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Ancient History Section 1 Early History The Stone Age History class built upon what can be proven – we focus on Evolution not Faith Separated from apes 25 m.y.a. – process took a while (humans by 2.5 m.y.a.) Humans not around too much time – 1/4000th of earth’s existence LOTS of evidence to support evolving from apes – only 1.6% difference between the species Stood upright because trees were crowded & wanted to see over the tall grass Humans came from Africa – lots of scientific evidence to support this theory Spread out from there around the globe – even across Bering land bridge to America Moved places following the big game that they were trying to get (mammoths, horses, ect.) People adapted to environment – skin color even changed to adapt to environment Darker skin in hotter places-prevent sun burn, skin cancer, damage to sweat glands Lighter skin in cooler places- gives more vitamin D (preventing rickets- bowed legs) Homo Sapiens Sapiens (very smart humans) – only came about 120,000 y.a. But needed lots of space to hunt – turned into small groups with relative gender equality Developed tools to help their environment – fire, clothes, bone knifes, rafts, ect. Still humans though – signs of LOTS of fighting – killed off other human-type species Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) – from 2.5 m.y.a. to about 12,000 BCE Developed simple stone tools & walked upright – size of brain increased Walking upright made them slow – easy kill for predators We know about them based on cave paintings, tool remains, & burial sites Neolithic (New Stone Age) – very slow change 14,000-10,000 People settle into 1 spot & start farming – could support way more people than before More than likely realized that seeds grew plants out of their garbage dump Big game animals were also decreasing in # - needed another plan Why live in towns – give up personal freedom for safety (won’t get stolen from) Some isolated societies still avoid cities – usually in harsh climates with less interaction Effects of cities – people become less free due to having to abide by rules of city People start to develop immunities by living in such close quarters with others Longer work week (labor intensive), built houses, varied clothing New animals domesticated – pigs, sheep, goats, cattle – giving meat, skins, dairy Middle East had big advantage – water source, fertile area, not forested Calendar – the 1st ones were a Lunar calendar – 11 days shorter than solar Nomads – small groups who move around the countryside to find food Forced to stay in small groups (no bigger than 60) – if bigger the food runs out Job Specialization – start to realize that certain people have talents It’s much better to let them work the job they are good at Early Culture Matriarchal families popular 1st – women are the head of the household Women seem more important – makes sense they have the gift of childbirth Also not easy because it was hard to find out who the father was Birth – very dangerous act at this point Humans not born with very much knowledge – keep the heads small for the women Downfall of this is that humans are quite vulnerable at young ages 1 Prehistory – The period of time before people invented systems of writing We can only guess what life was like during this time based on archeological evidence Writing started to keep records of treaties & taxes – most important event in history Eventually builds wisdom – people try to understand the world rationally HUGE technological jumps – those with better technology beat out those without Bronze Age (3000 BCE) – bronze tools/weapons MUCH better Iron Age (1500 BCE) – even more important change in history – Iron weapons Cultural Diffusion – the spread of ideas, customs & beliefs from 1 culture to another Was done through any # of ways – war, trade, ect This is what drives history – think of what the internet will do for this Civilizations By The River Flooding Helped Farming – would spread nutrients from soil under water around the land Was actually the reason that civilizations could continue to farm – helped a lot People actually hated it – would destroy things & kill people The soil that was spread around was called different things in different areas (Silt, Loess) MAJOR issue all over the world – every major culture has a story of flooding Christians believe this proves the story of Noah’s flood – obviously based on faith Early Governments Arise Needed Central government – council of elders wasn’t working fast enough for good Priests & warriors fight over who would be the leader – continues for a while Leaders would claim divine right – need God to back up their power Early governments were formed to oversee water & food supply for the people Most of the earliest governments were Hydraulic Empires – leaders controlled water usage Gov’ts become more complex over time – turned into bureaucracies Types Of Governments Monarchy – a king or a queen rules & that power is handed down hereditarily Aristocracy – run by the elites of the society Oligarchy – run by a small group of people Section 2 Ancient Middle Eastern Civilizations Ancient Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – the land between the 2 rivers (Euphrates & Tigris)(now Iraq) Fertile spot (great place for a kingdom) – built houses with clay (not a lot of trees) A collection of cities (each its own small gov’t) – called city-states Culture – early civilizations run by assemblies – would only elect king during war Polytheistic religion – each city had a patron God based on forces of nature Had a bunch of Gods – even had a tooth ache god – what the heck? Eventually larger civilizations start to pop up – people start taking over other cities Sumer (3500-2334 BCE) – bunch of civilizations with same language & culture Amazing trade area – situated at a crossroad in the center of the old world HUGE list of inventions – 1st to really transform the land (it helped they had Oxen) Invented wheel (3,500 BCE) – quickly developed into chariots Create cuneiform (3,500 BCE) – hieroglyphs developed 75 years before Egypt Great astronomers – heliocentric 1000’s of years before Europe Bronze tools (mix copper & tin) – really cool until Hittites create Iron Gilgamesh – oldest recorded story – King of Uruk (2750 BC) 2 Ziggurats (7 step terraced pyramids) – place of worship that only priests could go to Steps represent heaven & earth – vertical (represents heaven)/horizontal (represents earth) Women have very little power – different laws for them 1 woman leads a city after a coup (Kubaba or Kug-Baba) Sargon the Great (Sargon of Akkad)(r. 2379-2315 BCE) – 1st Empire builder that we know of May have started as servant to the king & then took over – we aren’t really sure Famous for taking over Mesopotamia – washed hands in Persian gulf – symbolic Empire crumbled soon after he died Later Civilizations The Babylon Empire (1762-1595 BCE) – started in Babylon by Hammurabi Great military - & well defended city walls – thick enough for chariot on top Smart civilization – libraries all over – women learned too (unusual) Really into astronomy – great calendars – Zodiac signs developed Mathematics was based on a unit system of 60 (sexagesimal) – like degree of circle Knew of the Pythagorean theorem well before Pythagoras (1900 BC) Hammurabi (r. 1792-50 BCE) – made peaceful Empire with huge cultural flowering Made 1st set of laws ever (Code of Hammurabi) – 300 laws put on a 7ft pillar in square Penalties were VERY harsh – death sentence was often the consequence The idea of “innocent until proven guilty” comes from his laws Only taxed those he conquered – idea that would be copied lots later Tower Of Babel – legendary tower built by all humans to reach heaven (from Bible) God stopped it by changing languages – confusion – used to explain language & race Giant Ziggurat – probably actually made – way bigger than anything made – still! Nebuchadnezzar II (r 605-562 BC) – other great leader of Babylon (constructed a lot) Rebuilt Babylon to make it amazing again (canals, aqueducts, & reservoirs) Made Hanging Gardens for his homesick wife – trees, a river, & a waterfall Known for conquering Judah & Jerusalem (Bible) – then destroying Jerusalem Forced Jews to go to Babylon – called Babylonian Captivity Assyria (200-612 BCE) – Jewish Empire led from a capital at the city of Assur Most warlike/ruthless people in history – torture people horribly to keep them scared Didn’t invent anything – but did spread other people’s inventions through conquest Believed Sargon the Great was the founder (inaccurate, he was Assyrian) Akkadian language – would become the basis for Aramaic (which is what Jesus spoke) Assurbanipal (r 669-27 BC) – the last great king – was illiterate (really strange in history) Created the 1st systematically collected library (at Nineveh) – AMAZING collection Very unpopular with the court & the priesthood – contracts to ensure loyalty The end of the Empire – Mede & Babylonians finally destroyed the Nineveh & the Assyrians Phoenicia (1550-300 BCE)(called themselves Canaani) – civilization in present day Israel Best sailors in the world – spread culture from all over the world – especially Egypt Circumnavigated Africa (600 BC) & may have found America Didn’t farm – nearly a monopoly on moving goods for others (England to the Middle East) May have developed an alphabet (1200 BCE) – 22 letter alphabet (possibly Egypt too) 1st language that used phonics (not symbols) – easier than learning 1000’s of symbols Bible was named after Phoenician city (Byblos) –cause they were good at letters Hittites (1800’s-1400’s BCE) – well known for inventing Iron (& keeping it secret) Some say the idea of Iron came from Central Africa (decent amount of evidence) Herodotus says Egyptians had it – & there was an Iron tool in the Great Pyramid of Egypt Section 3 3 Early African Kingdoms Ancient Egypt – 53 centuries of unbroken history Early history – moved from the Sudan because land dried up (Sahara) – other places too Movement into area started by Horus? – not sure if he was real or fictional (a God later) VERY similar history to Jesus – atheists point to this often 1st recorded evidence of an organized nation (about 6,000 BCE) under Pharaoh Zoser Imhotep was his Vizier (chief minister) – known as an unrivaled genius King Narmer (or Striker) united the 2 parts of Egypt (Upper & Lower) together His son Menes actually credited for it (3100 BCE) – makes capital at Memphis Nile – world’s longest river – the source of stability for the Egyptians Floods were a source of terror for the people – but provided nutrients through silt Government – run by Pharaoh – seen as deity with total power (way more than Mesopotamia) Taxes paid in labor (huge amount of taxes) – most of the rich people paid others to do it Lots of taxes – paid in labor – rich paid others to do it Pyramids – built with stone – often from 500 miles away (used slave labor to transport) Each block = 2.5 tons – total mass of 5.9 million tons - Rolled on logs? Would be hard even today - $ 1 Trillion & 27 years just to get the material Surfaced by white ‘casing stones’ (shinning in son or moonlight) Reflection of sunrays shows when the equinoxes & solstices – from 200 miles Great Pyramid – almost perfect pyramid – how hard would that be (2580 BC) Nearly perfect pyramid – aligned perfectly with the stars/compass points Can’t put knife between blocks – only millimeters off from perfection Aligned with stars & almost exactly in the center of the Earth Only a few millimeters off from exact Tallest building in world for 4,000 years – until Lincoln cathedral (1300 AD) The Great Sphinx of Giza – half human statue – guardian of Giza plateau Nose not shot off by napoleon – vandalism by Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr (1378) Who was mad that Egyptians were praying to the Sphinx Death – very intricate & specific rituals for the afterlife (found later in the book of the dead) Believed that heaven