of a Nation First talkie: The Jazz Singer stars: Al Jolson, Rudolph Valentino, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin also helped standardize culture Sports Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey Women Margaret Sanger birth control campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment flappers Blacks Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey independent, modern, make-up, bobbed hair, etc. jazz music rebirth of culture United Negro Improvement Assoc. to resettle blacks back to Africa Literature H.L. Mencken satirical, published American Mercury F. Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby Theodore Dreiser Ernest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis William Faulkner An American Tragedy The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms Main Street, Babbitt The Sound & the Fury poetry Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, e.e.cummings plays Eugene O’Neill Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright CHAPTER THIRTY SIX: POLITICS OF BOOM & BUST Harding’s administration: corruption: Fall= Sec. of the Interior Daugherty= attorney general death of Progressive legislation: killed child labor laws, stripped labor of gains Atkins v. Children’s Hospital invalidated minimum wage for women Esch-Cummings Transportation Act encouraged private consolidation of RRs steel industry strike ruthlessly crushed racial terror in Chicago labor union membership down 30% Foreign Affairs: Isolationism unofficial “observers” sent to League of Nations Five Power Treaty no fortification of far eastern possessions Four PowerTreaty preserve status quo in Pacific Nine Power Treaty keep “open door” in China problems ** no restrictions on small war ships, cruisers or destroyers; subs still being built Kellogg-Briand Pact problems pledge not to use war ** defensive wars still permitted, false sense of security Tariffs Fordney McCumber Tariff – 1922 raised tariff, created Tariff Commission to advise president forced Europeans to raise their rates Scandals Col. Forbes caught stealing from Veterans Bureau – resigned Daugherty caught selling pardons & liquor permits - resigned Teapot Dome -naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome & Elk Hills transferred to Interior Dept. -Fall leased lands to private companies for thousands Harding Died of heart attack – 1923 replaced by Coolidge preserved status quo supported business Farm Problems machines= more land=more crops= overproduction machines & land=debt Election of 1924 John Davis – conservative Democrat Robert LaFollette – Progressive Calvin Coolidge – Republican ** “prosperity” “the man who builds a factory builds a temple” Foreign Policy refusal to adhere to World Court decisions withdrawal & interference in Latin America private loans to Europe debt triangle Germany owed Allies, Allies owed USA Dawes Plan USA loans money to Germany to pay Allies so they can pay USA Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover – Republican** Al Smith prosperity & prohibition self-reliance BUT okayed labor unions & gov. regulation of radio landslide win “wet”, urban, Catholic Hoover’s initial Policies Agricultural Marketing Act Federal Farm Board Hawley Smoot Tariff Depression Black Tuesday causes: lent $ to farmers organizations 60% - highest in history October 29, 1929 – stocks crashed overproduction over-expansion of credit Dust Bowl region in Great Plains, severe 3 year drought Hoover’s reaction: convinced self-reliance would cure depression believed gov. intervention would weaken America Reconstruction Finance Corp. indirect relief: loans to RRs, banks,etc. Norris LaGuardia Act outlawed yellow dog contracts forbade court injunctions against labor Bonus Army -1932 -20,000 vets demanded immediate full payment of bonus promised for 1944 -Hoover forcefully removed protestors Japanese aggression Manchuria taken – 1931 Stimson Doctrine – 1932 USA would not recognize territory gained by force *** League of Nations could have acted to halt Japan but lacked courage Good Neighbor Policy abandon Roosevelt’s Corollary withdrew from Haiti & Nicaragua CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN: GREAT DEPRESSION & NEW DEAL Election of 1932 Hoover FDR**- Democrat New Deal: Relief, Recovery & Reform concern for “forgotten man” Brain Trust young, college professors wrote much of New Deal legislation kind of kitchen cabinet ** beginning of black shift to Democratic Party, rather than party of Lincoln New Deal “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” 100 Days Legislation 1) Nation-wide banking holiday 2) special Congressional session **use of executive power Progressive ideals unemployment & old age insurance minimum wage conservation child labor restrictions Emergency Banking Relief Act – 1933 to regulate banking & foreign exchange reopen solvent banks Glass Steagall Banking Reform set up FDIC gold exchanged for paper $@ 30% US taken off gold standard Civilian Conservation Corps government camps reforestation, fire-fighting, flood control, trails young, unmarried men Federal Emergency Relief Act led by Harry Hopkins $3 billion to states for direct relief or work Agricultural Adjustment Act $ for farm mortgages paid farmers to reduce acreage ruled unconstitutional in 1936 Home Owners Loan Corp. $ for non-farm mortgages Civil Works Administration temporary winter jobs – raking, shoveling, et Securities & Exchange Commission protect public against stock fraud Tennessee Valley Authority full employment to provide cheap housing & electricity Federal Housing Administration loans for home improvement low-income housing Social Security Act unemployment insurance old-age insurance provisions for blind, handicapped Wagner Act National Labor Relations Board gave labor right to organize & bargain 21st amendment – 1933 reversed Prohibition Critiques of New Deal Father Coughlin -“Social Justice” -New Deal not far enough Senator Huey Long promised to take $5,000 from rich to give to poor Dr. Francis Townshend promised $200/month to elderly from US Treasury “Second New Deal” Works Progress Administration jobs for public buildings, bridges, roads work for college students, artists, etc. National Recovery Administration maximum hours ceiling minimum wage floor excess profits taxed self-sacrifice expected of businesses ruled unconstitutional in 1936 with the Schechter “sick chicken” case Public Works Administration led by Harold Ickes jobs for public buildings, parks, highways Soil Conservation Act paid farmers to plant soil conserving crops 2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act Resettlement Administration moved farmers to better land Indian Reorganization Act tribal self-government reversed Dawes Act native traditions encouraged Fair Labor Standards Act minimum wage, maximum hours no child labor under 16 Labor: John Lewis of United Mine Workers formed Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) under the AFL> AFL kicked out because they allowed unskilled>Lewis renamed Congress of Industrial Organization> moved into auto industry & developed sit-down strike technique Election of 1936 Alfred Landon – Republican American Liberty League FDR** 20th amendment condemned New Deal as radical & wasteful fought socialistic New Deal; “remember Hoover” President sworn in in January, not March Court Packing Plan FAILED -to combat ultra-conservative Supreme Court -FDR wanted to add justice for every current justice over 70 years old who would not retire up to a maximum of 15 justices ** FDR called “dictator”, accused of wrecking checks & balances Depression of 1937 social security taxes kicking in FDR recommended planned deficit spending (Keynesian economic theory) Hatch Act barred federal officials from active soliciting forbade use of gov. funds for political purposes PROBLEMS WITH NEW DEAL deficit states’ rights ignored dictatorship of “do-gooders” executive control failure to cure the depression BENEFITS OF NEW DEAL reform without revolution: neither communism or fascism took over gave people hope CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT: FDR & THE SHADOW OF WAR London Economic Conference – 1933 66 nations to attack global depression stabilize currencies & revive trade FDR denounced Recognition of USSR – 1933 possible ally against Japan trade partner Tydings McDuffie Act – 1934 Philippines to be free after 12 years of political & economic tutelage Good Neighbor Policy part of FDRs inaugural address to help defend western hemisphere Pan-American Conference – 1933 Reciprocal Trade Agreement – 1934 policy of non-intervention marines