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BETWEEN THE WARS THROUGH WWII EQ: HOW DID WWI LEAD TO WWII? POST WWI – 1920’S » WWI over 1919 » 1920’s – Fun times in the US » The “Roaring Twenties” » It was a time of economic and cultural growth » Time of Overproduction »Cars, Home appliances, Booze » Time of Fun »Dance Marathons »Parties THE GREAT DEPRESSION » Start: Stock Market Crash Oct. 1929 in U.S. » Leads to depression around the world » Cause: » Overproduction of goods, declining market; » Buying on margin (w/ credit); » Uneven distribution of wealth; » Imbalance in foreign trade due to high tariffs BAD TIMES = BAD LEADERS » Desperate time in Europe = Dictators promise hope » Russia: Stalin (Communist Dictator) » Germany: Hitler (Nazi Dictator) » Italy: Mussolini (Fascist) » Japan: Hirohito (Emperor) Tojo (Military leader) BAD LEADERS GOVT »Dictatorship: a country lead by ruler with total power; usually taken by force »Totalitarianism: Govt controls every aspect of public & private life » BETTER LEADERS »U.S. (Democracy, President): »Franklin Roosevelt (Beginning of war to month before end) »Harry Truman (last month of war) »Great Britain: Winston Churchill (Representative) JAPAN »Quickly became an empire »Did NOT want to be taken over by other countries »Tried to gain territory during WWI- fail »Wants to create a ‘Japanese lake’ within the Pacific »Pearl Harbor to take out US as a threat HITLER » Leader of Germany 1934-1945 » National Socialist German Workers' Party - NAZI » Angry over Germany’s loss and treatment after WWI » Blames Jewish people » » » » » FACTORS LEADING TO WAR » Dissatisfaction with Treaty of Versailles » Extreme forms of nationalism » Rise of militarismtechnically illegal for Germany » World wide depression and economic instability STEPS TOWARD WAR » Hitler: » Sends forces to Rhineland- Illegal » Forces Austria to reunite with Germany- Illegal » Demands Czechoslovakia give back the Sudetenland - Area with many ethnic Germans » Munich Conference 1938 » French & British leaders met with Hitler » Czechs to give back the Sudetenland » Hitler promises not to claim any other lands » Appeasement: giving in to an aggressor to preserve peace STEPS TOWARD WAR » 1939 - Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia » Hitler & Stalin (USSR) sign Non-Aggression Pact (August 1939) » The two countries agree not to attack one another & divide Poland between them » Sept 1939: Germany invades Poland = WWII begins » No fear of Soviet attack » Britain & France declare war on Germany EQ: HOW WAS WWII FOUGHT DIFFERENTLY THAN PREVIOUS WARS? NEW SIDES WERE CHOSEN AXIS POWER »GERMANY ALLIED POWER »ITALY »GREAT BRITAIN »FRANCE (left in June 1940) »RUSSIA (until June,1941) »RUSSIA (joined in June 1941) »JAPAN »UNITED STATES U.S. NEUTRALITY? Despite Neutrality Laws, Roosevelt allowed: »“Cash & Carry” policy: Allies pay for weapons in cash & carry on their own ships »Lend-Lease Act: weapons on loan in exchange for bases THE WAR BEGINS » Hitler aims to take out Britain & France then Russia » Blitzkrieg (“lightening war”): tactic using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by infantry forces » Moves through Scandinavian Countries » France unable to hold off the Germans » France surrenders, signs armistice June, 1940 » Poland ceases to exist after a month THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN Britain now stood alone » Winston Churchill elected Prime Minister » The British Bulldog; Known for his speeches; hope of the British The Battle of Britain » German air war against Britain » British use radar and German code breaking machine – Enigma » First time Hitler’s attacks were blocked » Result: British saw Germans could be stopped GERMANY INVADES RUSSIA Hitler switched focus to the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe - Balkans » Sept 1940: Axis Powers attack North Africa » April 1941: Take Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia & Greece Germany headed for Russia, paranoid they will attack first » June 1941: Hitler invades Russia - breaking the NonAggression Pact » Attacks successful - capture major cities » Russia retreats into country, uses Scorched Earth Policy » Russia joins the side of the Allied Powers PEARL HARBOR » Dec 7th, 1941: Japan bombed Pearl Harbor » Destroy 300 airplanes, 20 naval vessels, 8 battleships » 2,000 dead & 1,000 wounded » America declares war on Japan » Germany declares war on the U.S. » The US is now in the war TURNING POINTS - EUROPEAN THEATER Battle of Stalingrad – Aug 1942 – Feb 1943 » Hitler attempted to capture the oil fields at all costs » Stalin determined to keep his name sake » Heavy bombardment fails to deter Soviets » Breakthrough at Kursk allows Soviets to encircle Germans » Result: Ends German offensive capability in Europe » Why it