was a happy field of food & hell was being eaten by a demon What does this show you about Egyptian life? – do they value food a lot? Burial-mummification – believed they could take body & possessions with them So they prepared bodies & wealth to take it with them – took 70 days Bodies were packed with salt & flour – all done with very specific rituals Hieroglyphs – writing associated with Egyptian language (1 of the oldest on Earth) Writing done on stone or Papyrus (1st version of paper) Rosetta Stone (large stone) – the way we figured out how to read Egyptian language Was found by the French (1799) – had 3 languages on it – made it possible to decipher Finally translated by Jean-François Champollion (1822-24) Hyksos – warlike people who invaded Egypt during an Egyptian civil war (good time) Used chariots (Egyptians couldn’t stop the chariots) – this is where Egyptians got chariots Ruling family had to flee to safety in Nubia – would come back much later Culture of Egypt Changed very little in 3,000 years – usually others took their ideas not the other way around Women had a decent amount of rights – supported parents in later life too New pharaoh chosen by son-in-law of the pharaoh – daughters husband This often meant the king had his oldest son marry the oldest daughter Slavery – practically unknown in Ancient Egypt – not like Rome & Greece 4 They had serfdom – which was not so bad – & wasn’t permanent Stories – Hercules was actually an Egyptian story – Greeks borrowed it later Religion – 1 of the few aspects of Egypt that changed over time – added Gods they conquered Believed all people came from the water – shows how important the Nile was to the people Amun Ra (the Sun God) – a merged God from 2 separate God’s cults Birthday celebrated as Dec. 25th – 1st day that is noticeably longer after winter solstice (21st) Connection to Jesus? – virgin birth born in stable with star shining brightly in the East Virgin birth later associated with Isis & Horus – lots of it before Jesus References to 3 stars at birth – same 1’s are known as the 3 Kings Osiris (God of underworld, Nile & more) – left Gods to become a King on Earth He & his wife spread civilization – his wife Isis kept it up after he died Was also the fertility God – Phallic images were all over for him His son Horus became the 3rd person of the great Egyptian trinity Zodiac signs (1st seen in Egypt?) – often associated with others also Great Egyptian Leaders Atenist (Amarna) Revolution – started by Akhenaton (he who works for Aten) Pharaoh who started a religious revolution by moving Egypt to monotheism Religion revolved around obscure Egyptian God Aton Debatable if this is the 1st monotheistic religion – depends on dates Known as 1st real family man – actually depicted with his family (very different) Shared his rule with his wife Nefertiti – most gorgeous woman in history? He neglected matters of state – focusing on family instead – caused disorder Removed from power when influenza outbreak started – was God against him? Moses theory – Some think he was a disciple of Akhenaton (where he got monotheism from?) Left when religion was banned with a group of heretics – story of Red Sea Tutankhamen (r. 1333-23 BCE) – son of Akhenaton who took the throne at 9 or 10 Changed the religion back – died of a blood clot in his leg – chariot crash? CT scan disproved theory of his death being murder (2005) Tomb found by Howard Carter (1922) – biggest Archeological discovery ever Nearly untouched when found - & Carter was about to run out of $ to dig with Ramesses II (1302-1224 BCE?) – most powerful pharaoh ever (had over 100 kids) Some believe that he was the Pharaoh of Exodus (Bible) – no 1 has any idea who it really was Pretty good guy to women – giving them more rights (divorce & have property) Big at using propaganda to make himself look important Believed (or told people) that Amon Re was his father – born by Immaculate Conception? Participated in the Battle of Kadesh (Qu’desh) – largest chariot battle ever? Nearly lost to Hittites (under Muwatalli) & then negotiated a truce with them Went back & told people a story about how he single handedly won battle Maatkare Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458) – most powerful & longest ruling female pharaoh ever Only child left of pharaoh – used propaganda to stay on the throne (very strong willed woman) Took the title of pharaoh & showed herself as a man in art about her Still known as being a VERY pretty woman – still needed to dress like a man Mission to Punt – a city she sent an important trade mission to – made lots of $ Built lots of buildings with the $ from this – best known is Djeser-Djeseru Building with colonnades like Parthenon – but 1,000 years before Controversy surrounding death – died some time in middle age – not sure why Monuments of her were defaced afterwards – trying to erase her from history Possibly by her nephew (Thutmose III) – revenge for not letting him be pharaoh? Cleopatra (69-30 BCE) – last pharaoh of Egypt – VERY misunderstood 5 Queen for her brother (EWW!) – but was kicked out when she tried to take over Manipulated everyone around her to gain her position as Pharaoh – AMAZINGLY smart Not powerful though – always needed help from powerful men to stay as pharaoh This was a time where Egypt was not the powerhouse it used to be though Pretty plain looks – was sexy to men for her brains not her looks Thutmose III (r 1479-25 BCE) – military genius nicknamed “the Napoleon of Egypt” Created the largest empire in Egyptian history (17 campaigns) – 1st to cross Euphrates Other Civilizations of Africa Much more important than most people realize – books about Africa don’t sell Some say they were more advanced than Egypt, Babylon, Greece or Rome May have had ship building better than anything for 1,000-2,000 years Trading with civilizations all over the world (even as far as China) Stories of AMAZING Ethiopians from cultures worldwide But it was really a blanket statement for all dark skinned