left Haiti Platt Amendment w/drawn re: Cuba reversed high tariff policies Other International Affairs Rome-Berlin Axis formed – 1936 Tokyo terminated Washington Naval Treaty – 1934 Mussolini attacked Ethiopia – 1935 Spanish Civil War – 1936-1939 USA Isolationism disillusionment from WWI defaulting Europeans Johnson Debt Default Plan – no defaulting nation could borrow further from USA desire for Constitutional amendment forbidding war except in case of attack Nye Committee found munitions makers helped cause war for profits Neutrality Acts – 1935, 36, 37 when foreign war proclaimed, no American could sail on a belligerents ship or give loans or arms to belligerent nation Aggression Japanese invasion of China – 1937 FDR’s Quarantine Speech economic embargoes on aggressors -drew angry response from isolationists Panay Incident – 1937 US gunboat attacked by Japanese in Chinese waters - Japan apologized & paid reparations Hitler invaded Rhineland – 1936 Hitler occupied Austria – 1938 Munich Conference – 1938 Hitler appeased & given Sudetenland Hitler took rest of Czechoslovakia – 1939 Stalin & Hitler sign non-aggression pact – 1939 Hitler invaded Poland – Sept. 1, 1939 =Declaration of war by Britain & France “phony war” -no fighting for months after Poland fell - USSR invaded Finland Hitler invaded Denmark, Norway, Belgium & France Battle of Britain USA Neutrality Act – 1939 set up “cash & carry” policy 1st peacetime draft – 1940 $37 billion appropriated for military build-up Destroyer Deal Election of1940 Wendell Wilkie FDR** ended Depression 58 destroyers given to Britain 8 defensive bases given to USA condemned New Deal waste called FDR dictator -don’t change horses in midstream *both promised to avoid war but build up defenses Lend Lease Act lent Allies weapons to be returned after war began German sub attacks on US ships made Neutrality Acts useless Hitler invaded Russia – 1941 Atlantic Charter – 1941 met in Newfoundland outlined post-War world -self-determination -disarmament -collective security Relations With Japan: Embargoes – beginning 1940 Japanese assets in US frozen – 1941 Demand that Japan leave China – 1941 Pearl Harbor attacked – Dec. 7, 1941 War declared against Japan – Dec. 11, 1941 around 3,000 casualties Aircraft & battleships destroyed Germany & Italy then declared war against USA CHAPTER THIRTY NINE: AMERICA IN WORLD WAR II “Get Hitler First” strategy needed to: end New Deal reforms reorganize for war production hope Germany would not defeat Britain Japanese-Americans: Internment Camps Korematsu v. US US apologized – 1988 10 in western USA 110,000 people lost property & dignity - Sup. Ct. okayed internment -pd. $20,000 to survivors Economic Regulations & Labor War Production Board changed factories to war production Office of Price Administration regulated prices, enforced rationing War Labor Board set wage ceilings Smith Act gov. could seize industries tied up in labor disputes allowed no striking in gov. industries Bracero Program brought in Mexican agricultural workers - Zoot Suit riots Industrial “Boom Towns” created Detroit, LA, Seattle, Baton Rouge Women 6 million working= 460% increase “Rosie the Riveter” Blacks A. Phillip Randolph – threatened march on Washington **FDR issued executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries -race riot in Detroit -NAACP membership up -CORE founded -northern migration continued due to mechanized cotton picker in South Navajo “code-talkers” movement to cities Indians Economy government intervention GNP more than doubled personal income more than doubled - rationing - employment - housing, daycare, health care - Office of Research & Development - income taxes went up - National Debt quintupled War in the Pacific Japanese won: Guam, Wake, Hong Kong, Burma, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Philippines - MacArthur: “I shall return” - remaining Americans forced on Bataan Death March Midway US Victory Turned tide of war in the Pacific “Island Hopping” US strategy of heading toward Tokyo Meanwhile: continuous bombing of Japan War in Europe Stalingrad – 1942 Soviets wanted 2nd front bogged down Hitler in Russia happened in Africa to divert Hitler’s forces Casablanca Conference – 1943 Churchill & FDR - step up fighting in Pacific - invade Sicily - demand unconditional surrender