Download B 262, F 2007

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BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2007
FINAL EXAMINATION (PART 1)
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.⎯For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (10%, 1% each)
6. Organisms in which of the following
1. Which of the following is an assumption
phyla includes the flat worms?
of scientific philosophy?
a. Annelida
a. Different events cannot have the
b. Arthropoda
same cause.
c. Nematoda
b. Only experimental observations can
d. Platyhelminthes
prove hypotheses to be True.
e. None of the above
c. Sense experience reflects reality.
d. The universe is disordered.
e. None of the above. (None are assumptions)
2. Members of which of the following phyla
are acoelomate?
a. Arthropoda
b. Molluska
c. Nematoda
d. Platyhelminthes
e. None of the above
3. Which of the following is a correct
species name (for humans)?
a. sapiens
b. homo sapiens
c. homo sapiens
d. Homo
e. Homosapiens
f. None of the above
4. Which of the following does NOT
decrease overall genetic variation?
a. artificial selection
b. genetic drift
c. mutation
d. natural selection
e. None of the above (all decrease variation)
5. Which of the following most limits
primary production in terrestrial
environments?
a. light and nutrients
b. light and water
c. light and temperature
d. nutrients and temperature
e. temperature and water
7. If a population of 20,000 is undergoing
exponential growth with a yearly
intrinsic rate of increase of 0.50, then what
is the size of the population after 2 years?
a. 10,000
b. 21,000
c. 22,000
d. 45,000
e. None of the above
8. If a population of 40,000 is undergoing
logistic growth with a yearly intrinsic rate
of increase of 0.10, and a carrying
capacity of 80,000 then what is the size of
the population after 1 year?
a. 4,000
b. 40,000
c. 42,000
d. 44,000
e. None of the above
9. The lining of most of the digestive tract
develops from which type of tissue?
a. ectoderm
b. endoderm
c. mesoderm
d. pachyderm
10. The human vertebrae develop from
which type of tissue?
a. ectoderm
b. endoderm
c. mesoderm
d. pachyderm
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK.⎯For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words in the
available space. (4%)
1. Which of the 4 basic types of animal
3. Hypothesis: There will be higher species
tissues is the following? (1%)
richness of insects in areas ungrazed by buffalo
than in areas grazed by buffalo.
Data Based on Quadrat Samples
mean # insect species per m2 ungrazed = 7.33
mean # insect species per m2 grazed = 9.05
P-value = 0.001
Hypothesis is
supported /
rejected.
(circle one) (1%)
Briefly explain why ↑. (1%)
4. Identify two things that are “wrong” or
misleading about this illustration. (1%)
2. Specifically what two words describe the
arrangement and shape of the cells in this
tissue? (1%)
a.
b.
DEFINITIONS.⎯For the following BIOLOGICAL words or phrases define them as accurately
and concisely as possible. (10%, 2% each)
1. (bacterial) biofilms:
2. (bacterial) transformation:
3. connective tissue:
4. natural selection:
5. science:
Name
BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2006
FINAL EXAMINATION (PART 2)
Date
FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS.⎯For the following, address each in as concise and
lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT exceed the space provided.
1. A single bacterium infects a small cut on Edna’s arm. One week later Edna’s wound is very suddenly
red, painful and clearly infected. Her physician identifies the bacterium as a Staphylococcus
bacterium and prescribes penicillin. The infection symptoms disappeared after taking the antibiotic
for about 4 days and Edna stopped taking the penicillin (long before the end of her prescription). The
infection again returned a little more than a week after she stopped the penicillin, so Edna took the
penicillin again until it again looked like it was gone. This time it took over a week for the penicillin
to control the infection. The infection returned again about a week after she stopped taking the
antibiotic, and this time the infection did not go away and was completely unaffected by the
penicillin.
a.) Describe briefly what you know about the shape, arrangement of the cells, and cell wall
structure of this bacterium. (3%)
b.) Provide a plausible evolutionary explanation for why the penicillin eventually did not stop
the Staphylococcus aureus infection. Explain what happened as Edna took and stopped
taking the penicillin that would result in her Staphylococcus aureus infection eventually
becoming unaffected by penicillin. (7%)
2. Generally outline basic animal development in a vertebrate from fertilization to the formation
of the nervous system. Be certain to identify each stage and indicate what is happening at
each stage. (5%) Feel free but do not feel obliged to use sketches in your answer.
3. As described in the book The Evolution Explosion and discussed in class, why are farmers being
required to plant insect “pest refuges” of regular crops near to their new insecticide-containing crops
(e.g., Bt-producing corn, Bt-producing sugar cane)? Why do they have to provide a “safe” insecticidefree place that will allow for reproduction of the insects that they are trying to kill? Explain clearly
and in detail why this is the case. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a table or diagrams as part of your
answer.) (5%)
4. Explain how Type I and Type II Diabetes differ from each other. What causes each and how
each is usually treated? (5%)
Name
BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2007
FINAL EXAMINATION (PART 3)
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.⎯For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (10%, 1% each)
1. Which of the following best describes the
community ecology relationship of a
mouse eating a seed?
a. Interspecific amensalism
b. Intraspecific amensalism
c. Interspecificcommensalism
d. Intraspecific commensalism
e. Interspecific grazing
f. Intraspecific grazing
g. Interspecific predation
h. Intraspecific predation
i. None of the above
2. In a population at Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium, if the frequency of AA is
0.09, then what is the frequency of aa?
a. 0.09
b. 0.18
c. 0.49
d. 1.00
e. None of the above
3. In a population of 100 individuals at
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if there
are 16 BB individuals, how many Bb
individuals should there be?
a. 9
b. 42
c. 48
d. 91
e. None of the above
4. Given the following genotypes in a
population: 55CC, 120Cc, 25cc. Is this
population evolving with respect to the
“C” gene?
a. No
b. Yes
c. Cannot determine with the information given.