people (even India & Asia) All sources (including Greece) talked about how amazing they were Kush (or Cush) Empire (800’s-400’s BCE) – strong civilization south of Egypt (in Nubia) Little known about them – Archeologists just recently got interested Religion – very similar to Egyptians – just changed names Fought back & forth with Egypt – taking over Egypt once under King Piye (752-21 BCE) Taharqa (r. 690-664 BC) – Piye’s son – ruled Egypt for a while Would eventually be pushed out by Assyrians – he fled south & died in exile Soon after King Alara united the Nubians - & established the capital (Napata) Was soon after moved to Meroë (starting traditional Kush) Started a cultural flowering (making lots of pyramids) Axumite Kingdom (400’s BCE-100’s CE) – established by invaders from S. Arabia Well known trading city – found trading with lots of places (India, Rome, & Byzantium) Would be its downfall too – lots of people fought over the $ coming through trade Muslims left them alone later – they sheltered Muhammad’s daughter in time of need Makeda (AKA Queen of Sheba) – not sure if she really existed or when Made queen by her father because of her stunning intelligence (what she’s known for) Met & fell in love with Solomon (Jerusalem) – who loved each other’s intelligence It’s believed that she had a son (Menelik) with Solomon Started the longest line of reigning Christian monarchs – lasted until early 1900’s Developed its own alphabet (called Geez) There were major cities there from early ancient history – near Goa Went there to get Magicians – to prove Moses wrong? Bantu Migrations (3000-1000 BCE) – general term for 400 ethnic groups in Africa Spread out when herds started to dwindle – spread language & culture in the process (Iron?) More than 90 Million people speak Bantu language because of this Might be the 1st Monotheistic religions in the world – possibly 5000 BCE Section 4 Ancient Chinese Civilizations Early Ancient Chinese Civilization VERY important part of history – but unfortunately ignored too often by historians Was the most economically developed state on earth for centuries The richest country in the world as recently as 1800 Produced more books than all of the rest of the world combined until 1500 6 We will soon see that this is a huge indicator of depth of knowledge This dominance was only shattered by the West’s rapid industrialization (17-1800’s) Somewhat Isolated – surrounded on all sides by barriers – able to develop without intrusions Left to be able to evolve on its own without reference to other models – helped a lot Countries around them were nomadic – very rarely had anything to teach Chinese But China taught many other areas around them Became very stable country because of this – less internal chaos than other areas Also a very unified society – the group was more important than the individual 5 Emperors (legendary perfect kings) – mythical kings that are an example for later kings The Yellow Emperor (or Huang Di)(2698-2599 BCE) – most well-known mythical king Known for winning huge chariot battle in the fog (The Battle of Zhuolu 2,600’s BCE) Put compasses on chariots to fight in the fog still – won & took the Yellow River Mandate of Heaven – philosophical concept about rulers to legitimize the rule of Kings Heaven (Tian) would bless the authority of a just ruler – withdrawn if they are unjust Unjust rulers lose Mandate of Heaven & are allowed to be taken out of power Developed from previous idea (under the Shang Dynasty) that rulers descended from Gods Makes the background of the ruler less important – led to major issues later Similar to the Divine Right of Kings in Europe – but there was no way to take it back there An attack on a European King was an attack on God himself Dynastic cycle – the cycle that every dynasty (family of Kings) goes through Starts off great, then kings get corrupt – Nat. Dis. shows king has lost his mandate Ruler is overthrown & civil war follows – 1 group takes over & the process starts again China dealt with periodic civil wars due to dynastic cycle – civil wars followed by peace Early Ancient Chinese Civilization Prehistory – inhabited by Homo Erectus over 1 million years ago (by finding Peking Man) Peking Man – popular specimen found in China – proved genetic connection to Africa & was the 1st recorded use of fire by Homo erectus (1.27 million years ago) These were lost during WWII – but we have excellent casts made of the bones Neolithic – evidence of agriculture of millet crops are dated from about 7,000 BCE Yellow River becomes the 1st agricultural center – called yellow because of soil This soil (called loess) builds up & floods the river often – helps with agriculture The Yangshao & Longshan cultures (5000-3000 BCE) – earliest referenced Chinese cultures Known for painting pottery, silkworm cultivation, & millet (like wheat) growing Xia Dynasty (2,100-1,600 BCE) – not completely sure it existed – could be mythology Was the 1st dynasty to be covered in Chinese history – established by Yu the Great Yu became king after taming a flood – teaching people flood control techniques Worked for 13 years with 20,000 workers to build river channels instead of dikes He was shown as the perfect civil servant – working so hard to help the people He passed the throne to his son – which established the 1st hereditary dynasty He did this even though he was picked instead of the kings son (interesting) The last king (Jie) was corrupt & was overthrown by Tang – starting the Shang Dynasty Jie’s troops abandoned him on the battlefield in the Battle of Mingtiao Mainly because he abused the people & wasted way too much money Shang Dynasty (or Yin)(1700-1046 BCE) Started by King Cheng Tang (1675-46 BC) – very popular King despite weird laws Lowerd taxes & the conscription rate of soldiers – & helped families Gave gold to families who had sold children to help them buy them back But once banned dancing & singing in order to get rain from God during a drought 7 & promised to sacrifice