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World Geography Exam 3 Land Bridge- An isthmian, strip of land, like two large land masses Archipelago- A set of islands grouped closely- usually elongated into a chain Hurricane Alley- The most frequent pathway followed by tropical storms and hurricanes over the past 150 years in their generally westward movement across the Caribbean Basin Mestizo- Latin word for “mixed”- Refers to a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry Altitudinal zones- Vertical regions defined by physical-environmental zones at various elevationsParticularly in the highlands of South and Middle America Tierra Caliente- The lowest of the altitudinal zones into which the human settlement of Middle and South America is classified according to elevation Tierra templada- ‘Eternal Spring’- The intermediate altitudinal zone of settlement in Middle and South America, lying between 750 meters and 1800 meters in elevation Tierra fria- Cold, high-lying altitudinal zones into which settlement in Andean South America, extending from about 1800 meters in elevation up to nearly 3600 meters Tierra helada- In Andean South America, the highest-lying habitable altitudinal zone- ca. 3600 to 4500 meter- between the tree line and the snow line- Too cold and barren to support anything but the grazing of sheep and other hardy livestock Tierra Nevada- The highest and coldest altitudinal zone in Andean South America lying above 4500 meters and inhabitable environment of permanent snow and ice that extends upward to the Andes’ highest peaks of more than 6000 meters. Culture Hearth- Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture Tropical deforestation- The clearing and destruction of forests to make way for expanding settlement frontiers and the exploitation of new economic opportunities Mainland-Rimland framework- Based on realm’s striking and economic contrasts Plantation- A large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cas crop- Almost all plantations were established within the tropics Connectivity- The degree of direct linkage b/w a particular location and other locations within a regional, national, or global transportation network Small-island developing economies- The additional disadvantages faced by lower-income island-states because of their often small territorial size and populations as well as overland inaccessibility Acculturation- Culture modification resulting from intercultural borrowing- In cultural geography the term refers to the change that occurs in the culture of indigenous peoples when contact is made wit ha society that is technologically superior Transculturation- Cultural borrowing and two-way exchanges that occur when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact Maquiladoras- Modern industrial (assembly) plants in Mexico's US border zone Small-island developing economies- exception (Trinidad and Tobago) - After 1950’s and 60’s several islands decided were better off with their old colonial masters Location of Mesoamerica- Low-lying tropical Plains and Quatemalan Highlands to Central Mexico's high plateau; only hearth in lowland tropics Hacienda- A large estate in a Spanish-speaking country Tourism- Mixed blessing Caribbean industry "Coffee Republic"- El Salvador Central American country with old democratic tradition- Costa Rica maybe Nicaragua Belize- "British Honduras" Panama- Only remaining gap in the Pan American Highway Bahamas- Caribbean island with more than one country Haiti- Poorest country in Western Hemisphere Mexico and Mexico City- Largest cities and countries of both realms (territory and population) South America Alexander Von Humbolt- "Laid foundation for modern geography as an integrative discipline marked by a spatial perspective" Unity of place- Notion that in a particular locale or region intricate connections exist among climate, geology, biology, and human cultures Altipanos- High elevation plateau, or valley between even higher mountain ranges, especially in the Andes of South America Land Alienation- One society or culture group taking land from another Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494- Split the New World- Did not limit Portuguese- Territory was expanded beyond to include the Amazon Basin Liberation theology- A powerful religious movement that arose in South America during the 1950s, and subsequently gained followers all over the global periphery Plural Societies- A society in which two or more population groups, each practicing its own culture, live in adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state Commercial Agriculture- The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber for profit Subsistence agriculture- Existing on the minimum necessities to sustain life; spending most of ones time in pursuit of survival Uneven development- The notion that economic development varies spatially- A central tenet of coreperiphery relationships in realms, regions and lesser geographic entities Rural-to-urban migration- The dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world's population, most notably in the less advantaged geographic realms Megacities- Informal term referring to the world's most heavily populated cities "Latin" American City- The Griffin-Ford model of intraurban spatial structure in the Middle American and South American realms Dependencia theory- "the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former" Informal sector- Primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries- occurs beyond the control of the government- Dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and servicesCompliment of the formal sector----"refers to those workers who are self employed, or who work for those who are self employed. People who earn a living through self employment in most cases are not on payrolls, and thus are not taxed. Many informal workers do their businesses in unprotected and unsecured places" Waru Waru- "agricultural technique developed by pre Hispanic peoples in the Andes region of South America, from Colombia to Bolivia. [1] It is dated around 300 B.C. The technique has been revived in 1984, in Tiawanaco, Bolivia, and Puno, Peru" Barrios- Term meaning "neighborhood" in Spanish- Usually refers to an urban community in a Latin American city- Also applies to low income, inner-city concentrations of Hispanics in such U.S. cities as Las Angeles Quecha- "a member of an American Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador" Rural-to-Urban migration- "the movement of people from the countryside to the city. This causes two things to happen: 1. Urban growth - towns and cities are expanding, covering a greater area of land. 2. Urbanization - an increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities." Hidrovia- System of river locks to open the Parana-Paraguay Basin to barge transport- Waterway Subsistence agriculture in isolated and cluster villages- Quechua and Aymara Ecuador -Some similarity with Peru:–Regional variations–Population clustered in Andes–Productive coastal strip South America- Realm with largest gap b/w rich and poor Avery's Info. Countries that contain a portion of the Amazon Basin-Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, etc. Country that was most affected by the African American Slave Trade-Brazil Largest City in South America- Sao Paulo, Brazil Largest Country in South America- Brazil Ecuador vs. Peru- Some similarity with Peru, regional variations, population clustered in Andes, Productive coastal strip Brazilian Birth Rates- Declining Pampas Agriculture- Grain Best example of Elongated State- Chile Realm with largest gap b/w rich and poor- Brazil Most population Brazilian State- Sao Paulo?