The samples below measured the population density
of field bindweed per m2 in areas on south-facing and
north-facing slopes. The areas are NOT paired. The
hypothesis is that the increased sun of southern
exposure will increase density of field bindweed.
5. Based on basic island biogeography
alone, which of the following should have
the lowest species richness?
a. large island far from the mainland
b. large island near to the mainland
c. small island far from the mainland
d. small island near to the mainland
when organophosphate pesticides are no
longer used on mosquitos, their populations…
a. become smaller in size than when the
pesticides were used.
b. evolve to become susceptible.
c. evolve additional resistances.
d. stop evolving.
Table. Bindweed density per m2 quadrat. P-value for
comparison between the two areas = 0.09
South-facing
12 9
4
8 15 6
4 13 7
6 10 2
6. For these data and this hypothesis what
type of graph would be most
appropriate?↑
North-facing
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Bar graph of means
Bar graph of samples
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatter Plot
7. The hypothesis is…
↑
a. rejected.
b. supported.
c. This cannot be determined with these data.
8. Organisms in which of the following phyla
includes the true mosses?
a. Bryophyta
b. Chlorophyta
c. Lycophyta
d. Pterophyta
e. None of the above
9. As described in The Evolution Explosion
human fisheries (fishing) have caused
individuals in many fish populations to be
genetically smaller because…
a. the small pop. sizes cause genetic drift.
b. fisheries are strong directional natural
selection for size.
c. fisheries are strong disruptive natural
selection for size.
d. fisheries cause founder events.
10. As described in The Evolution Explosion
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK.⎯For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words in the
available space. (4%)
Model Organism
Common Name
Kingdom
Danio rerio
Drosophila
melanogaster
Mus musculus
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
In the space below describe the characteristics of the model organism Escherichia coli in as
much detail as possible (e.g., classification, physical characteristics). (1%)
DEFINITIONS.⎯For the following BIOLOGICAL words or phrases define them as accurately
and concisely as possible. (10%, 2% each)
1. (bacterial) toxigenicity:
2. (ecological) community:
3. ecological succession:
4. genetic drift:
5. pollen:
BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2006
FINAL EXAMINATION (PART 4)
Date
Name
LONG ANSWERS.⎯ For the following answers, address each question in as concise and lucid a
manner as possible. Do NOT exceed the space provided.
1. Describe/explain the life cycle of a member of Phylum Coniferophyta. Include all life cycle stages,
relevant unique structures, and label their ploidy. Also indicate all cellular processes that occur.
Indicate the life cycle generation that is considered to be dominant. (0.5%)
(Feel free but do not feel obliged to use labeled illustrations for your answer.)
(7%)
2. Fill in the table below (the outgroup has been filled in for you) and use the results to draw a
correct phylogenetic tree. Show the derived trait / synapomorphies on your phylogenetic
tree. (7.5%)
# of germ
layers
ventral
nerve cord
body
symmetry
2
no
(absent)
radial
notochord
mantle
no
(absent)
no
(absent)
human
bass (fish)
insect
snail
squid
jelly“fish”
(outgroup)
3. In a study in 2000 [Cowen et al. 2000. J. Bacteriol. 182(6): 1515-1522] researchers explored the effects of
exposure to the anti-fungal drug fluconazole on a yeast that causes yeast infections (Candida
albicans). Twelve assumed-to-be-genetically-identical populations were founded from a single
colony of C. albicans, 6 of these were exposed to the anti-fungal drug fluconazole and 6 were not. All
12 populations were allowed to reproduce for 330 generations and then were tested for resistance.
They hypothesized that exposure to this drug would result in the evolution of anti-fungal drug
resistance.
a.) Briefly (1 sentence), explain why the 12 founded populations were assumed to be genetically identical
because they were derived from a single colony. Put another way, why are all cells in a microbial
colony expected to be genetically identical? (1%) (Note: Yeast colonies are very similar to bacterial colonies.)
b.) Use the data below to construct a graph comparing treatment and control samples that will allow easy
assessment of their hypothesis. (4%)
Table 1. Approximate data from the samples derived from the above-cited study.
exposed to
fluconazole
64.0
64.0
4.0
16.0
64.0
0.5
not exposed to
fluconazole
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
c.) Then indicate if the hypothesis was supported or rejected and why (1%). No p-value necessary.
d.) Briefly (1 sentence), provide an evolutionary explanation, based on your knowledge of
microevolutionary processes, for why all six populations of C. albicans exposed to fluconazole did
not exhibit the same level of resistance after 330 generations (despite the presence of fluconazole).
(2%)
e.) The researchers also found that the populations exhibiting the highest resistance reproduced the most
slowly when placed in a flucanazole-free environment. Briefly (1 sentence), provide an evolutionary
explanation for why this is not surprising (and was not surprising to the researchers). (2%)