himself later if the rain didn’t start (huh?) The 1st dynasty that we have found written history for – on Oracle Bones (1500 BCE) Oracle bones – pieces of bone or turtle shells with writing on them Lots most of them later – people ground them up & used them as medicine Still don’t know much about them – oracle bones were lost due to medicine aspect They were an agricultural people with a little hunting & sacrifice – lots of use of jade Moved their capital 6 times – finally ended at Yin – led to golden age They made most of their money off the large-scale production of bronze Which meant that they needed a lot of labor to mine, refine, transport & make it They were very influential in other parts of Asia due to immigration & expansion Philosophy – 1 major work was done during this time – written later Yi Jīng in his “Book of Changes” – actually written in this time – written during Zhou A form of divination – handed down orally for generations (written in 672 BCE) Divination – like a fortune teller, interpreting signs to explain what is happening Text is a group of lines (hexagrams) that refer to specific things – similar to binary Were interpreted differently by many different people through history Developed ideas like Yin & Yang that would remain in Chinese history Koreas flag has similar markings on it – stands for Heaven, Water, Earth, & Fire Vietnam also has a trigram that means Qián (Heaven) The Fall of Shang – very similar end as the (mythical?) end of the Xia dynasty Di Xin – became a very unpopular king by raising taxes so he could party all the time Used as an example of a corrupt king in China still today (often called Shang Zhou) The last straw was throwing a Duke from the state of Zhou in jail The Battle of Muye (1046 BC) – the people of China supported a revolution Duke Wu attacked with 50,000 troops – badly outnumbered against 700,000 men But 100’s of 1000’s of Di Xin’s troops switched sides during the war The rebels won a very bloody battle – killing almost all of the soldiers The King (Di Xin) killed himself by burning himself & his expensive goods His son (Jizi) left China & founded the Joseon Dynasty of Korea Duke Wu named himself King after the battle – & started the Zhou Dynasty Had accomplished his father’s dying wish by taking over More about him later – see the beginning of the Zhou Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BCE) – the longest dynasty in Chinese history Started by King Wu of Zhou – become the “father of the people” after taking over Quickly opened the rice storage to feed the people – great move to gain popularity Picked his cabinet by meritocracy – using the popular Prime Minister (Jiang Ziya) Very smart military thinker who wrote important books on military strategy A trend is starting – power shifts between central & local power often With dynasties falling in periods of disunity & then uniting under another This is a constant theme in China for 1000’s of years Zhou tried to change things – to show the difference between them & the Shang A partial shift away from Shangdi was part of this – more ancestor worship Have to explain how rulers are legitimate – after having taken over the Shang Traditional Chinese culture starts at this point – many important changes here They move away from bronze slowly – because they introduced iron for the 1st time Education – came up with a well-developed system of writing (literacy goes up big-time) Chinese philosophy exploded during this time – most of the greats from this time Government – takes over areas around them – extending area to “middle kingdom” Established a feudalist system called Fengjian feudalism – broken into separate states 8 These states were led by nobles & they had power of taxation & administration Later they removed loyalty & decided to est. their own power base Gov’t positions were given based on the intellectual ability of the candidate Fighting “barbarians” & winning with their large scale chariot forces Transportation/communication difficult – hard to govern Became very good a shipbuilding & navigating by the starts Agriculture – very intensive & often directed by the gov’t through the feudal system The gov’t would take some of the land to keep some food in case of famine China’s 1st projects of hydraulic engineering were started during the Zhou Done as a way to help agricultural irrigation They dammed a river to create an irrigation reservoir – in case of a drought The move & Slow Decline of the Zhou Dynasty End of the Western Zhou – makes the kingdom start losing power Violence starts after King You replaces the queen with 1 of his concubines (Baosi) People hated Baosi (most beautiful woman in history?) & loved the deposed queen King Yu kept lighting the warning beacons (for invasion) to make his wife happy Would make the army show up expecting battles – & found out it was nothing Queen Shen’s father (Marquess of Shen) attacked the palace (771 BCE) When he had the warning beacons lit no 1 came – like the boy who cried wolf The ruling family was killed by Marquess’ troops – & their son Ping became King King Ping moved the capital to the East to keep away from dangerous groups Actually had to get help from the feudal leaders to keep from getting killed This became a dangerous precedent – leaders saw him as weak The King slowly lost power during this period (called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty) Leaders never had as much power after this incident – nobles had more The End of the (Eastern) Zhou – a slow loss of power to the individual states The dynasty continues – but with much less central power (power in the states instead) The king now NEEDED the local leaders for his power – therefore he is under them The King actually has to ask for help from warlords to field an army So he lost much of his land – leaders slowly withdrawal loyalty from the King The gov’t eventually rules in name only – regional lords had power not the Emperor Gets to the point where regional lords stop even acting