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EXERCISE C1 Cat Muscular System MASTER LIST OF MATERIALS Gloves Safety glasses Dissecting tools Dissecting tray Preserved cat TIME REQUIREMENT Removal of the skin: 30–60 minutes Identification of muscles: 1–2 hours depending on number of deep muscles studied Clean up: 15 minutes LABORATORY PREPARATION 1. Set preserved cats and large dissecting trays in the lab. Supply heavy tags for students to identify their cat. 2. Provide preservative in squeeze bottles or spray bottles for students to keep the specimens moist. 3. Set up a disposal area with a biohazard container for discarding scrap tissue. Also prep a cleaning station for washing trays and tools. TEACHING TIPS AND STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS Lab Activity 1 – Preparing the Cat for Dissection Demonstrate correct dissection technique for each tool, especially the blunt probe. Remind students to remove the skin in one piece so it can be wrapped around the cat during storage. Lab Activities 2 – 8 – Cat Muscles 194 Instruct students not to tear tissue during the dissection. Only cut on the specimen when it is called for in the procedures and it is verified by the dissection team that the correct structure has been selected to cut. Remind students not to use water to moisten the specimens, it will promote bacterial growth and decay. Keep the specimen moist with the preservative. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Dissection Exercise 1: Cat Muscular System 195 EXERCISE C1 Answers to Questions LABORATORY REPORT A. Matching 1. J 2. I 3. F 4. B 5. H 6. E 7. A 8. C 9. G 10. D B. Short-Answer Questions 1. The muscles of the cat neck are similar to human neck muscles. A V-shaped sternomastoid arises from the sternum and inserts on the mastoid process of the skull. A pair of sternohyoid muscles lie over the larynx and act to depress the hyoid. The digastric muscles insert on, and depress, the mandible. The mylohyoid and masseter muscles act to elevate the mandible. Deeper neck muscles include the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles. 2. The muscles of the cat forelimb are comparable to the forearm muscles in humans. The biceps brachii and brachialis are on the cat’s ventral surface and, with assistance from the epitrochlearis, act to flex the forelimb. On the opposite side of the limb, the triceps brachii and anconeus muscles act to extend the forearm. 3. The abdominal muscles of the cat are similar to those in humans. The ventral surface is supported by three layers of muscle: the rectus abdominis is in the central muscle where the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles insert. C. Labeling Figure D1.13 1. sartorius 2. external oblique 3. external jugular vein 4. sternomastoid 5. sternohyoid 6. pectoralis major 7. clavodeltoid 8. pectoantebrachialis 9. pectoralis minor 10. latissimus dorsi 11. xiphihumeralis 12. external oblique 13. transverse abdominis 14. linea alba 15. rectus abdominis 16. internal oblique D. Analysis and Application 1. The single trapezius in humans occurs as three distinct muscles in cats; the spinotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, and the clavotrapezius. The prefix of each muscle describes the insertion. The single deltoid in humans also occurs as three Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 196 Instructor’s Manual for Laboratory Manual for Anatomy & Physiology, Fourth Edition muscles in cats; the spinodeltoid, acromiodeltoid, and clavodeltoid. 2. In cats there are four subdivisions of the pectoralis muscle group, but only two divisions in humans. The superficial pectoantebrachialis is not found in humans. Posteriorally, the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles are similar to the human pectoralis group. A thin xiphihumeralis occurs along the posterior edge of the pectoralis minor. This muscle does not occur in humans. 3. The muscles of the cat thigh and lower leg are like the muscles of the human leg. The sartorius, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae, gluteal muscles, adductor group, pectineus, quadriceps femoris, and hamstring group are alike in cats and humans. The iliopsoas in cats is a single muscle compared to the two-part iliopsoas in humans. The caudofemoralis in the cat thigh is not found in humans. The lower leg muscles are also similar among cats and humans. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles extend the foot while the tibialis anterior and peroneus brevis flex the foot. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.