Download Chp 7: Quantum Theory and Electronic Structure

Syllabus: Chemistry 200 General Chemistry I
Fall 2009
Office Hours: M – Th 11:30 am – 12:45 pm
Office: I-206
Website: http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/dbudzynski
Instructor: Dr. Donna Budzynski
Mailbox: K202
Office Phone: (619) 388-2887
Email: [email protected]
Course Description:
This is the first course in a two course sequence in general chemistry and is intended for students majoring in science or
satisfying prerequisites for professional schools. This course covers the principles and laws of inorganic chemistry with
an emphasis on quantitative, mathematical problem solving. Topics included in the course are chemical equations,
stoichiometry, atomic theory, and its relationship to periodicity of the elements, bonding theories, molecular geometry,
solution chemistry, liquids, solids, and the gas laws.
Lecture Hours Per Week: 3.00
Note: Chem 200L (lab) is a separate course, with a separate grade.
Course Schedule:
We will cover all or parts of textbook chapters 1 – 13 (see attached). Other topics may be included at the instructor’s
discretion.
Advisories:
Prerequisite: CHEM 151; or CHEM 152 & CHEM 152L and MATH 096, each with a grade of "C" or better, or
equivalent, or M50.
Corequisite: CHEM 200L.
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course the student will be able to:
1. Perform advanced unit conversion problems using dimensional analysis.
2. Write and balance chemical equations, including word and ionic equations, and perform stoichiometric calculations
for amounts of reactants and products, including calculations of theoretical and percent yields.
3. Write chemical equations for the ionization of acids, bases, and the dissociation of aqueous salts.
4. Discriminate between precipitation, acid-base, and single replacement types of reactions, predict whether an aqueous
phase reaction will occur, and if a reaction occurs, write the product(s) and a balanced equation.
5. Solve gas law problems with an emphasis on the Ideal Gas Law, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, and the Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Gases.
6. Solve problems involving electromagnetic radiation, write sets of quantum numbers, write electron configurations,
and draw orbital diagrams for the elements.
7. Explain periodic trends in atomic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, and their relationship to reactivity within
a chemical family.
8. Compare and contrast the principle theories of ionic and covalent bonding.
9. Compare and contrast the properties of the liquid and solid state, including phase changes, with emphasis on
defining, analyzing, and integrating relationships between intermolecular forces, vapor pressure, and physical
properties.
10. Solve problems involving different measures of concentration, explain and analyze the factors that affect the
formation of a solution, and solve problems related to colligative properties.
Textbook and Equipment:
The required text is Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 5th Edition, author: Silberberg. There is a
custom paperback “half book” available at the bookstore. You may also purchase an e-book directly from the publisher
(McGraw-Hill). When considering this option, remember an e-book has a limited time of access (usually 1-2 years) and
cannot be “sold back” to the bookstore. If you purchase the e-book you will be purchasing the entire book (to be used
in Chem 201 as well). My Chem 200 Lecture Packet is also required (available at the bookstore). You will also need a
scientific calculator (bring your calculator to class every day!)
Homework:
Lots and lots of homework will be assigned from the textbook every class period (see the end of each chapter/section in
the packet for assignments). Homework will not be collected or graded (see below for exception). However, it is
extremely important to keep up with the assignments; quizzes and exams will be based on the homework.
Online Assignments:
There is an optional online homework system call ARIS. Starting in week 2, I will have assignments posted there for
you to work on. Starting with the assignment for Chap 4, extra credit will be available for doing these assignments
(online submissions only). One benefit of the online system is the feedback it gives you as you complete the problems.
In some cases it will even walk you through the solution process. A code for the online systems is included in new
textbooks and e-books only. If you buy a used book and want to use ARIS, you will need to purchase the ARIS code
separately directly from the publisher’s website. The fee for this code is $50. It is valid for the entire textbook, so if
your 201 instructor uses the online system you will have the code. I will send out an email in week 2 explaining how to
access and sign onto ARIS.
Quizzes:
A quiz will be given approximately once a week starting week 2. Quizzes are worth 10 points. The top 8 quiz scores
will be counted towards the final grade. No make-up quizzes will be given for any reason. If you come to class late
and miss the quiz, you will not be allowed to take it.
Exams:
There will be three regular exams and one comprehensive final exam. The regular exams are worth 100 points each,
and the lowest (or missed) score will be dropped. Since one regular exam score is dropped, there are no make-up
exams. The final exam will be worth 150 points. All students must take the final exam.