like they are loyal Regions move slowly towards independent kingdoms in China Other groups invade from the north (Qin) – & make the situation more crazy Spring & Autumn Period (722-481 BCE) – a time of decentralized power The overlords said they were just protecting the weaker states – just an excuse States worked together pretty well – had a complex system of interstate relations But major disunity WITHIN the states – civil wars & family power struggles The 3 remaining elite families in Jin (Zhao, Wei, & Han) split the state up (403 BCE) & the impotent Zhou gov’t was forced to recognize their authority This would lead to a period known as the Era of Waring States Warring States Period (476-221 BCE) – a 7 way civil war in China for the throne The 7 most prominent states battled each other for power – even though there was a King The Dukes of the states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei & Qin called themselves kings Major changes during this time period – a time of technical & philosophical inventions Warfare – changed a lot due to changes in technology – mostly the use of iron The use of chariots declined as people focused more on infantry & cavalry 9 Gov’t – major developments in complex bureaucracies & centralized governments They also established an important legal system – especially in the Qin state Military developments – many innovations done including the use of iron & cavalry Complex logistical systems were maintained by efficient gov’t bureaucracy They needed to supply, train, & control these large forces The size of the armies ranged from 10s of 1000s to several 100,000 men The 1st official Chinese cavalry unit was formed by King Wuling of Zhao (307 BCE) The chariot remained important despite the rise & superiority of cavalry The crossbow was the preferred long range weapon of this period Mass-produced easily & it was easy to train in mass also Military thought – major time for growth of military strategy Sun Tzu (Sun Wu) – by far the most famous military strategist in Chinese culture More than likely lived during the S&A period – Gen for King Helü of Wu Wrote the military handbook “the Art of War” – blending in Taoist philosophy Handbook for generals for centuries after (Napoleon to Ho Chi Minh) 13 chapters – covers all aspects of a war (from planning to implementation) Laying plans, waging war, attack plan, positioning, timing/momentum, weak points, maneuvering, variation of tactics, marching, attack by fire, & the use of spies Ideas – outlines theories of battle, diplomacy, & cultivating relationships Be ready to change plans based on changing battle (not an easy checklist) A leader must be capable of comprehending “unfathomable plans” Positioning in your physical environment is of vital importance Quotations – “The most skillful enemy seizes the enemy without fighting” “If you know yourself & your enemy you will win all of your battles” Legacy – used by millions (from military to fashion & business) Used by Japanese in Russo-Japanese War (huge deal) On reading list of numerous US militaries – big favorite of Colin Powell Wu Qi (440-381 BC) – skilled in leading armies & military strategy He tried to change the corrupt, huge & inefficient gov’t in Chu – lowering the pay The money saved was used to create & train a more professional army Sent the nobles away from the capital to develop & populate the other areas The nobles hated him for changing the “old ways” & taking away their power & caught numerous attempts at assassination by them before they happened Su Qin (380-284 BCE) – an political strategist – proposed an alliance against Qin Alliance broke down at 1st sign of hard times – Qin played them off each other Was torn limb from limb in public by people he tried to use in a power grab Was trying to play people off each other & got caught by all of them Major wars of the period – some of the craziest, most intriguing wars in history Wei was an early important state – many important leaders left Wei for Qin later Battle of Maling (342 BCE) – interesting but not amazingly important war Sun Bin & Pang Juan were friends in the state of Wei – but Juan was jealous Juan decided to frame his friend to get Sun Bin to write his thoughts down Sun Bin was framed for treason – was handicapped & had his face tattooed He faked being crazy to stay safe – knowing Pang Juan was in on it Going as far as eating poop in a pigsty – saying it was delicious Eventually Sun Bin left Wei to help Qi - & beat Pang Juan at Maling Pang Juan committed suicide after the war Wei would eventually fall & that gave rise to the rise of the state of Qin 10 The Unification of China Under Qin Reforms of Shang Yang (390-38 BC) – reforms of Qin state made it a powerhouse Enacted many legalist reforms – taking ideas from other states to a whole new level Created a new law system – enforcing tough new laws (similar to an eye for an eye) Supposed to marry at young age & have lots of kids – needed more people in Qin Enforced farming quotas – even enslaving those who didn’t meet them Moved the capital city – decreasing the power & influence of nobles on the gov’t Also created a meritocracy – taking land from nobles & giving it to great soldiers Abolished primogeniture – taxing families with more than 1 son Didn’t want large farms to be broken up between the 2 sons Qin used alliances to fight other states – changing alliances often to suit their needs King Ying Zheng (259-210 BCE) proved a tough leader – became King (238 BCE) He wasn’t a great military tactician – but had the best advisors & listened to them Had amazingly smart military tacticians – finding ways around losing battles Attacked the Wei capital of Daliang (225 BCE) – amazingly well defended city Built in a smart location near rivers – had a moat & 5 gates with drawbridges Gen Wang Ben diverted a river towards the city – flooding the city with water More than 100,000 people died before they surrendered to the Qin Only messed up once – when they brought too few soldiers