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Oldest monotheistic religionbelieving in GOD Founder-Abraham (2000-1400 BC) Basic Belief Covenant- Jews believe that God made a special agreement with Abraham to bless his descendants and give them land if they worshipped and remained faithful to God. Jews are called the “Chosen People.” Texts- the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) & the Talmud The Tanakh (Old Testament) has 3 parts a. the Torah- (the Law) 5 books Genesis- Deuteronomy, covenant with the people b. Nevi’im - the Prophets c. Ketuvim - the Writings The Talmud- interpretations and commentaries of the Torah Branches Hasidism- extreme observance of Jewish laws Orthodox- Jewish law strictly followed Conservative- started in 1800s, Talmud is a human creation not the revelation of God, moral and ethical teachings are the most important Reform- started mid 1800s, scriptures should be interpreted with modern knowledge and culture in mind Zionism- movement that has emphasis on Jewish nationhood, Israel Place of Worship- synagogue Rabbi- spiritual leader who teaches & interprets Jewish law Cantor- chants prayers in Hebrew Yarmulka- the skull cap HOLY PLACES • Jerusalem is the holy city for the Jews – Western Wall (“Wailing Wall”) • Site of the original temple built & rebuilt • Site of Jewish prayer & pilgrimage – Sacred Rock (Dome of the Rock) • Place where Abraham tried to sacrifice his son Isaac Unique Dietary laws (Kosher) •Orthodox & Hasidic •only eat from animals that graze & have split hoofs •only eat fish with scales and fins, no shellfish •birds but not birds of prey •meat and dairy products kept and eaten separate Festivals and Holidays Rosh Hoshanah- Jewish New Year Yom Kippur- Day of Atonement Hanukkah- Feast of Lights Passover- commemorating the Exodus from Egypt Bar & Bat Mitzvah • According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach 13 years of age for boys and 12 years of age for girls, they become responsible for their actions – Bar (Son) for boys – Bat (Daughter) for girls Vocabulary Warm Up Please define and use the following words in a sentence. 1. Monotheistic 2. Covenant 3. Interpretation 4. Pilgrimage 5. Atonement Group Activity • You will be divided into groups and asked to do some research for the Spoke Chart on Christianity. You will present your findings to the class. • Expectation: You may use technology or our handout on Christianity. • Everyone needs to work and research. Find more than what is on the sheet. Questions are encouraged for discussion Largest religious group in the world - approx. 2 bil (34%) Basic belief: There is only one God, Jesus was his Son sent to save humanity from eternal sin. The way to heaven is to be absolved of all sin. A basic summary of Christian belief is in the “Apostle’s Creed” with minor changes according to denomination. I believe in God, the Father Almighty, the Creator of heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended into hell. The third day He arose again from the dead. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead. Founder (s): Jesus Christ and his Apostles Sacred Text: The Christian Bible (Old & New Testaments) Old Testament: creation; covenant with the Jews; escape from Egypt; prediction of the coming Messiah New Testament: life of Jesus Christ; development of the early church; end of the world Place of worship: church Denominations: Catholic, Orthodox, & Protestant Roman Catholic (largest): Oldest organized Christian denomination; Apostle Peter - 1st Pope; The Pope is the spiritual leader of the RCC; Vatican City is the center; The Pope is considered infallible in matters of doctrine and religious law; Very structured religious service. Eastern Orthodox: federation of churches (Russia, eastern Europe, Asia); very similar to Roman Catholic; do not recognize the Pope Protestant: hundreds of denominations; movement began in 1517 by Martin Luther who protested the actions (95 theses) of the RCC (Protestant Reformation) services less structured; major Protestants groups are Anglican (Episcopal), Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterian, Baptist. Holy days: Christmas, Easter, • Holy Places – Wailing Wall – Sacred Rock – Mount of Olives • Where Jesus went to pray – Church of the Holy Sepulcher • Place of Jesus’ tomb •Islam means submission; follower of Islam is a Muslim •Basic Belief: There is only one God (Allah) and Muhammed is his prophet. •Founder: Muhammed (early 600s A.D.) Place of worship: mosque All contain a mihrab - a niche pointing to the direction of Mecca (Holy city) Kaaba – center of the Holy Mosque in Mecca A muezzin calls the followers to prayer from the minaret •Sacred Texts: The Quran, the Hadith, the Sunnah Quran: God’s message revealed to Muhammed by the angel Gabriel Hadith: the life of Muhammed, what he said and did Sunnah: rules & regulations of Muslim life according to Muhammed’s example Five Pillars of Faith 1. shahadah or creed- statement of belief There is no god but God and Muhammed is His Prophet. 2. salah or prayer- pray 5 times a day towards Mecca, before prayer Muslims wash their face, hands, and feet 3. zakat or charity- 2.5% of wealth given to the poor; purification of wealth 4. sawn or fasting- month of Ramadan, fast during daylight hours 5. hajj or pilgrimage- all able Muslims are required to make the journey at least once Spiritual Leader: no organized priesthood, anyone can lead prayer but large mosques will have an imam to lead prayers and preach Denominations: Sunni (majority); believe Muhammad’s successor should be elected Shi’ite; believe Muhammad’s successor should be blood relative; Ayatollah is leader Major Holiday: Ramadan- 9th month of the lunar calendar commemorating the Koran being sent down to the people Holy Places Mecca - birthplace of Muhammad Medina - city where Muhammad brought all the city’s tribes under religion of Islam Dome of the Rock - where Muhammad ascended into heaven Other terms: • Caliph – Religious/political leader of Islam • Sufi – Mystical sect of Islam • Jihad – War waged for Allah