Final Grades:
Final grades will be calculated with the following point distribution:
Quizzes
8 x 10 = 80 pts.
Exams
2 x 100 = 200 pts.
Final Exam
150 pts.
TOTAL
= 430 pts.
Letters grades will be determined using the following percentages:
A
90% - 100%
C
65% - 79%
B
80% - 89%
D
55% - 64%
F
below 55%
Hint: Keep track of your own grades! This is a college student’s responsibility. When I hand something back record
your grade on the attached schedule (along with the maximum points for that assignment, quiz, or exam). Then at any
point in the semester you will know “how you are doing”; there is no curve or hidden points.. (This also serves as a
double check on me: if your calculated grade and mine do not match at the end of the semester we can see if I made a
recording error). If at any point you find you are missing a grade, please ask or email me about it specifically.
Attendance and Withdrawal Policy:
Attendance and promptness are extremely important to your success. Quizzes and exams are based on lecture material;
students who do well have good attendance.
It is the student’s responsibility to drop all classes in which he/she is no longer attending by Oct. 30, 2009. Students
who remain enrolled in a class beyond this withdrawal deadline will receive an evaluative letter grade in this class. It is
the instructor’s discretion to withdraw a student after the add/drop deadline Oct. 30, 2009 due to excessive absences.
(But don’t assume I will, see above). So, if you intend to drop the class, please file the necessary paperwork (or
online form); do not assume that I will drop you if you do not attend! Students: please discuss your plans to
withdraw from the course with me. I may be able to help you find another option. A grade of incomplete will be given
only upon verification of extenuating circumstances and only after I receive a formal written request.
Classroom Behavior and Student Code of Conduct:
Students are expected to respect and obey standards of student conduct while in class and on the campus. The student
Code of Conduct, disciplinary procedure, and student due process (Policy 3100, 3100.1 and 3100.2) can be found in the
current college catalog in the section of Academic Information and Regulations (pages 39 - 51), and at the office of the
Dean of Student Affairs (H-500). Charges of misconduct and disciplinary sanctions may be imposed upon students who
violate these standards of conduct of provisions of college regulations.
Cheating will not be tolerated. If you cheat, you will receive a grade of zero for that quiz or exam and may fail the
course. If you receive a zero for cheating, that grade will not be dropped as your lowest exam or quiz. The zero sticks.
Cheating includes, but is not limited to, copying during quizzes or exams, discussion during quizzes or exams, etc.
Students with Disabilities
Any student with any disability should discuss this with me during the first two weeks of class so we can make
accommodations to enhance the learning process. I will do everything that I can to make the class workable for you.
Hints and Advice
Although Chem 200 covers some of the same material as Chem 152, we will go into greater depth and you will be
expected to understand at a higher level. If you did well in 152, great! but don't expect to do the same in 200 without a
lot of work and study. For all courses, its a good idea to start out strong in the beginning when the material is mostly
review and you don't have lots of reports and exams. Hit the books even if you think you know the material well. This
will give you a better shot at "A" grades on early quizzes and exams and give you a bit of a "cushion" should you run
into difficulty later. It also sets you up for good study habits from day 1. I will be trying to go quickly through the
review material so as to have more time for the more difficult subjects. Right now, as you walk in, you should be able
to do metric and density problems like the ones found in the early exercises in the packet. You should be very familiar
with common nomenclature of simple compounds and you should know the names and formulas of the common
polyatomic ions. See below for details. If any of this is unfamiliar or if you've forgotten, brush up now. Students can
get overwhelmed by Chem 200. The most important thing is to keep up with the homework. You will likely need 6 –
12 hours a week outside of class to keep up with lecture and earn at least a C (this does not include lab). More
hours will be needed before exams or if your chem or math background is poor. The best way to study is to do the
homework! Reading the textbook is great, but try the problems first, always.
I sometimes send reminders and announcements via email. I will be using the email address that you provided to the
college. If this email address in not valid, or you prefer a different address, send me an email from that address and I
will update my DL. This applies only to students officially registered in the class.
Background Material
It is required that you have taken a previous chemistry course, equivalent to Chem 152, before taking Chem 200.
Almost all the material from Chem 152 will be utilized in Chem 200. Much of this material will be reviewed briefly as
we go through the course, however the list below are topics you should know as you walk in the door. Outlines and
practice problems for these topics can be found in my lecture packet, textbook, or Chem 152 notes. The first quiz (week
2) will include these topics, but they will not be discussed in class, you must review them on your own:
Classification of Matter: See first set of packet notes, pages A-D.
