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Ser & Estar I & II Ser & Estar I Ser & Estar I:Review Introduction There are two verbs that can signify “to be” in Spanish SER ESTAR SER and ESTAR are contrasted and have a variety of uses and meanings. Uses of SER 1. with “de” to describe origin or possession: Soy de Chicago. I am from Chicago Ella es de los Estados Unidos. She is from the United States. Uses of SER 2. with “de” to describe possession La mochila es de Elena. The backpack is Elena’s. El libro es de nosotros. That is our book. Uses of SER 3. with “de” to describe what something is made of. La chaqueta es de algodón. The jacket is cotton. Las enchiladas son de pollo. The enchiladas are chicken. Uses of SER 4. before adjectives to indicate condition that doesn’t result from change: nationality, age, physical attributes, personality, religion and color. Mis amigos son españolas. My friends are Spanish. El presidente es joven. The president is young. Carlos es alto y rubio. Carlos is tall and blond. Nora es inteligente. Nora is intelligent. Mis primos son graciosos. My cousins are funny. Las señoras son católicas. The women are catholic. El coche es azul. The car is blue. Uses of SER 5. with professions: Soy estudiante. I am a student. Ellos son hombres de negocios. They are businessmen. Uses of SER 6. to express times, dates, days of the week: Son las seis de la tarde. It’s six o’clock in the evening. Hoy es lunes. Today is Monday. Uses of SER 7. to indicate where an event regularly takes place: La conferencia es en el auditorio. The conference takes place in the auditorium. (habit, not necessarily currently) La clase de español es en el aula dos. The Spanish class is in room two. (habit, not necessarily currently) Uses of ESTAR 1. with a preposition “a, en etc.” to express current location of objects and persons: Estamos en la clase. El libro está al lado de la mesa. *use QUEDAR to refer only to inanimate objects (places). Uses of ESTAR 2. With the progressive construction (-ndo). El profesor está hablando con la estudiante. The professor is speaking with the student. Uses of ESTAR 3. to express physical and emotional state of being or present/ resultant condition (past participle): ESTAR + past participle/adjective El proyector está roto. The projector is broken Yo estoy cansada. I am tired. SER & ESTAR II Changes in meaning In general we know that using… SER denotes a more or less permanent state, expressions for time, origin, location of events and identifying descriptions. ESTAR denotes, current and/or resultant states, location of nouns, and actions in progress; “the effect of the cause” However… SER and ESTAR are not mutually exclusive… That is, with certain adjectives both SER and ESTAR can be use along with it. The result is that the adjective takes on different connotations depending on the verb that precedes it. Examples… SER ESTAR El hombre es aburrido. The man is boring. El hombre está aburrido. The man is bored. Ella es lista. She is clever. Ella está lista. She is ready. (prepared) El café no es bueno. Coffee is not good. (unhealthy) El café no está bueno. Coffee isn’t good. (tastes bad) More examples… SER ESTAR Eres muy bonita. You are pretty. Estás bonita. You look pretty. (today) Ella es fea. She is ugly. (personality) Ella está fea. She looks ugly. Somos divertidos. We are funny. Estamos divertidos. We are amused. More examples… SER ESTAR Eres muy guapa. You are good looking. Estás guapa. You are good-looking. (today) La manzana es verde. The apple is green. La manzana está verde. The apple is not ripe. Somos vivos. We are smart. Estamos vivos. We are alive. Describing food… When describing food using SER and ESTAR becomes a little tricky. SER + adjective describes inherent or naturally occurring qualities. ESTAR + adjective describes qualities not naturally occurring or resultant qualities Examples… SER ESTAR La toronja es agria. The grapefruit is sour. La salsa está agria. The sauce tastes sour. El jalapeño es picante. The jalepeño is spicy. Las patatas están picantes. The potatoes taste spicy. The past participle The past participle can be used as an adjective. They usually are preceded by ESTAR, because they describe current condition. When this occurs the past participle must agree with the noun it is describing. Examples… ESTAR El proyector está roto. The projector is broken. (ROMPER = roto/a) La cámara está rota también. The camera is broken too. Ella está cansada. She is tired. (CANSAR = cansado/a) Ellas están cansadas también. They are tired too. Some past participle/adjectives and their infinitives ABURRIRSE aburrido/a bored CANSARSE cansado/a tired CASARSE (CON) casado/a (con) married (to) ENAMORARSE enamorado/a (de) in love (with) PREOCUPARSE preocupado/a worried ENOJARSE enojado/a angry OCUPARSE (DE) ocupado/a busy ENFERMARSE enfermo/a sick ENTRISTECERSE triste sad Pitfalls… Not all adjectives can be used interchangeably with SER and ESTAR. Be careful of what you mean to say when using adjectives with SER and ESTAR. There are special circumstance when describing food. Make sure all adjectives agree.