Italy surrendered – 1943 Germans kept fighting within Italy Tehran Conference – 1943 Stalin, FDR, Churchill - developed 3 pronged attack on Germany D-Day – June 6, 1944 Election of 1944 Dewey- Rep. FDR** -France liberated in August -led to Battle of the Bulge – Hitler’s last offensive continue war organize for peace -picked Harry Truman for new VP -4th term Roosevelt died of brain hemorrhage soon after inauguration Fall of Berlin Soviets reached first> Hitler committed suicide May 8, 1945 = V-E Day Pacific Okinawa Japanese fought hard in desperation began using kamikazes US plans for invading Japanese mainland: Japan sent peace feelers to Moscow did not want unconditional surrender wanted to keep emperor Potsdam Conference – 1945 Truman, Stalin, Churchill news of atomic bomb “Surrender or be destroyed” to Japan Use of atomic bomb: tested in July Aug. 6 – Hiroshima hit Aug, 9 – Nagasaki hit Aug. 10 – Japan surrendered RESULTS OF WWII 1 million casualties – 300,000 deaths USA displayed military leadership economic boom “Super Power” USSR jointed USA forces against Japan Manchuria taken from Japanese emperor allowed – only as figurehead CHAPTER FORTY: THE COLD WAR BEGINS Economic Problems – 1946-47 Strikes - automotive & coal industries Taft Hartley Act passed by Republican Congress over Truman’s veto -outlawed “closed shop” -made unions liable for damages -union members to take non-communist oath Employment Act – 1946 -created Council of Economic Advisors -goal of maximum employment & production Serviceman’s Readjustment Act = G.I. Bill $ for college for veterans Veteran’s Administration $ for homes, farms, businesses Yalta Conference – 1945 Stalin, Churchill, FDR - free elections for Poland, Bulgaria, Romania - gave USSR some territory in Pacific Bretton Woods Conference - created IMF & World Bank San Francisco Conference - regarding United Nations - created Security Council of “Big 5” w/ right to veto ** helped preserve peace in Iran & Kashmir ** created Israel GERMANY Nuremburg Trials 12 hanged, 7 sentenced Divided into zones of occupation France, Britain, USA, USSR Berlin Airlift – 1948 Soviets had cut rail & road access Truman airlifted supplies COMMUNISM Containment Doctrine Truman Doctrine – 1947 orchestrated by George Kennan to contain communism - aid to Greece & Turkey to fight communism - unlimited support against communist aggression - threat exaggerated due to fears of return to isolationism Marshall Plan plan for European economic recovery - $12.5 billion, 4 years, 16 countries - “economic miracle” - no $ for USSR National Security Act 1947 created Dept. of Defense Pentagon Joint Chiefs of Staff Nat. Sec. Council & Advisor Central Intelligence Agency NATO – 1949 attack on one = attack on all 12 nations (15 by 1955) JAPAN reconstruction headed by MacArthur War Criminal Trials new Constitution – 1946 CHINA Communist 1949 ARMS RACE 1945 – USA Atomic Bomb 1949 – USSR Atomic Bomb 1952 – USA Hydrogen Bomb 1953 – USSR Hydrogen Bomb Anti – Communism at Home Loyalty Review Board – 1947 7 hanged, 18 sentenced based on American denounced militarism revolution led by Mao Tse Tung (Zedong) Jiang fled to Taiwan tested at Bikini Atoll non-commuist oaths by fed. employees House Un-American Activities Committee Alger Hiss Trial -1948 Rosenbergs – 1951 electric chair – 1953 Joe McCarthy said communists in State Dept. ruined countless careers attacked US Army > televised hearings ** McCarthy looked foolish Election of 1948 Dewey – Rep. Strom Thurmand – Dixiecrats H. Wallace - Progressive Truman ** Truman won NARROWLY Civil Rights, Labor, Health Insurance received black, labor, farm vote also Dem. Congress was elected FAIR DEAL housing full employment higher minimum wage farm supports TVA’s extension of Social Security * successful in housing, wages & social security ** fell victim to southern Democrats & Republicans KOREAN WAR After Japanese surrender, USA & USSR split Korea along 38th parallel North Korea invaded South – 1950 Truman ordered military build-up & sent in MacArthur - South Korean pushed up to China’s Yalu River > China sent troops to aid North Korea - North Korea pushed back down into South ** Stalemate at 38th parallel MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons, criticized Truman & was removed CHAPTER FORTY ONE: EISENHOWER ERA