This topic includes such subtopics as: Elements, Compounds, Mixtures; the Periodic Table, Chemical and Physical
Changes. You should know the names and formulas of the elements listed on the last page of this set of packet notes.
You should also know the seven elements which occur in nature as diatomic molecules.
Measurement: See second set of packet notes, p. 1-10
This includes such subtopics as: Scientific Notation; Significant Figures; the Metric System; Simple (1-2 step) Unit
conversions, Density problems, Temperature scales and Conversions. In the Metric System, right now you should know
the definitions of the prefixes: kilo, centi, milli and micro and how to use them in conversion problems. You do not
need to memorize any Metric – English conversions, but you should know how to use them if given to you.
Polyatomic ions
You will eventually need to know the names and corresponding formulas of many of the polyatomic ions and how to
use them in compounds (see Nomenclature Review notes in the packet for a complete list). However, for right now,
you should know the formulas/names of these ions (including correct charges):
ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, chlorate.
Additional Topics:
Balancing chemical reactions; Calculating the molar mass of a compound given its formula; Calculating the %
composition of a compound given its formula; Converting from grams to moles and vice versa; Converting from moles
to number of atoms or molecules and vice versa. See you Chem 152 notes for this material. Much of it can also be
found in the Chem 200 textbook, Chapter 3.
Outline of Topics:
These are some of the topics we will be covering in lecture. They will not necessarily be covered in this order. Other topics
may be included at the instructor’s discretion.
1. Dimensional Analysis
a. Square and cubic conversions
b. Conversion of derived units such
as Joules and Pascals.
2. Chemical equations and
stoichiometric calculations
a. Writing equations from word
equations
1. Molecular equations
2. If applicable, complete ionic
equations
3. If applicable, net ionic
equations
b. Solving problems involving a
limiting reagent
c. Calculating a theoretical and
percentage yield
d. Solution stoichiometry, including
titration
3. Ionization of acids, bases, and salts in
aqueous solution
a. Discriminating between soluble
and insoluble salts
b. The dissolution process
c. Equations describing the
ionization of weak and strong acids and
bases
4. Predicting and classifying reactions
a. Precipitation reactions, including
the use of solubility tables or rules
b. Acid-base reactions, including
gas-forming reactions
c. Single-replacement reactions,
including the use of an activity series
5. Gas Law Calculations and Concepts
a. Ideal Gas Law
1. Molar mass and density
determination
2. Molar volume and STP
3. Gas law stoichiometry
4. Changing of gas pressure,
volume, and temperature parameters
b. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
c. Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. Root-mean-square-speed
2. Effusion and diffusion
6. Atomic Theory
a. Calculations involving
electromagnetic radiation
b. Calculations involving the Bohr
model of the atom
c. Quantum mechanics
1. Orbitals
2. Quantum numbers
3. electron
configurations
4. orbital diagrams
7. Periodic Trends
a. Atomic radii
b. Ionization energy
c. Electron affinity
d. Relationships to chemical
reactivity within a family
8. Bonding Theories
a. Ionic Bonding
1. desire for noble gas
electron configuration
2. ionic radii
3. lattice energy
b. Covalent Bonding
1. Lewis structures
a. expanded octets
b. formal charges
c. resonance
2. Molecular shape:
VSEPR
3. Hybridization
4. Polarity
a. Electronegativity
b. Dipole moments
c. Relationship to
