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Name BIOLOGY 406 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY, SPRING 2006 EXAMINATION #1 (PART 1) Date MULTIPLE CHOICE.For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each) 1. Which of the following is a synapomorphy of the group Chordata? (i.e., found in ALL Chordates but NOT found in Hemichordates and/or Echinoderms) a. b. c. d. e. brain cranium jaws paired appendages None of the above. (None are synapomorphies of Chordata.) 2. Which of the following is derived from ectoderm? a. digestive tract lining b. kidneys c. limb muscles d. melanocytes (pigment cells) e. None of the above. 3. Which of the following is derived from mesoderm? a. epidermis b. ganglionic nerves c. melanocytes (pigment cells) d. pancreas e. None of the above 4. Which of the following is derived from endoderm? a. epidermis b. kidneys c. lungs d. melanocytes (pigment cells) e. None of the above 5. Which of the following developmental tissues will eventually form vertebrae? a. intermediate mesoderm b. somite c. somatic mesoderm d. splanchnic mesoderm e. None of the above 6. The book Mutants describes certain birth defects associated with early development such as siromelia, cyclopia, and double faces. Clearly vertebrates can produce these diverse anatomies. Why don’t we see these morphologies as the norm in some living vertebrate groups? a. Because they only occur in humans. b. Because they only can be produced in the laboratory. c. Because they’re purely environmental and not genetic. d. Because they’re usually fatal or dysfunctional. 7. To which of the following groups of living organisms are the “fin-backed” pelecosaurs most closely related? a. Aves b. Lepidosauria c. Lissamphibia d. Mammalia e. Testudinea 8. Which of the following vertebrate classes includes the most species? a. Actinopterygii b. Chondrichthys c. Lissamphibia d. Mammalia e. Reptilia 9. To which of the following vertebrate classes does a bird belong? a. Actinopterygii b. Chondrichthys c. Lissamphibia d. Mammalia e. Reptilia 10. Which of the following organisms could be correctly called a eutherian? a. alligator b. kangaroo c. platypus d. snake e. None of the above FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/LABEL.For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words in the available space. (10%) Use the diagram below to fill in the indicated structures to the right. 1. Label the indicated substances in the diagram at left. (9%) A B C D E F G H I 2. Use an asterisk (*) to indicate which structure above is an ectodermal derivative. (1%) DEFINITIONS.For the following words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as possible. For the terms identified by an asterisk (*) also indicate the taxonomic group of vertebrates in which it is found or occurs. (20%, 4% each) 1. Cleft Palate: 2. Coelomic (pleuroperitoneal) fold*: 3. Homology (modern comprehensive definition): 4. Mesothelium: 5. Proctodeum: Name BIOLOGY 406 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY, SPRING 2006 EXAMINATION #1 (PART 2) Date SHORT ANSWER.Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT exceed the space provided. 1. Use the following data matrix to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the organisms included below. Be certain to show the synapomorphic characteristics on the tree. Identify any homoplastic characteristics. (14%) human rat dolphin hippo cow opossum outgroup 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 0 0 1-0 – 1 stomach chamber, 1-1 – 4 stomach chambers 2-0 – short gestation; 2-1 – long gestation 3-0 – short skull; 3-1 – elongate skull 4-0 – terrestrial; 4-1 – aquatic 5-0 – diffuse placenta; 5-1 – discoidal placenta 6-0 – hairy body; 6-1 – reduced body hair 2. Based on your reading of the book Mutants, BRIEFLY, from an embryological perspective, explain how human conjoined twins form. At which developmental stage does the process that forms conjoined twins begin? (6%) 3. Compare and contrast the early development (up to and including the formation of the central nervous system) of a frog, a chicken, and a human. Be sure to identify basic similarities and obvious differences. (Feel free, but do not feel obliged, to use a table and/or labeled sketches for your answer.) (15%) 4. Identify the extraembryonic membranes of a typical amniote and indicate the physical relationship of each membrane to the embryo (what does it enclose? Where does it attach?), which developmental tissues compose each membrane, and the typical function of each membrane. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a labeled sketch for your answer.) (15%)