fails: » Russian winter » Failure to supply » Soviet determination; Soviets capture 300,000 TURNING POINTS - PACIFIC THEATER Battle of Midway – June 1942 » Japan targeted Midway Island as a staging site for capturing Hawaii » The last three American carriers, hidden, await surprise counterattack » Results for Japan: » All Japanese carriers destroyed, 80% of experienced pilots lost » Japan’s offensive war is over » Results for U.S.: » Yorktown sunk, Midway saved » Americans now takes the offensive in “Island Hopping” Campaigns TACTICS USED » Island hopping: series of battles between the US and Japan on islands in the Pacific » Kamikaze: ‘Divine Wind’- Use of suicidal tactics of crashing planes into US ships » Navajo Code Talkers: Bilingual Navajo speakers were enlisted by the military. They were used to pass along messages that would not easily be deciphered by the opposition D-DAY: INVASION OF NORMANDY » June 6, 1944: American, British, and Canadian troops » Largest amphibian attack by land-sea-air » Tried to trick the Germans with attack in North; Germans knew it was fake, were there for the attack » Within a week, Normandy was secure, over 300,000 troops had landed » Germany surrenders » Europe in total ruins EQ: HOW DID WWII ALTER THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AROUND WORLD? WAR COMES TO AN END »Mussolini attempts to escape with wife »They are detained, executed, and hung in public square »Crowd grows – spits, throws objects, and beats their bodies WAR COMES TO AN END VE Day- Victory Day in Europe » Russia liberates East, first to arrive in Berlin » Allies liberate Paris, then W. Germany » Hitler and his closest men hide in bunker » April 29th, Hitler married his mistress » April 30th, 1945, Hitler commits suicide » Swallowed cyanide pill and shot himself in the head » His body was cremated and continually moved around so his final resting would not be disturbed » May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders U.S. & THE ATOMIC BOMB » The Manhattan Project: U.S. fearful of Germans; attempt to develop ‘the Bomb’ first » A. Einstein’s theories & Headed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer » Uranium developed in Tennessee; test conducted a secret weapons laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico » Only 3 bombs could be made Intended uses: » 1st: Destroy Germany - already surrendered » 2nd: Force Japan to surrender » 3rd: Enable the U.S. to threaten the Soviets HIROSHIMA (Little Boy) – 8:15am August 6, 1945 150,000 killed NAGASAKI (Fat Man) – 11:02am August 9, 1945 75,000 Killed LITTLE BOY FAT MAN VJ DAY- VICTORY OVER JAPAN »September 2, 1945 Japanese surrender »Japan's surrender brought an end to World War II THE HOLOCAUST- HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY » Hitler gains control during depression » Nuremberg Rallies: Biggest example of propaganda; grew to 100,000 in size » Unacceptable ideas were removed by the “Burning of the Books” » Einstein, Freud, Marx, Sanger, Sinclair » Recruited young to do his dirty work; educated them in the NAZI ways: Boys fought, Girls were mothers » “Big Lie”: blamed Jewish people for Germany’s defeat during WWI » If you tell a lie big enough, say it enough times, and believe in it yourself then so will everyone else THE HOLOCAUST » Genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation » Hitler’s genocide included: » Political dissidents » Communists » Invalids » Gypsies » Homosexuals » Russians » Africans » Jews THE HOLOCAUST - TIMELINE » 1933: First Concentration camp, Dachau, formed, initially for political dissidents » Nazis proclaim boycott of all Jewish businesses » Jews dismissed from education, civil service, and the military » 1935: Riechstad passes race-based, anti-Semitic “Nuremburg Laws” » 1938: Kristallnacht - ”night of broken glass” - provoked riots against Jewish businesses » 1939: Jews ordered to wear the “Star of David” » 1940: Warsaw Ghetto sealed off - deported to camps THE NUREMBERG LAWS » 1935: Anti-Semitic (Jew) “Nuremburg Laws” » Protection Law: » No German/Jewish marriages » No sexual relations with Jews » Jews are not permitted to display German Flag » No Jewish house keepers under 45yrs » Citizen Law: » Only Germans are full citizens » “A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich…He has no right to vote in political affairs and he cannot hold public office.” THE HOLOCAUST - TIMELINE » 1941: “Final Solution” is put in motion: plan for exterminating all Jewish people in Germany » 1942: Wannsee Conference orders the, “Final Solution” » 1943: Liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and other ghettos » 1944: Himmler orders the complete destruction of the camps to hide the evidence » 1945: All camps are liberated and Hitler’s Holocaust is exposed » Nuremberg Trials