into the state of Chu After a horrible loss they sent over 600,000 to take the state Qin often won due to the use of military spies – finding ways to weaken an opponent They were often able to entice the king to get rid of trusted & smart advisors The perfect example was the Battle of Changping (260 BCE) against the Zhou Were in a stalemate with a smart general who was relying on defense Spies spread rumors of that general being weak in the state of Zhou This eventually led the King to fire him & appoint a more aggressive general He attacked & lost the war quickly – being surrounded by the Qin Also had the advisor Li Mu executed (228 BCE) – lost battles without him Attempts on the life of King Ying Zheng – a few assassinations were attempted The most famous was Jing Ke’s assassination mission – almost worked Jing Ke brought the head of a wanted ex-general who had turned against the King He unrolled a sword out of a map & tried to kill the King – chasing him around It took the King sometime to take his ceremonial sword out of his shield He finally took it out & stopped Jing Ke – burnt him for the attempt A later attempt by a friend of his would also misfire – done to avenge Jing Ke’s death Lao Ai – tried to replace the King – by paying a ransom of 1 million coins He was quartered with chariots & his supporters were beheaded Zhang Liang – a Han aristocrat who swore revenge against Qin Sold everything to pay for the assassination but destroyed the wrong carriage The end of the Warring States – Qi didn’t realize they were in trouble until they were alone Qin invaded before they were ready to fight – so they surrendered without a fight The Qin Empire (221-206 BCE) – created after taking control of China (Warring States Per) Ying Zheng decides to rename himself after the start of the Qin Empire Calls himself Qin Shi Huangdi (1st Emperor) – differentiate between Kings of states Wanting to have his successors known as 2nd emperor, 3rd emperor & on Created a strong Legalist state with his advisor Li Si Conquered states were placed strictly under the Qin Empire – strong centralized state 11 The Empire was divided into 36 states – with appointed governors & military leaders & people were expected not to identify themselves by their previous states Legalist state – emphasized a strict legal code & the absolute power of the emperor The law is supreme over every individual (including the rulers) – 1,000s of laws Had many laws they didn’t use – only used to condemn an unwanted civilian Moved all nobles to the capital to watch them – keep your enemy close Ordered all weapons to be confiscated & melted down – made statues with metal Was an effective gov’t for expansion but didn’t work well as a peace time gov’t Ending freedom of thought – Qin people were only allowed to know about Legalism Forced the burning of books on anything that wasn’t approved by the gov’t They also buried & killed any scholar who wouldn’t back off Also any history books that weren’t written by Qin scholars were burnt This policy would officially end the 100 schools of thought Nearly killing off the ideas of Confucianism, Taoism & others Economy – the new centralized state helped build a strong economy in China Unified China by standardizing all weights & measures (to a crazy degree) Created Chinese script (& language) – could easily talk to each other now The Emperor built an extensive network of roads & canals to facilitate trade Standardizing the length of axles of carts to help speed on the roads Built Lingqu Canal by linking 2 major rivers (North & South)(214 BCE) Done mostly to help move military supplies – but helped economy too It is still in use & is now the oldest contour canal in the world Created a national census – gave better records for tax & labor service Encouraged the cultivation of unsettled lands – favoring agriculture/farm work But enslaved farmers that failed to meet quotas Military History of Qin – had lots of horses & used new technology & tactics After taking China he went south to the Guangdong province (Vietnam) The Great Wall of China – a stone wall made to protect the northern border of China Built by uniting numerous smaller walls from the Warring States Period Stretches for over 5,500 miles – with signal points at the high areas for warning Would be finished during Ming Dynasty – how it looks now Myths – the wall is NOT visible from space & no workers were buried in the wall Burying workers in the wall would reduce strength of wall & cause it to fall Expanded to the south (214 BCE) – sending 100,000 prisoners to colonize the area Army lost to at 1st to guerrilla warfare in Vietnamese jungles – would win eventually Death of Qin Shi Huangdi – died of mercury poisoning Really feared death – had been looking for an elixir for immortality for years Was out looking for it when he died – 2 months away from the capital Died of mercury pills made by his doctors to keep him alive (definition of irony?) Prime Minister Li Si knew his death would trigger an uprising – possibly killing him So he acted like the Emperor was alive & turned the caravan around Placed the fish carts around the kings carriage to mask the smell – & talked to him When they got back he placed Shi Huangdi’s son on the throne Tomb/Mausoleum – started construction right after becoming king It has never been opened – stories of riches & booby traps in the tomb The Terracotta Army – a clay army that was left nearby to protect him in the afterlife Discovered by local farmers (1974) – they became Chinese heroes Each figure w/distinct features & roles – with a total of 8,099 statues (so far) There may be more pits with even more statues we haven’t seen yet 12 Section 5 Ancient India The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Societies)(3300-1500 BC) Lost civilization archaeologists discovered (1922) - more territory than Egypt or Mesopotamia Don’t know much about them – can’t decipher their pictographs Some say Ancient Indians were black (like Dravidians) – could be