Lewis structures, molecular
shape, and hybridization
9. Liquids and solids
a. Intermolecular Forces
1. Ion-dipole
2. Dipole-dipole
including hydrogen bonding
3. Instantaneous-induced
dipole
b. Vapor pressure
1. Claussius-Clapeyron
equation
2. relationship to BP
3. relationship to
intermolecular forces
c. Physical Properties in
relationship to Intermolecular
Forces
1. Vapor pressure
2. Boiling point
3. Melting point
4. Surface tension
5. Viscosity
d. Phase changes and phase
diagrams
1. Critical temperature
and pressure
2. Heat of vaporization
and heat of fusion
e. Crystal structures
10. Solutions
a. Concentration
1. Molarity
2. Percentage by mass
3. Mole fraction
b. Factors affecting the
formation of a solution
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Bonding and
intermolecular forces
c. Colligative Properties
1. Vapor pressure
lowering
2. Boiling point
elevation
3. Freezing point
depression
4. Determination of
molar mass
d. Raoult's Law
Chem 200 Schedule Monday Wednesday Lecture (May be subject to change)
Week
Date (M)
Lecture Topic
Date (W)
1
8/24
Course Intro and
Measurement
Sections 1.4 – 1.6
8/26
Sections 1.4 – 1.6
Continued
2
8/31 (Q1)
Atomic Theory of Matter
Sections 2.1 – 2.7
9/2
Sections 2.1 – 2.7
Continued
3
9/7
Labor Day Holiday
9/9 (Q2)
Chp 2 continued
Nomenclature Review 2.8
4
9/14 (Q3)
Chp 3: Stoichiometry
9/16
Chp 3 continued
5
9/21
Chp 4: Major Classes of
Chemical Reactions
9/23
EXAM 1
6
9/28 (Q4)
Chp 4 continued
9/30
Chp 4 continued
7
10/5 (Q5)
Chp 6: Thermochemistry
Sections 6.1 – 6.2
10/7
Chp 7: Quantum Theory and
Electronic Structure &
Chp 8 Sections 2 – 3: Electron
Configuration
8
10/12 (Q6)
Chp 7 and Chp 8 continued
10/14
Chp 7 and Chp 8 continued
9
10/19 (Q7)
Chp 8: Chemical Periodicity
Section 1, 4 & 5
10/21
Chp 9 and Chp 10 Section 1:
Bonding
10
10/26
EXAM 2
10/28
Bonding continued
11
11/2 (Q8)
Shapes of Molecules &
Theories of Bonding
Chp 10 Sections 10.2 – 10.3
Chp 11 Sections 11.1 – 11.2
11/4
Chp 10 and 11 continued
12
11/9 (Q9)
Chp 5: Gases
Sections 5.1 – 5.6
11/11
Chp 5 continued
13
11/16 (Q10)
Chp 12: Intermolecular
Forces Sections 12.1 – 12.7
11/18
Chp 12 continued
Lecture Topic
11/23 – 11/29 Thanksgiving Holiday Week
14
11/30
Chp 12 continued
12/2 (Q11)
Chp 13: Solutions
Selected Topics
15
12/7
EXAM 3
12/9
Chp 13 continued
16
12/14 (Q12)
Review / Catch Up
12/16
FINAL EXAM
Grade
(Points)
Chem 200 Schedule Tuesday Thursday Lecture (May be subject to change)
Week
Date (Tu)
Lecture Topic
Date (Th)
1
8/25
Course Intro and
Measurement
Sections 1.4 – 1.6
8/27
Sections 1.4 – 1.6
Continued
2
9/1 (Q1)
Atomic Theory of Matter
Sections 2.1 – 2.7
9/3
Sections 2.1 – 2.7
Continued
3
9/8 (Q2)
Chp 2 continued
Nomenclature Review 2.8
9/10
Chp 3: Stoichiometry
4
9/15 (Q3)
Chp 3 continued
9/17
Chp 3 continued
5
9/22
Chp 4: Major Classes of
Chemical Reactions
9/24
EXAM 1
6
9/29 (Q4)
Chp 4 continued
10/1
Chp 4 continued
7
10/6 (Q5)
Chp 6: Thermochemistry
Sections 6.1 – 6.2
10/8
Chp 7: Quantum Theory and
Electronic Structure &
Chp 8 Sections 2 – 3: Electron
Configuration
8
10/13 (Q6)
Chp 7 and Chp 8 continued
10/15
Chp 7 and Chp 8 continued
9
10/20 (Q7)
Chp 8: Chemical Periodicity
Section 1, 4 & 5
10/22
Chp 9 and Chp 10 Section 1:
Bonding
10
10/27
EXAM 2
10/29
Bonding continued
11
11/3 (Q8)
Shapes of Molecules &
Theories of Bonding
Chp 10 Sections 10.2 – 10.3
Chp 11 Sections 11.1 – 11.2
11/5
Chp 10 and 11 continued
12
11/10 (Q9)
Chp 5: Gases
Sections 5.1 – 5.6
11/12
Chp 5 continued
13
11/17 (Q10)
Chp 12: Intermolecular
Forces Sections 12.1 – 12.7
11/19
Chp 12 continued
Lecture Topic
11/23 – 11/29 Thanksgiving Holiday Week
14
12/1(Q11)
Chp 12 continued
12/3
Chp 13: Solutions
Selected Topics
15
12/8
EXAM 3
12/10
Chp 13 continued
16
12/15 (Q12)
Review / Catch Up
12/17
FINAL EXAM
Grade
(Points)