commence to punish Nazis for “War crimes against humanity” LIFE IN THE GHETTOS Ghetto: Segregated area in which Jews were required by law to reside » In the 1930s, Hitler established ghettos in Germany and German-controlled countries Warsaw Ghetto » After Poland invasion, all Jewish peoples (about 400,000) were confined to the Warsaw Ghetto » Gated; anyone spotted leaving was shot on sight » Nazi’s controlled food let into the area; Many died from diseases and starvation » Burned to the ground by Nazi’s, people sent to concentration camp Treblinka CONCENTRATION CAMPS Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi and allies established more than 40,000 camps. The perpetrators used these sites for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people thought to be enemies of the state, and mass murder. Result: About 10 million dead CONCENTRATION CAMPS HUMAN GUINEA PIGS » The people in the camps were used to test: » High Altitude » Ways to counter act gangrene » Twins » Poison » Tuberculosis » Bone, Muscle & joint transplants » Sterilization » Artificial insemination » High altitude- These were preformed by Dr. Sigmund Rascher. The prisoners were placed in pressure chambers and had the pressure increased and increased up to about 68,000 ft. Their physiological responses were watched as they lost consciousness and died. » Freezing- These experiments were done to find out what would happen to men who had to drop into the freezing cold north sea. They were done by Dr. Sigmund Rascher at Dachau and Auschwitz. The victims were either placed in a freezing tub of water or outside in sub zero temperatures. It was learned that most victims lost consciousness and died when the body reached about 25 C. » Sulfanilamide- To find ways of counteracting gangrene, the Nazi doctors would deliberately cut open a person's leg or arm and infect it to see how the diseases progressed. They would often infect the war like wounds with gas gangrene and agitate the woulds with glass and sand. They wanted to see if drugs like Sulfanilamide would help to cure the disease. » Twins- Twins were inspected to see what would happen to one if something was done to another. They were usually killed after they had been examined for a few weeks. The doctors wanted to know how they happened and to see if they could find out the secret of multiply births in order to populate the would with more Aryans. These experiments were preformed by the infamous DR. Joseph Mengele. » Poison- These experiments were done to find the poison that was most effective for gassing prisoners. The two most often used were Phenol and Cyanide. They would put poison in the prisoner's food or shoot them with poison bullets. Victims who did not die, were killed so that autopsies could be done. » Tuberculosis- Dr. Kurt Heissmeyer wanted to find a cure for TB so he injected several hundred victims with live TB virus to see if he could find a cure. If they did not die from the disease they were killed so that the doctor could perform autopsies. » Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation- At Ravensbruck doctors trying to find out if body parts could be transplanted, would cut off parts of prisoners bodies and try to attach them to others. They would also cut of bodily organs and try to re-grow them outside the body. » Sterilization- The main reason for all of the concentration camps was to find an effective way to get rid of the undesirables, so one of the experiments was sterilization. Most men were castrated or had their testis burned by radiation. Women had caustic acids injected into their uterus'. » Artificial insemination- Dr. Carl Clauberg preformed artificial insemination experiments on many woman prisoners in Auschwitz. These experiments were preformed to find ways of increasing the Aryan race. He would often taunt the victims, telling them that he had put animal sperm in them and they were growing monsters. These woman lived in Block 10 and were in constant fear that they would be chosen as a "block10 whore." CONCENTRATION CAMPS Those who put their lives in danger to help others NUREMBERG TRIALS » Allies tried the Nazi leaders for “crimes against humanity” » 1st International court to punish leaders beyond normal conditions of war » 21 Nazi leaders were found guilty of war crimes » 12 executed » 3 sentenced to life TOKYO TRIALS »Tried and executed Hideki Tojo & 6 other leaders »Tried 5,700 »720 executed FINAL EFFECTS OF WWII » Germany Divided: East(Russia) & West(Allies) » Japan allowed to keep emperor; but dominated by US » Europe divided by Allies and Soviets » Devastating loss of life » Allied military deaths: 16.8 million » Axis military deaths: 5.6 million » Civilian Deaths: 55 million » Jews, gypsies, etc.: 10 million » United Nations formed » Cold War begins between US & USSR