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The Republic of Texas 1836 - 1845 Chapter 11 Presidents of the Republic of Texas Sam Houston Sam Houston (1836 - 1838) (1841 -1844) • 1st President of the Republic of Texas • 3rd President of the Republic of Texas Mirabeau B Lamar (1838 - 1841) • 2nd President of the Republic of Texas • Known as the “Father of Education in Texas” Dr Anson Jones (1844 - 1846) • 4th and final President of the Republic of Texas • President when Texas became a state of the United States Sam Houston (1836 - 1838) • Problems Houston faced during his first term: – – – – – – – Death of Stephen F Austin (Dec 27, 1836) Annexation Relations with Mexico Native Americans Texas Military Finances The Texas Capital Annexation • Most Texans favored annexation to the United States • Houston worked hard for annexation – United States said NO because of the issue of slavery Relations with Mexico • Mexico refused to recognize Texas’s Independence • Houston tried to prevent a new war by replacing the commander of the army, Felix Huston, with Albert Sidney Johnston – Huston refused to step down and challenged Johnston to a duel where he shot him • Houston solved the problem by sending all but 600 soldiers home to prevent further fighting Native Americans • Houston worked to maintain peace with Native Americans • Sent Texas Rangers to protect settlers on the frontier Finances • Texas was in financial trouble – – – – • Spend less Raise property taxes More customs duties Issue promissory notes Texas debt rose to $2 million The Texas Capital • Sam Houston moved the Texas Capital from Columbia (too small) to a new town that would be named Houston Mirabeau B Lamar (1838 - 1841) • Lamar brings a different approach to these problems – Annexation – Relations with Mexico – Native Americans – Finances – The Texas Capital – Education Annexation • Lamar was against annexation • He wanted Texas to remain independent • He dreamed that one day Texas would stretch all the way to the Pacific Ocean Relations with Mexico • Lamar sent the new Texas Navy to help Yucatecan rebels fight Mexico • Lamar organized the Santa Fe Expedition – Army sent to convince New Mexico that it was part of Texas – Expedition ran out of supplies and surrendered to Mexican troops – Prisoners taken to Mexico – The failure of the Santa Fe Expedition ended Lamar’s dream of expanding Texas Native Americans • Lamar wanted to kill or drive all Native Americans out of Texas • Battle of the Neches: 100 Cherokees killed including Chief Bowles for not leaving their land • Council House Fight: Comanche chiefs killed when they came to peace talks in San Antonio • Battle of Plum Creek: 100 Comanches killed in ambush after a large raid on Anglo settlements Finances • Issued more promissory notes called “red backs” • Offered land to families moving to Texas • Debt rose to almost $7 million The Texas Capital • Moved the capital to a new location on the Colorado River called Waterloo • It would later be renamed Austin in honor of Stephen F Austin Education • Lamar is best known for his contributions to public education • He sat aside land in each county for public schools Sam Houston (1841 - 1844) • Texas would again try to join the United States • Houston would work to improve relations with Native Americans • Houston would cut spending and sell the Texas Navy New Problems with Mexico • Mexico invaded Texas twice during 1842 capturing San Antonio each time • Houston sent General Somervell to protect the border – Some troops disobeyed orders and attacked Mexico; this was called the Mier Expedition – The Texans were captured and some were executed in the Drawing of the Black Beans The Texas Capital • Sam Houston wanted to move the capital back to Houston • Angelina Eberly and the citizens of Austin wanted the capital to stay – In the Archives War Austin residents shot at Houston’s men who came to take the state archives – The capital stayed in Austin Dr Anson Jones (1844 - 1846) • Jones followed most of Houston’s policies including pushing for annexation • While Jones was president Texas was annexed by the United States through a joint resolution in Congress – Texas became the 28th state