misinterpretation Lots of cities (over 1052) – most in modern day Pakistan Some very large, well planned cities of up to 40,000 (Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Lothal) VERY clean houses where neighborhoods are grouped by profession Clean society – created showers, baths & the 1st sewage system ever (toilets) Even found ways to heat water for bathing – underground furnace Gov’t – not a centralized state – would eventually lead to its downfall Built citadels that were larger than Ziggurats – but we have no idea what they used it for Culture – we only know about them through archeological findings Religion – they prayed to Gods that dealt with creation & procreation Cultivated cotton 1st (5000 BC), domesticated chickens & wheat Gov’t came to regulate grain storehouses The end is hotly debated – probably natural catastrophes (floods & storms) The leaderless people tried to rebuild the city (couldn’t pull it off) Indian Culture Develops Climate & Geography of India Influenced by everyone (including China) – Right in the middle of the Silk Road Only somewhat isolated – hard to get through mountain ranges to get to India Got/Gave more ideas to different people than any other group Major differences in geography – Mountains, valleys, plateaus – diverse people Separate regions contributed to economic diversity, racial & language differences Climate is unstable – monsoon winds twice a year – brings major rain storm once a year Actually helped with agriculture – harvest 2 crops in a year – help support large population The Vedic Age – start when Aryan migrants (nomadic herding people) come to India Aryans settle in India (from Iran) – blend traditions – Aryans take more ideas than they give Aryans bring Vedas (religious teachings) – blend with Sanskrit & finally write it down Combine religious beliefs into Hinduism – 1 of the few polytheistic religions to survive Indian Epics – older stories written down during the Vedic Age (maybe 1,000s of years old) Mahabharata (history of Great India) – 3rd longest epic poem in the world Orally transmitted for generations – forced to memorize it Mostly about Kurukshetra war (3067 BC?) – biggest/bloodiest in history Rāmāyaņa (march or journey)(7561 BC???) – love story between Rama & Sita (married) Sita is kidnapped & Rama goes to get her back – shows ideas of the sexes Man (protective) Woman (pure) Upanishads – epic poem that shows the early religious beliefs of the people of India Shows rituals (sacrifice), sacred animals (monkeys/cattle) Unifying divine force, seek union with this force Caste System – social groups that you are born into & can’t change Original groups based on family occupation – each group important at 1st Kshatriyas – Warrior/governing Brahmins – Priests (4% of population) Vaisyas – Traders/farmers (middle class) 13 Sudras – Common laborers Untouchables – refuse, transporting dead bodies, other lovely jobs Turns into strict system that regulated life & social behavior – more rigid than other civ’s System was so strict that it made public laws unnecessary – allowing less gov’t Not allowed to marry outside of your sub-caste (Jati) – was actually punishable by death Women’s Rights – women lost power as labor intensive agricultural societies developed Wives worshipped husband as God – not sure if women can even get to their version of heaven Arranged marriages – but still expected to “develop” strong loving relationship (intercourse) Sati – upper class women jump on funeral fire with husband- not often Expression of grief at 1st – later becomes cultural (in rural) 600 a year in the early 19th century (last 1 was 2006) – banned by Ram Mohan Roy (1829) Great Math society – 1 of the 1st societies to have a regulated system of weights & measures Used a base 8 numerical system & knew of the uses for π years before others Studied stars & advanced navigation - 2000 years before the Greeks Credited with discovering the concept of zero – is a stepping stone towards other math ideas Lots of controversy about who did this 1st – most historians claim the Olmec’s/Maya were Section 6 Early American Civilization American Civilizations Everything invented separately in America (less cultural diffusion) – used differently sometimes Invented wheel – but only used in toys – lacked animals to pull? Food leads to civilization – can’t have civilization until enough food can be made to survive Maize (1st & possibly greatest feat of genetic engineering) Breeded out traits they wanted over 1000’s of years – humans help pollinate Europeans later loved it – led to huge population growth – slavery? Milpa (a unique way to set up a farm & not use any fertilizer) Rotate crops with perfect next crop to keep nutrients in soil Perfect crop rotation system – some farms used for 1000’s of years straight Olmec’s (1800-500 BC) – land of rubber – called themselves Xi (shi) Olmec heads – found in ground (6 ft. tall/15 ft. around) – 1st signs of this culture Represented a dead king (I’m watching you) – but how are there African features? Archeologists think its “mother culture” of Mesoamerica – recently found not to be true People very separate – can’t really be too close in the rainforest – farming is really hard Very similar to the Jeffersonian idea of Yeoman farmers – he wanted America to be Ulama – the modern version of a ball game played all over the Americas Sometimes people were put to death afterwards – even use the skulls for the next ball Advances – best known for invention of zero & calendars (counted from zero mark, new) 1st? – possibly as early as 32 BC – which would be well before the Gupta’s Used as actual # - not just a placeholder like the Gupta’s did later Catholic Church would ban this idea until 1400’s – stands for nothing = bad! Invention of writing – highly developed within 1,000 years – took Sumerians 5,000 Their history talked of people coming from the east in ships – lots of stories like this Historians assumed it was Atlantis because they didn’t know the rich African history 14